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GEOGRAPHYHIGHERPaper 1Physical andHuman Environments

Six questions should be attempted, namely:

all four questions in Section A (Questions 1, 2, 3 and 4);

one question from Section B (Question 5 or Question 6);

one question from Section C (Question 7 or Question 8).

Write the numbers of the six questions you have attempted in the marks grid on the back cover of your answer booklet.

The value attached to each question is shown in the margin.

Credit will be given for appropriate maps and diagrams, and for reference to named examples.

Questions should be answered in sentences.

Note The reference maps and diagrams in this paper have been printed in black only: no other colours have been used.

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 4

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Page two

SECTION A: Answer ALL four questions from this section.

Question 1: Hydrosphere

(a) Study OS Map Extract number 2054/152: Northampton (separate item), and Map Q1.

Using map evidence, describe the physical characteristics of the Brampton Nene River and its valley from 695684 to 747604.

Map Q1: Location of Brampton Nene River

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Question 1 – continued

(b) Study Diagram Q1.

Describe and explain the changing river levels on the River Nene at Northampton from 29th to 30th April 2012 .

Diagram Q1: Flood Hydrograph for the River Nene in Northampton

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River level (cm

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Question 2: Biosphere

(a) Explain in detail what is meant by the term climax vegetation.

(b) Study Diagram Q2.

Describe and give reasons for the changes in plant types likely to be present across the transect as you move from location 1 at the coast, inland to location 6. You should refer to named plant species in your answer.

Diagram Q2: Transect of Sand Dune System

Page four

0 m 100 m 200 m 300 m

Sea

1Strand

line

CO

AS

T 2Embryodunes

3Fore

dunes

4Yellowdune

5Greydune

6Duneslack

Climaxvegetation IN

LAN

D

Water table

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Question 3: Rural Geography

(a) Describe and explain the main characteristics of the agricultural system for intensive peasant farming.

(b) For any named area of commercial arable farming:

(i) describe the changes in farming practices that have taken place in recent years; and

(ii) discuss the impact of these changes on people, the landscape and the environment.

Page five

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10

Question 4: Urban Geography

(a) For a named city which you have studied in the Developed World, explain the ways in which its site and situation contributed to its growth.

(b) Study Map Q4.

For Glasgow, or any named developed world city you have studied, describe and explain schemes which have been introduced to reduce problems of traffic management in the Central Business District.

Map Q4: Inner-ring road plan to reduce traffic congestion in Glasgow’s Central Business District

Page six

M8

LIKELY ROUTEOPTIONAL ROUTE

Inner Ring Road

St G

eorg

e’s

Rd

Dobbie’s LoanWest Graham Street

Cowcaddens Rd

Nor

th H

anov

er S

tRenfrewStreet

Sauchiehall Street

Bath Street

New

ton StNor

th S

t

Bath Street

George Square

Cathedral St

Baird St

Stirling Rd

Cas

tle S

treet

St Vincent StreetBothwell StreetWaterloo StreetArgyle Street

Osw

ald

Stre

et

Jam

aica

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etU

nion

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et

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en S

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et B

ridge

Trongate

Ingram Street

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Duke StreetDuke Street C

umbe

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ld R

oad

Alexandra Parade

Royston Road

Gallowgate Gallowgate

Saltm

arke

t

London Road

Clyde Street

Buch

anna

n St

reet

Kyle St

M8

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SECTION B: Answer ONE question from this section,ie either Question 5 or Question 6.

Question 5: Lithosphere

Study Diagram Q5.

Select one erosional landform and one depositional landform from Diagram Q5.

With the aid of annotated diagrams, explain the formation of each feature.

Diagram Q5: A Glaciated Landscape

Page seven

[Turn over

corrie

rochemoutonnée

U-shapedvalley

drumlinsesker

terminalmoraine

hangingvalley

arête

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DO NOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION IF YOU HAVE ALREADY ANSWERED QUESTION 5

Question 6: Atmosphere

(a) Study Diagram Q6A and Map Q6A.

