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X-Ray Diffraction Study of Minerals Produced in a Large Volcanic Eruption
By
Junior NkrumahMentor: Dr. Jeff Steiner
CNNanoPhotonics CenterCN
NanoPhotonics Center
The PurposeThe Purpose
To better understand how large To better understand how large igneous rock bodies form by studying igneous rock bodies form by studying the compositional changes of basalt the compositional changes of basalt in the sillin the sill
Large Underground Eruption near Nyack, New York showing Layering
Layers of Basalt in the Palisades Sill, Nyack NY
The Study AreaThe Study Area
What Is a Basalt What Is a Basalt A basalt rock is a common gray to black A basalt rock is a common gray to black
volcanic rock. basalt Is a hard, black volcanic rock. basalt Is a hard, black volcanic rock with Less than about 52 volcanic rock with Less than about 52
weight percent silica so it can flow more weight percent silica so it can flow more easily. Basalt major Minerals Are Pyroxene easily. Basalt major Minerals Are Pyroxene
and Plagioclase.and Plagioclase.
Before After
The minerals under The minerals under investigationinvestigation
A pyroxene is a A pyroxene is a mineral that is found mineral that is found in many igneous rocks in many igneous rocks such as basaltsuch as basalt
This mineral contains This mineral contains high quantities of FE high quantities of FE and Mgand Mg
Plagioclase is a Plagioclase is a mineral in the mineral in the feldspar group which feldspar group which makes up 60% of makes up 60% of earth’s crust.earth’s crust.
Plagioclase is rich in Plagioclase is rich in aluminum and siliconaluminum and silicon
www.proxyene pictures.com
X-ray Diffraction: Identifying X-ray Diffraction: Identifying MineralsMinerals
X-ray diffraction is X-ray diffraction is used to determine used to determine mineral structure.mineral structure.
Once the structure Once the structure is recognized, the is recognized, the mineral is mineral is identifiedidentified
N(lambda)=2(d)sinN(lambda)=2(d)sintheta—The Bragg theta—The Bragg Equation—the Equation—the basis for XRDbasis for XRD
Results Results
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
0 200 400 600
Series1
Series2
Series3
3 3631.527
Alpine 13Alpine 129w 35
•X-ray diffraction patterns for 3 basalt samples•The peaks represent the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase•Notice the difference in minerals present indicated by the labeled peak
2-theta angleintensity