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Ontology management for NLU:the L&C approach
W. Ceusters
CTO* Language & Computing nv, Zonnegem, Belgium
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The main objective
• Mr. Kovács is
… an 83-year-old man with past
medical history of hypertension, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, history of CVA who presented to Budapest Emergency Room on April 25 with chief complaint of right-sided chest pain since April 24. The patient was in his usual state of health until April 24 when he experienced right-sided chest pain after 10 minutes of bicycling exercise at YMCA. He described the chest pain as a dull ache in the right side of his chest radiating posteriorly to the right scapular area. He rated the intensity as 7 out of 10. The chest pain lasted about 3 minutes and resolved with rest. That same night, the patient once again experienced right-sided chest pain while lying in bed right before he went to sleep. He describes the pain as right-sided chest pain with same radiation to posterior at an intensity of 6-7 out of 10. The chest pain lasted about 10 minutes and resolved spontaneously.
• 1. Male or female • 2. Age 50 to no upper limit • 3. Hypertension documented according to
the 6th report of the Joint National Committee on Detection and Evaluation of the treatment of high BP (JNC VI) and the need for drug therapy (previously documented hypertension in patients currently taking antihypertensive agents is acceptable)
• 4. Documented CAD (e.g., classic angina pectoris (stable angina pectoris; Heberden angina pectoris), myocardial infarction three or more months ago, abnormal coronary angiography, or concordant abnormalities on two different types of stress tests)
• 5. Willingness to sign informed consent deep text understanding
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Triadic models of meaning: The Semiotic/Semantic triangle
Sign:Language/
Term/Symbol
Referent:Reality/Object
Reference: Concept / Sense / Model / View / Partition
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Tetrahedric M.I. extension
concept
term referent
definition
CEN/TC251ENV 12264
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“Ontological” extension• In Information Science:
– “An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents.” (Tom Gruber)
• In Philosophy:– “Ontology is the science of
what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality.” (Barry Smith)
concept
term referent
definition
concept
term referent
definition
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Our approach
concept system
language referents
definitions
medical+linguistic ontology(data + algorithms)
language referents
concept system
the standard view our view
the real world
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Exploit the relationships along the vertices
language referentsBaboons and humans have different cut-off points for discerning "same" objects because our verbal expression for "same" makes the idea of "same" more restrictive.”
Fagot and Wasserman (Centre for Research in Cognitive Neuroscience in Marseille)
Meaning is located in the interaction between living beings and the environment James J. Gibson, Ecological Realism in Psychology
The structures of language arepartially determined by ourconceptualisation of theworld. Halliday
No mental representation without language Fodor
concept
Halliday’s systemicfunctional grammar
Aristotelianrealism
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The possible final picture
BFO/MedO
“validates”
linguistic ontologies
(per language)
medical+linguistic ontology
normativeconcept system(s)
Realist ontology
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An integrated approach
Data structure andfunction library for
language understanding
Medical and linguisticknowledge required for
language understanding
NLU enabling tools forknowledge supported
data-entry and -retrieval
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Medico-linguistic ontology
Formal Domain Ontology
Lexicon
Grammar
Language ALanguage A
Lexicon
Grammar
LanguageLanguage BB
Cassandra Linguistic Ontology MEDDRA
ICD
SNOMED
ICPC
Others ...
Proprietary Terminologies
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Based on formal ontology
HAS-PARTIAL-SPATIAL-OVERLAP
IS-TOPO-
INSIDE-OF
IS-GEO-INSIDE-
OF
IS-INSIDE-
CONVEX-HULL-OF
IS-PARTLY-IN-CONVEX-
HULL-OFIS-OUTSIDE-CONVEX-HULL-OF
HAS-DISCONNECTED-
REGION
HAS-EXTERNAL-
CONNECTING-REGION
HAS-DISCRETED-REGION
HAS-TANG.-SPAT.-PART
HAS-NON-TANG.-SPAT.-PART
IS-SPAT.-
EQUIV.-OF
IS-TANG.-SPAT.-PART-
OF
IS-NON-TANG.-SPAT.-PART-
OF
HAS-PROPER-SPATIAL
-PART
IS-PROPER-
SPAT.-PART-
OF
HAS-SPATIAL
-PART
IS-SPATIAL-PART-
OF
HAS-OVERLAPPING
-REGION
HAS-CONNECTING-
REGION
HAS-SPATIAL-POINT-
REFERENCE
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Linguistic and domain ontologies
Having a healthcare phenomenon
Generalised PossessionHealthcare phenomenonHuman
IS-A
Has-possessor Has-
possessed
PatientIs-possessor-of
Cancer patient
IS-A
Has-Healthcare-phenomenon
Malignant neoplasm
IS-A
11
1
2
2
IS-A
3
3lung carcinoma
IS-A
Mr. Kovács has a pulmonary carcinoma
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Analysis of “History of CVA”
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Concepts-terms-criteria-definitions
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Ontology alignment
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