WYCKOFFWYCKOFF--EAGLE HARBOR EAGLE HARBOR SUPERFUND SITESUPERFUND SITE

Thermal Remediation Pilot StudyBainbridge Island, Washington

US Army Corpsof Engineers ®

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PresentersPresenters

Mary Jane Nearman– U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region

10, Remedial Project ManagerKathy LeProwse– U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District,

Project ManagerGorm Heron– SteamTech, In situ Thermal Remediation

Consultant

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Thermal Design ConsultantsThermal Design Consultants

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Robin Newmark and Roger Aines

University of California, Berkeley

Kent Udell and Scott Kaslusky

Steam Tech

Gorm Heron and Hank Sowers

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Operable Unit Location MapOperable Unit Location Map

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Pacific Creosoting CompanyPacific Creosoting Company

Circa 1910

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Seeps and PuddlesSeeps and Puddles

East Beach4 Major Seep Areas

Log Rafting AreaUsed divers to remove 1,500 gallons of free product

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Superfund ListingSuperfund Listing

March 1984, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration notified the EPA of finding tumors on fish in Eagle Harbor

In 1985, a public health advisory was issued on shellfish and fishing in the harbor

July 1987, the site was added to the National Priorities List by the EPA

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Aerial PhotographsAerial Photographs

1984

1996

2000

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Current ViewCurrent View

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Sheet Pile Containment WallSheet Pile Containment Wall

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Purpose of Pilot StudyPurpose of Pilot Study

Determine if thermal technology will work for Wyckoff

Collect data for use in full-scale design

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Pilot Test OverviewPilot Test Overview

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Pilot Test OverviewPilot Test OverviewSteam

generator

Effluent treatment system

Clean air

Clean water

NAPLWater

AirFuel

Extracted liquid and vapor

Steam

Extraction of liquid and vaporSteam injection

DNAPL Steam injection screens

Liquid and vapor extraction screens

Steam generator

Effluent treatment system

Clean air

Clean water

NAPLWater

AirFuel

Extracted liquid and vapor

Steam

Extraction of liquid and vaporSteam injection

DNAPL Steam injection screens

Liquid and vapor extraction screens

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Steam Injection OverviewSteam Injection Overview

16 steam injection wells, 7 extraction wells25,000 lbs/hr steamLiquid extraction 80 gpmVapor extraction 280 scfm (900 acfm)6 months of operationHydraulic and pneumatic containmentHeat in 30 to 60 daysPressure cyclingFlexible approach – contingencies built in

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Electrical Heating Electrical Heating

ERH of aquitard was consideredTreatment area defined to be above aquitardModeling indicated ERH was not required to obtain steam contact with top of aquitardInitial field data indicates ERH may need to be considered to heat aquitard

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Performance ExpectationsPerformance Expectations

Demonstrate removal of mobile product

Demonstrate groundwater concentrations at point of compliance will not exceed marine water quality limits or sediment standards

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Pilot Study Site PlanPilot Study Site Plan

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Pilot Study AreaPilot Study Area

Winter 2001

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Upland Vapor CapUpland Vapor Cap

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Injection & Extraction WellsInjection & Extraction Wells

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Boiler PlantBoiler Plant

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Cooling SystemCooling System

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Vacuum extractionVacuum extraction

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Treatment SystemsTreatment Systems

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Induced air floatationInduced air floatation

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Biological treatment reactorBiological treatment reactor

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Operational strategy Operational strategy -- targetstargets

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Physical processes/changesPhysical processes/changes

•Viscosity of NAPLs is reduced by heating.

•Vapor pressure increases markedly with temperature.

•DNAPL density is reduced.

•NAPL-water interfacial tensions are lowered.

•Water solubility increases, and dissolution rates go up 2-5 times.

•Adsorption coefficients are reduced

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Disturb the NAPL equilibrium

-Heat (increase mobility + volatility)

-Flush (liquids and vapor)

-Cycle pressure (boil and mix)

-Stimulate degradation

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Operational targetsOperational targets

1. Establish hydraulic and pneumatic control.

2. Heat the target volume (area, depth).

3. Flush and optimize mass removal until NAPL recovery drops off.

4. Pressure cycling to optimize vaporization and mixing, and to achieve diminishing returns.

5. Controlled cool-down and transition to polishing technique.

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Project Web SiteProject Web Site

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Extraction well

Injection well

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Cross-section

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Steam injection, early

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Steam injection, contiued

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Target zone heated, start pressure cycling

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Steam rates per well

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Steam totals

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Subsurface monitoring, extraction wells

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Extraction well temperatures

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TOC extracted in water

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Temperatures in the ground

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Temperature plots, definition of slices

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Slice E (under cap) March 26, 2003Slice D

Slice C

Slice BSlice A (top of aquitard)

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Temperature plots, sections

ID

ID

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Section I, Dec 13, 2003

Section I, Mar26, 2003

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Section D, Dec 13, 2003

Section D, Mar26, 2003

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StatusStatus

Operated 6 months Reduced injection and extraction ratesDown-time – equipment failuresNaphthalene foulingSteam not deep enough yetLittle NAPL recovered Not yet seen the expected dramatic effectsPause in operation – engineering evaluation, re-start later in 2003

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Fouling IssuesFouling Issues

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Chemical DegradationChemical Degradation

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Lessons learnedLessons learned

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Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedWaste recovery and treatment system design must be robust – assume more NAPL removal Shakedown period between contactors required Contracting mechanism used must allow for flexibility in scopeQA on selection of materials for chemical incompatibility required Contingency funding must be available at startupPlan for design modifications in the field (i.e. additional wellinstallation)Need a team to watch the subsurface and digest the data daily

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Performance ExpectationsPerformance Expectations

Demonstrate removal of mobile product

Demonstrate groundwater concentrations at point of compliance will not exceed marine water quality limits or sediment standards

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Groundwater OU Groundwater OU RAOsRAOs

Reduce NAPL source sufficiently to protect marine water quality, surface water, and sediments Ensure groundwater leaving the FPA will not adversely affect marine water qualityProtect humans from exposure to groundwater contaminated above MCLsProtect lower aquifer outside FPA

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Further InformationFurther Information

Wyckoff-Eagle Harbor Superfund Sitehttp://www.wyckoffsuperfund.com/