Describe the origin and characteristics of the Tropical Maritime and Tropical Continental air masses.

Diagram Q6A: The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Map Q6A: Location of section X–Y

Page eight

JANUARY

ITCZ

Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental

SEA LAND

X Y5 N 10 N 15 N 20 N

1000 km

N

Y

XAFRICA

Area covered by Map Q6B

KEY

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DO NOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION IF YOU HAVE ALREADY ANSWERED QUESTION 5

Question 6 – continued

(b) Study Maps Q6A and Q6B and Diagram Q6B.

Referring to the position of the ITCZ, describe and explain the changing rainfall pattern as you move inland from Abidjan to Nioro.

Map Q6B: West Africa

Diagram Q6B: West Africa — selected rainfall graphs

Page nine

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400

Ouagadougou

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Nioro

J FM A M J J A S O N DJ FM A M J J A S O N D0

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KEY 1000 Isohyets showing meanannual rainfall (mm)

NIORO

OUAGADOUGOU

ABIDJAN 140018002200

140018002200

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1000

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SECTION C: Answer ONE question from this section,ie either Question 7 or Question 8.

Question 7: Industrial Geography

(a) Study OS Map Extract number 2054/152: Northampton (separate item), and Map Q7.

Using map evidence, describe and explain the human factors that have encouraged modern industry to locate in area A.

Map Q7: Location of Swan Valley industrial area, Northampton

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60 70 73 78

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Question 7 – continued

(b) Study Table Q7.

Table Q7: % UK employment by broad sector

1990 2020 (projection)

Primary sector and utilities 4 3

Manufacturing 17 7

Construction 8 7

Trade, accommodation and transport 27 26

Other services 44 57

“Changes in employment figures for the UK are similar to those of many old industrial areas of Western Europe.”

Referring to a named industrial concentration in the European Union, explain why these changes are occurring.

Page eleven

[Turn over for Question 8 on Page twelve

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8

DO NOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION IF YOU HAVE ALREADY ANSWERED QUESTION 7

Question 8: Population

Map Q8 shows the main origins of USA immigrants .

(a) Describe and suggest reasons for the patterns shown on Map Q8.

(b) With reference to an international migration you have studied describe the impact on both the donor and receiving country.

Map Q8: Origin of immigrants into the USA (number in thousands)

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

Page twelve

Dominican Republic

46

Haiti 22

Philippines55

India66

China83

South Korea23

Vietnam33

Mexico143

Cuba36

Colombia22

USA

PB

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GEOGRAPHYHIGHERPaper 1 Physical andHuman EnvironmentsOrdnance Survey Map

ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP

For Questions 1 and 7

Note: The colours used in the printing of this map extract are indicated in the four little boxes at the top of the map extract. Each box should contain a colour; if any does not, the map is incomplete and should be returned to the Invigilator.

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 4

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GEOGRAPHYHIGHERPaper 2EnvironmentalInteractions

Answer any two questions.

Write the numbers of the two questions you have attempted in the marks grid on the back cover of your answer booklet.

The value attached to each question is shown in the margin.

Credit will be given for appropriate maps and diagrams, and for reference to named examples.

Questions should be answered in sentences.

Note The reference maps and diagrams in this paper have been printed in black only: no other colours have been used.

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 4

T H U R S D A Y , 2 9 M A Y1 0 . 5 0 A M – 1 2 . 0 5 P M

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Marks

20

10

10

10

(50)

Question 1: Rural Land Resources

(a) With the aid of annotated diagrams, describe and explain the formation of the physical features associated with coastal landscapes. You should refer to both erosional and depositional features in your answer.

(b) Study Map Q1 and Table Q1.

Explain why National Parks attract widely differing numbers of visitors.

(c) For any named upland or coastal area you have studied:

(i) describe and explain the environmental conflicts that may be caused by large numbers of people visiting the area for tourism and recreation;

(ii) describe the measures taken to resolve these environmental conflicts and comment on their effectiveness.

