STUDY MATERIALCLASS –IX (SA-I)

SCIENCE2014-15

1ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mr. Avinash Dixit, IDAS

COMMISSIONERKVS(HQ), NEW DELHI

Mr. C. MANIDEPUTY COMMISSIONER

KVS(RO), GURGAON

Mr. B.L. MORODIAASSISTANT COMMISSIONER

KVS(RO), GURGAON

Mrs. B. KAURASSISTANT COMMISSIONER

KVS(RO), GURGAON

Mr. C.S. AZADASSISTANT COMMISSIONER

KVS(RO), GURGAON

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CHIEF PATRON

PATRONS

GUIDANCE

Mr. V.P.S. RAGHAVPRINCIPAL

K.V. ROHTAK, HARYANA

PREPARED BY:

1). Mrs. Damini SharmaT.G.T. ScienceK.V. Rohtak, Haryana

2) Mrs. Manu SethT.G.T. ScienceK.V. Jharoda Kalan,, New Delhi

3) Mr. Suresh KatariaT.G.T. ScienceK.V. Rewari, Haryana

4) Mr. L.C. KumawatT.G.T. ScienceK.V. BSF Camp Chhawla, New Delhi

Reviewed by:

1) Mrs. Meenakshi SharmaP.G.T. Bio., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana

2) Mrs. UrmilaP.G.T. Chem., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana

3) Mr. Anil KumarP.G.T. Phy., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana

PREFACE

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Kendriya Vidyalaya’s are the pioneer institutions in the field of Education focusing all around development of the students. Keeping in view of the implementation of CCE it is desired to prepare Study Material for Class IX to guide the students in the right direction and to equip the students to face the challenges with ease.

The purpose of this study material is to help learners study more effectively and efficiently. It is designed to help increase the retention of what they are studying for the purpose of using it more successfully at a later time-while taking a rest.

For the academic year 2014-15 the task has been allotted to Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak, for preparing the study material for Class IX Science.

The content has been developed keeping in mind to cover all the concepts from each unit, along with HOTS, Value based Question, MCQ’s based on Practical Skills etc.

Deputy CommisssionerKVS (RO) Gurgaon

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As Per CBSE Guidelines for 2014-15COURSE STRUCTURE

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EXCLUSIVE FEATURES

CHAPTER-WISE

ACTIVITIES

MIND

MAPS

IMPORTANT

TERMS &

CONNCEPTS

VALUE

BASED

QUESTIONS

HOTS

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS & QUESTIONS

NUMERICALS

MCQ’S BASED ON PRACTICAL SKILLS

CLASS IXFIRST TERM

Marks:90S.No. Units Marks1. I. Matter- Its Nature and Behaviour 292. II. Organisation in the Living World 183. III. Motion, Force and Work 304. V. Food; Food Production 13

Total 90Theme : Materials (22 Periods)

Unit I : Matter- Nature and Behaviour

Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics-shape, volume, density; change of state-melting (absorption of heat freezing, evaporation (cooling by evaporation, condensation, sublimation.

Nature of matter: Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogenous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions

Theme: The world of the Living

Unit II: Organization in the Living WorldCell-Basic Unit of Life: Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell inclusion; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus; nucleus chromosomes- basic structure, number.

Tissues, Organs, Organ System, OrganismStructure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues in animals; Meristematic and Permanent tissues in plants).

Theme: Moving Things, People and Ideas

Unit III: Motion, Force and work

Motion: Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion, derivation of equation of motion by graphics method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.

Force and Newton’s Laws: Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, force and Acceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of Momentum, Action and Reaction forces.

Gravitation: Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the earth (gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity Mass and Weight; Free fall.Theme : Food

Unit V: Food ProductionPlant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; Use of fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.

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PRACTICALS – FIRST TERM

Practical’s should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.

(LIST OF EXPERIMENTS)

1. To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample, (b) the presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal.

2. To Prepare:a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.c) a colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin/milk in water and

distinguish between these on the basis of transparencyfiltration criterionstability

3. To preparea) a mixtureb) a compoundusing iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :

i. appearance, i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.ii. behaviour towards a magnet.iii. behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.iv. effect of heat.

4. To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical changes:a. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.b. Burning of magnesium in air.c. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.d. Heating of copper sulphate.e. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solution in water.

5. To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record observations and draw these labeled diagrams.

6. To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their labeled diagrams.

7. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.

8. To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point or water.9. To establish relationship between weight of a rectangular wooden block lying

on a horizontal table and the minimum force required to just move it using a spring balance.

10. To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN FOR SCIENCE (CODE NO. 086/090)CLASS IX (2014-15)

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Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks:90S.No.

