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Day Month Year Number of seat Scottish candidate number

PB

X043/12/01

*X043/12/01* ©

GEOLOGYHIGHER

1 This paper consists of three sections, A, B and C. You are advised to spend about 1 hour on Section A, half an hour on Section B and 1 hour on Section C.

2 You should attempt all of the questions in Sections A and C and only one question in Section B.

3 All answers should be written in the spaces provided in this answer book and should be written clearly and legibly in ink.

4 The marks allocated to each question or part of a question are shown at the end of each question or part of a question.

5 Additional space for answers or rough work will be found at the end of this book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this booklet. You should draw a line through anything which you do not wish the examiner to mark.

6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname

Date of birth

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 5

W E D N E S D A Y , 2 7 M A Y1 . 0 0 P M – 3 . 3 0 P M

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SECTION A

All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.

1. The field sketch below shows the rocks and structures exposed in a road cutting.

Page two

Marks

Conglomerate Siltstone

Coarse sandstone Rock P

Limestone Rock Q

Rock R Shale

Breccia Schist

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3

1. (continued)

The thin sections shown below were made from three of the rocks found in the road cutting.

Rock P Rock Q Rock R

Plagioclase

MicroclinePyroxene Plagioclase

Quartz

Cement

2 mm2 mm0 5mm

Biotite

OrthoclaseMicrocline

Quartz

(a) Name rocks P, Q and R and give a reason for your choice.

Rock P

Reason

Rock Q

Reason

Rock R

Reason

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3

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1. (continued)

(b) Which three statements are correct?

A Rock Q is older than Rock P.

B There are three unconformities shown.

C The conglomerate and the coarse sandstone show overlap.

D There are two normal faults and one thrust fault.

E Two unconformities are shown.

F Rock P is older than Rock Q.

G The conglomerate and coarse sandstone show offlap.

H There are two reverse faults and one normal fault.

Give only the letters , and

Large numbers of fossil bivalves of the one species were found in the shale. Measurements of bivalve length were made.

Field sketch of bivalves found in loose shale block.

Bivalves of the same species

Layering in shale

Graph of length of bivalves in sample.

Number

shortLength

long

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1. (continued)

(c) Do the bivalves form a life or death assemblage?

Give two reasons for your answer.

Reason 1

Reason 2

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2

2. Study the sketch of a graveyard below.

Granite Limestone

(a) Choose the correct two statements.

A The date on the granite gravestone is still clear because granite is usually composed of minerals which weather rapidly.

B The solution of the limestone gravestone by weak acids has led to the lettering being difficult to read.

C Solution is a major process of physical weathering.

D Hydration and hydrolysis are major processes of physical weathering.

E Water is essential in all weathering.

F Spheroidal weathering of basaltic rock is a result of carbonation.

Give only the letters and

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3

2

2. (continued)

(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram(s) explain the process of frost shattering and the formation of scree slopes.

Space for diagram(s)

(c) Give two reasons why olivine, pyroxene and amphibole are rarely found in clastic sedimentary rocks.

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3. The table below shows information about the pressures and the temperatures at which a basic rock begins to melt.

Pressure—megapascals (MPa) Temperature (degrees Celsius)

0 1080

100 1087

200 1094

300 1101

400 1108

500 1115

600 1122

700 1129

800 1136

900 1143

1000 1150

(a) (i) Plot the information from the table onto the graph below.

(Information about the pressures and temperatures at which melting is complete has already been plotted on the graph).

Temperature ºC

Pre

ssu

re (

MP

a)

1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 13000

Marks

1

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3. (a) (continued)

(ii) Describe the relationship shown for the data you have plotted.

(iii) Label the three areas on the graph to show the following.

A — Solid and liquid

B — Solid only

C — Liquid only

(b) Explain what causes partial melting of a mid ocean ridge.

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3

4. Complete the table below which shows the chemical names of ore minerals. Choose the correct term from the word bank.

Iron and chromium oxide, bauxite, native copper, copper and iron sulphide, iron oxide,

galena, cassiterite, magnetite, siderite, hydrated copper carbonate

Ore mineral Chemical name

Chalcopyrite

Malachite

Lead sulphide

Iron carbonate

Tin oxide

Chromite

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2

2

2

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5. Study the diagram of a plate boundary below.

MAGNETIC STRIPES OF NORMAL AND REVERSE POLARITY

sediments sediments

SEA LEVEL

ocean crust

UPPER MANTLE

(a) If the ocean has widened by 1200 km over the last 75 million years, calculate the mean rate of sea-floor spreading in centimetres per year.

Space for working

Answer cm/year

(b) Oceanic surveys in the 1950s revealed a surprising pattern of positive and negative magnetic anomalies as indicated on the diagram above.

Explain how this pattern is produced.

(c) Explain two possible mechanisms for plate movement.

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6. Study the section through a constructive and destructive plate margin below

A Continent

Earthquake focus

Upper mantle

A

B

C

D

F

E

(a) Identify features A–F.

Choose from: lithospheric mantle, basic magma, ridge, regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, intermediate/acidic magma, oceanic crust, Wadati-Benioff zone.

A

B

C

D

E

F

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3

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6. (continued)

(b) Describe two processes which could lead to the composition of Magma F changing as it rises through the continental crust. (You may wish to use diagrams.)

Process 1

Process 2

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7. Samples of sandstone, shale and siltstone were collected, dried and cut into cubes of side 5 cm. Each cube was immersed in water until their pore spaces were completely filled

The table below shows the total volume of water absorbed with time for each sample.