Map Q1: UK National Parks

Page two

N

National Parks

Large centres of population

Selected Motorways

Selected Main Roads

North York Moors

Yorkshire Dales

Peak District

Northumberland

Cairngorms

Loch Lomondand the Trossachs

Norfolk Broads

South Downs

New Forest

Dartmoor

Exmoor

Pembrokeshirecoast

Snowdonia

Lake District

Brecon Beacons

A1M9

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M1

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M25

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Question 1 – continued

Table Q1 : National Park Statistics

Name of National Park DesignationYear

Area(sq km)

Visitor days per year (million)

Brecon Beacons 1957 1344 5·0

Cairngorms 2003 4528 3·1

Dartmoor 1951 953 3·1

Exmoor 1954 694 2·0

Lake District 1951 2292 23·1

Loch Lomond and the Trossachs 2002 1865 7·0

New Forest 2005 570 13·5

Norfolk Broads 1989 305 11·3

Northumberland 1956 1048 1·7

North York Moors 1952 1434 10·7

Peak District 1951 1437 10·4

Pembrokeshire Coast 1952 621 13·0

Snowdonia 1951 2176 10·4

South Downs 2010 1624 39·0

Yorkshire Dales 1954 1769 12·6

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Question 2: Rural Land Degradation

(a) Study Map Q2

Describe the climatic conditions found in Chad and explain why such physical conditions may lead to the degradation of rural land.

(b) For either Africa north of the equator, or the Amazon Basin:

(i) explain how human activities, including inappropriate farming techniques, have led to rural land degradation; and

(ii) describe the consequences of rural land degradation on the people and their environment.

(c) Referring to named areas of North America which you have studied:

(i) describe and explain some of the measures which have been taken to conserve soil and limit rural land degradation; and

(ii) comment on the effectiveness of these strategies.

Page four

Marks

10

15

9

16

(50)

[X208/12/02] Page five [Turn over

Question 2 – continued

Map Q2: Climatic Regions of Chad

CHAD

SahelN’Djamena

Sarh

Faya-largeau

Savanna

Sahara Desert

LIBYA

NIGER

SUDAN

CENTRALAFRICAN

REPUBLIC

CAMEROON

NIGERIA

EGYPT

Climatic / Vegetation Region

0 150 300 km

1000 km

Locationof Chad

Faya-largeau

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Key:

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14

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Question 3: River Basin Management

(a) Study Map Q3 and Diagrams Q3A and Q3B.

Describe and explain why there is a need for water management within the Indus river basin.

(b) For the Tarbela Dam, or any dam and reservoir scheme you have studied, describe and explain the physical and human factors that should be considered when selecting the site for a dam and its associated reservoir.

(c) Describe and account for the social, economic and environmental benefits and adverse consequences of a named major water control project in Africa or Asia or North America.

Map Q3: The Indus Valley, Pakistan, and areas affected by 2010 floods

Page six

AFGHANISTAN

Moderately affected districts

Severely affected districts

River

International Border

INDIA

SINDH

BALOCHISTAN

PUNJAB

KASHMIR

Hyderabad

Islamabad

Tarbela Dam

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIA

Indu

s R

iver

Thelu

m R

iver

Sutlej River

Hyderabad

Islamabad

Himalayas

PAKISTAN

ArabianSea

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Question 3 – continued

Diagram Q3A: Population growth in Pakistan

Diagram Q3B: Pakistan Climate Graphs

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Question 4: Urban Change and its Management

(a) Study Map Q4A.

Describe and account for the distribution of major towns and cities in either Brazil or any other Developing Country which you have studied.

(b) Study Map Q4B.

There are over 600 shanty towns (favelas) within Rio de Janeiro. With reference to Rio de Janeiro, or any named city that you have studied in a Developing Country, discuss the social, economic and environmental problems of favelas.

(c) Study Map Q4B.

Rio de Janeiro will host the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. The favelas nearest to the Olympic and World Cup venues have been targeted for improvement.

Referring to Rio de Janeiro, or any named city that you have studied in a Developing Country, describe the methods used to tackle problems in shanty towns and comment on their effectiveness.

(d) In March 2012, the British Government published the National Planning Policy Framework document, which emphasises the importance of redevelopment within cities.Countryside campaigners believe this is a victory against urban sprawl.

With reference to any named city in a Developed Country that you have studied:

(i) explain why urban sprawl has occurred; and

(ii) describe the problems caused by urban sprawl; and comment on possible solutions.

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Question 4 – continued

Map Q4A: Map of Brazil

Map Q4B: Location of favelas, World Cup and Olympic venues in Rio de Janeiro

Page nine [Turn over

PlannedOlympic zones

Favelas

Built-up area

Key

5 km

COPACABANA

BARRA

DEODORO

MARACANÂ

R i o d e J a n e i r o

Amazon

VENEZUELA

GUYANASURINAME

FRENCH GUIANA

COLOMBIA

BOLIVIA

Amazon Basin

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

URUGUAY

BRAZIL

Land over 1500m

NAtlanticOcean

Manaus

Belém

Fortaleza

Recife

Salvador da Bahia

Rio de JaneiroSao Paulo

Santos

Brasilia

Belo HorizonteGuarulhos

Curitiba

Porto Alegre

Key - Population

Key

Over 5 million

Over 2 million

Over 1 million

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Question 5: European Regional Inequalities

(a) Study Map Q5 and Table Q5.

To what extent does the data provide evidence of regional inequalities within Portugal?

Map Q5: Regions of Portugal

Table Q5: Regional statistics — Portugal

Norte Centro Lisboa Alentejo Algarve

Life Expectancy (years) 79·6 79·6 79·2 78·4 78·6

Unemployment Rate (%) 12·7 7·7 11·3 11·4 13·4

% Employed in service sector

52·3 50·8 80·0 65·5 77·0

% Computer access 58·4 53·8 67·7 47·1 61·7

Educational attainmentrate in tertiary education (%)

27·8 33·9 44·9 21·3 19·7

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12

SPAIN

Lisboa

Centro

Alentejo

Algarve

Norte

0 100 km

N

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Question 5 – continued

(b) For Portugal or any other country in the European Union (EU), describe and explain the physical and human factors that have contributed to regional differences.

(c) For a named country in the EU, select one less developed region and:

(i) discuss ways in which the national government and the EU have taken steps to overcome the problems of inequality; and

(ii) comment on the effectiveness of these strategies.

Page eleven

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20

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Question 6: Development and Health

(a) Study Map Q6 and Table Q6.

India’s states and union territories can be grouped into six regions.

Using the development indicators in Table Q6 below, describe how the information given suggests that the six regions of India are at different levels of development.

Map Q6: Six regions of India

Table Q6: Selected indicators of development for India’s regions

Region % Illiteracy

Rate

Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live

births)

Crude Birth Rate (per 1000 of population)

% of households without

electricity

Himalayan North 23 43 18 10

The Plains 25 47 23 28

Western India 20 35 22 11

Southern India 17 29 16 6

Eastern India 26 46 22 38

North-eastern India 21 37 19 33

Page twelve

HimalayanNorth

The Plains

North-eastern

India

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

NEPAL

BURMA

CHINA

CHINA(TIBET) BHUTAN

BANGLADESH

SRILANKA

BAY OFBENGAL

INDIANOCEAN

WesternIndia

EasternIndia

SouthernIndia

India300 Km

N

SouthernIndia

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Question 6 – continued

(b) Explain why using only one development indicator, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, may fail to reflect accurately the true quality of life within a country.

(c) Explain why countries in the Developing world are at different stages of development. You should refer to named countries that you have studied in your answer.

(d) Water-related diseases, such as malaria, cholera and bilharzia/schistosomiasis, are a serious problem in many Developing Countries.

For one of the above diseases:

(i) describe the measures that have been taken to combat the disease, and comment on how effective these measures have been;

(ii) explain the benefits for the Developing Countries in successfully controlling the disease.

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

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