Time (minutes)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total volume of water absorbed

cm3

0·0 7·0 13·0 18·5 22·5 25·0 25·0 Sample A

0·0 16·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 Sample B

0·0 0·6 1·1 1·5 1·8 2·0 2·2 Sample C

(a) (i) Draw a line graph to show the total volume of water absorbed against time for rock sample A.

Tot

al v

olu

me

of w

ater

(cm

3 )

Time (minutes)

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

20

10

0

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2

1

7. (a) (continued)

(ii) Find the porosity of rock B using the relationship:

porosity =

volume of water absorbed

volume of rock cube × 100.

Space for working

Answer %

(b) (i) Which one of the three rocks (sandstone, shale, siltstone) matches with sample B? Give a reason for your answer.

(You may wish to use diagrams.)

Space for diagrams (if used).

Answer

Reason

(ii) Which sample has the lowest permeability? Give a reason for your answer.

Sample

Reason

Section A: Total (40) marks

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6

6

3

(15)

(15)

8

5

2

(15)

SECTION B

This section consists of three questions. Only ONE question should be attempted. Fifteen marks are allocated to this section.

Candidates should write their answer on pages 17, 18, 19 and 20.

Additional space for answers may be found at the end of this book.

8. Write an essay on earthquakes and the internal structure of the Earth.

Credit will be given for the use of diagrams.

Give details as follows.

(a) Causes of earthquakes and types of earthquake waves

(b) How earthquake waves are used to determine the internal structure of the Earth

(c) Other evidence that is used to determine the composition of the internal layers of the Earth

9. Give an account of the geology of an area you have studied.

Maps and diagrams must be used.

Give details as follows.

• Name and location of the area

• Rock types present

• Geological features and structures, eg folds, faults and sedimentary structures

• Methods of establishing the relative ages of the rocks, eg cross cutting relationships, way up criteria, unconformity, etc

• Any other relevant information

10. Write an essay on metamorphism.

Credit will be given for the use of maps and diagrams.

Give details as follows.

(a) Regional metamorphism mentioning processes, tectonic setting, rock types, structures, metamorphic grades and metamorphic zones

(b) Contact metamorphism on country rocks around large igneous intrusions

(c) Dynamic metamorphism

NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE TWENTY-ONE

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Section B: Total (15) marks

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Marks

3

SECTION C

All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.

11. Examine the photograph below of vesicular andesite.

White mineral

Pink mineral

The white crystalline mineral scratched a steel blade and had no reaction with acid.

Identify the mineral, and explain how the vesicles can form in lava.

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12. Examine the photograph below.

Grey layer

Grey layer

Acidic micro dyke

Suggest why the grey layer is displaced either side of the dyke.

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Marks

1

2

2

6

2

2

13. Study the map (on the separate worksheet) and answer the questions based on it.

(a) How many unconformities are shown?

Answer

(b) On which side of the fault have the rocks moved up? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer

Reason

(c) Place the letter “M” on the map where ore minerals may have been formed by metasomatism. Explain why you chose this area

(d) On the topographic profile on the separate worksheet, draw a geological section between points X and Y on the map.

(e) Which two statements are correct? Give letters only.

A The folded rocks form an overfold.

B The dolerite forms a sill.

C Fault F is a tear fault.

D The granite has metamorphosed the dolerite.

E The granite may contain xenoliths of the siltstone.

F The gneiss has been folded.

Give only the letters and

(f) Suggest why the width of the metamorphic aureole varies around the granite.

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6

13. (continued)

(g) Which of the following statements best describes the isolated outcrop of arkose sandstone?

A Inlier

B Overlier

C Outlier

D Isolier

Give only the letter

(h) Place the geological events of this map in the correct order by inserting the correct letters from the list below.

The events in this table are not in the correct order.

A Deposition of arkose

B Intrusion of dolerite and basalt

C Folding

D Intrusion of granite

E Formation of gneiss

F Tilting

G Faulting

H Deposition of limestone, mudstone and conglomerate

I Deposition of siltstone

(Give only the letters)

YOUNGEST

F

G

C

OLDEST

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14. Part of the outcrop of a bed of sandstone is shown on the map below.

F

600

600

600700

500

500

500

400

300

300

300A

200m

B20

0m

200

200

200

400

400

D

C

E

FK

eyB

oreh

ole

Ou

tcro

p o

f co

al s

eam

Fau

lt

Su

rfac

e co

nto

urs

wit

h h

eigh

t in

met

res

San

dst

one

0 50

0 10

00

m

etre

s

N

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1

3

3

2

1

1

1

1

14. (continued)

North of the Fault

(a) Complete the outcrop of the sandstone on the north side of the fault.

(b) North of the fault, a constantly dipping coal seam has been found in boreholes A and B at depths shown and at the surface at C.

(i) Draw structure contours across the whole of the map for the coal seam and number them North of the fault.

(ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam North of the fault.

(iii) What is the angle and direction of dip of the coal seam?

Angle of dip

Direction of dip

Space for working

South of the Fault

(c) (i) Number the structure contours South of the fault.

(ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam south of the fault.

(iii) At what depth from the surface will the coal seam be found in borehole E?

metres

(d) Shade the area where the coal seam will not be found beneath the surface.

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

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Section C: Total (40) marks

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FOR OFFICIAL USE

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Day Month Year Number of seat Scottish candidate number

PB

X043/12/11

*X043/12/11* ©

GEOLOGYHIGHERWorksheet for Question 13

To be inserted inside the front cover of the candidate’s answer book and returned with it.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname

Date of birth

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 5

W E D N E S D A Y , 2 7 M A Y1 . 0 0 P M – 3 . 3 0 P M

[X043/12/11] Page two

Worksheet Q13

NXY

8

F

4040

5555

40

40

0 50

0

met

res

40

[X043/12/11] Page three

[END OF WORKSHEET]

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