Typology of Questions

Learning outcomes and testing competencies

Very Short

Answer (VSA)

Short Answer

I(SA-I)

Short Answer

II(SA-II)

Long Answer

(LA)

Total Marks

% Weightage

3 marks 2 marks 3 marks 5 marks1 Remembering

(Knowledge based simple recall questions, to know specific facts, terms, concepts, principles, or theories, Identify, define, or recite, information)

Reasoning Analytical

Skills Critical

Thiinking Skills etc.

- 1 1 11 15%

2 Understanding(Comprehension- to be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase, or interpret information)

1 4 1 19 25%

3 Application(Use abstract information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge to new situations, Use given content to interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a problem)

- 4 1 17 23%

4 High Order Thinking Skills(Analysis & Synthesis- Classify, compare, contrast, or differentiate between different pieces of information, Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of information for a variety of sources)

2 - 1 9 12%

5 Evaluation and Multi-Disciplinary(Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome, or to predict outcomes based on values)

- 3 2 19 25%

Total (Theory based Questions)

3x1=3 3x2=6 12x3=36

6x5=30 75(24) 100%

Practical Based Question(PBQs)

9x1=9 3x2=6* - - 15(12)

Total 12x1=12 6x2=12 12x3=36

6x5=30 90(36)

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CHAPTER-1

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Matter is anything that occupies space & has mass. Matter is made up of very small particles. It can neither be created nor be

destroyed.

3 Characteristics of Particles of Matter:-

Particles of matter have space between them. Particles of matter attract each other. Particles of matter are continuously moving.

States of Matter:- It has 3 states

Solid Liquid GaseousStrong intermolecular forces

Weak intermolecular forces

Very weak intermolecular forces.

Low kinetic energy Higher kinetic energy Highest kinetic energyVery less intermolecular space.

Large intermolecular space

Very large intermolecular space.

Have definite shape and volume

No definite shape but definite volume.

No definite shape and volume.

High density Low density Lower densityNegligible compressibility

Low compressibility High compressibility

No fluidity Show fluidity Show fluidity

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Particles Particles Particles

Matter can change its states from solid to liquid and liquid to gas & Vice-Versa

Effect of Temperature:- On increasing the heat, the particles gain energy, & move faster (K.E. increases), the particles overcome the forces of attraction and a new state is obtained.

Melting point:- The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

Boiling point:- the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point.

Melting Point of Ice = 00C or 273.16KBoiling Point of water = 1000C or 373K

Latent Heat of Fusion: The amount of heat energy absorbed when 1 Kg of solid changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation :- The amount of heat energy absorbed when 1Kg of liquid changes into vapours at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as the latent heat of vaporisation.

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Liquid

Solid GasSublimation

Sublimation

(Heat) Fusion

Solidification (Cool)

Effect of change of Pressure:- On applying pressure, the particles of matter more closer and the state is changed.

Ex.: CO2 gas can be changed into solid form called “dry ice” on increasing pressure & reducing temperature.

Sublimation:- A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state (or vice-versa) is called sublimation.

Ex.: Naphthalene, camphor, dry ice etc

Evaporation: The phenomenon of change of liquid into its vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Factors affecting evaporation:-

(i) Temperature: - More temperature More evaporationLess temperature Less evaporation

(ii) Surface Area: - More Surface area More evaporationLess surface area Less evaporation

(iii) Wind Speed: - More Wind speed More evaporationLess Wind speed Less evaporation

(iv) Humidity: - More Humidity More evaporationLess Humidity Less evaporation

Evaporation causes coolingEvaporation is a surface phenomenon.

2 other states of Matter

Plasma :- This state consist of super energetic and super excited particles, in the form of ionized gases.eg The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.

Bose- Einstein Condensate (BEC) - It is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, to super low temperatures.

Some measurable quantities and their units

Quantity Unit SymbolTemperatureLengthWeightMassVolumeDensityPressure

kelvinMetreNewtonKilogram Cubic metreKilogram per cubic metrePascal

KMNKgM3

Kgm-3

Pa

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CHAPTER – 1QUESTION BANK

(1) Explain what happens when a solid is heated?(2) Under what conditions the states of matter can be changed?(3) Write the chemical name of ‘dry ice’ ? Why is it called ‘dry ice’?(4) How does the following affect the rate of vaporisation of liquid?

(a) Surface area(b) Temperature(c) Humidity

(5) What cause the evaporation to take place?(6) Give reason:

(1) On a hot sunny day people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground.(2) Ice at 00C appears colder to mouth that ware at 00C. Why?(3) Doctors advise to put strips of wet clothes on the forehead of a person

having high temperature.(7) Give two factors that determine the rate of diffusion of a liquid in another liquid

(Hints: Temperature, density)(8) What temperature in K scale is equal to 500C?

HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

1. Name the gas which is supplied in compressed form (i) In homes(ii) In hospitals.

2. Which property/properties of matter can be illustrated by the following activities:

(1) Just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of water.

(2) We can pass our finger through a stream of water.(3) The fragrance of incense stick lighted in one corner of the room spreads all

over the room.3. Under what condition a gas can be liquefied?4. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the

change of state?5. Why does gas exert pressure on the walls of the container?

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

(1) Abdul’s friend visited his house in Mumbai and he was surprised to see AC’s installed in all of his rooms. His friend advised Abdul to use water coolers and save electricity. On this Abdul told him that water cooler is not at all effective in the coastal areas:Questions:

i. Why are water coolers not effective in coastal areas?ii. What are other two factors on which evaporation of water depends?iii. What Value of Abdul’s friend is seen in this act?

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(2) One day Poonam was playing with her mother’s cosmetics. She felt cold when a liquid bottle break and some liquid fall on her hand. She got worried. She washed her hand suddenly and asked her mother. She gave her explanation and satisfied her.Questions:-i. Can you guess what was that liquid?ii. Why Poonam felt cool when liquid fall on her hand?iii. What values are shown by Poonam’s Mother?

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS-

1. Sublimation of Ammonium chloride (refer to Fig 1.7 on page 8 of NCERT Textbook)

IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES:

1. Conversion of ice to water (Melting point)2. Conversion of water to water vapour (Boling point)

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CHAPTER- 2

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

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Matter

Pure Substances Impure Substance (Mixtures)

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Cannot be broken into simpler substances e.g. Iron, Oxygen, Copper etc.

Have fixed composition & can be broken down into its elements by chemical or electro chemical methods e.g. H2O, CO2, Sugar, Salt etc.

Uniform composition e.g. Salt + Water

Water + Alcohol

Non-Uniform composition

e.g. Sand + Sugar

blood, Water in oil.

It is a pure substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler substances.

Hard, Non- Malleable Show some properties of Malleable, non-ductite metals and some propertiesDuctile, non-sonorous of non-metalsSonorous, non-lustrous eg. Silicon, boronGood Conductor of bad conductor of heat & electricity heat & electricityLustrous eg. Hydrogen, chlorineeg. Iron, Gold.

Compounds- It is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed proportion.

Characteristics of Compounds-

1. The properties of compound differ from its constituents.2. Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.3. Homogeneous.4. Constituent elements can be obtained by chemical process.

Mixture- It is made up of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion.

Characteristics-

1. May be homogeneous or heterogeneous.2. Properties of elements are retained3. No new compound is formed.4. Elements can be repeated by simple physical processes.5. No fixed melting point & boiling point.

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Elements

Metals Non-metals Metallorids

Separating Components of a Mixture-

1. Evaporation - To separate the volatile component from non-volatile component eg. Salt + Water.

2. Centrifugation - To separate insoluble solid particles from solvent eg. Milk + Cream.

3. By Separating funnel- To separate two immiscible liquid eg. Oil + Water.4. Sublimation - To separate sublimable component from a

non-sublimable impurity.eg. ammonium chloride + Sand.

5. Chromatography - To separate solutes dissolved in same solvent eg. Dyes in black ink.

6. Distillation - To separate two miscible liquids eg. Water + Acetone.

7. Crystallisation - To separate pure solids in the form of crystals from a solution eg. purification of salt.

Solution - It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solute

Components of a solution

Solvent

Solute- A substance that is dissolved in a solvent eg. Salt, Sugar.It can be solid, liquid or gas.

Solvent- A part of solution in which a substance is dissolved eg. WaterIt can be solid, liquid or gas.

Solid Solution AlloysGaseous Solution Air

Types of solution-

1. True Solution - Solute particles completely dissolve in solvent and are not visible eg. Salt + Water.

2. Saturated solution - A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at given temperature.

3. Unsaturated solution - a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.

Concentration of solution – Depending on the amount of solute dissolving in solvent solution can be dilute or concentrated.

Amount of solute Amount of soluteConcentration of solution= ----------------------- or ------------------------

Amount of solution Amount of solvent

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Mass of soluteMass by mass percentage of solution = ------------------------------ x 100

Mass of solution

Mass of soluteMass by Volume percentage of solution = ------------------------------------- x 100

Volume of solution

Comparison of solution, Suspension & Colloids.

Solution Suspension Colloids Homogeneous

Solute particles are very small & not visible by naked eyes

Do not scatter beam of light.

Stable Solute particles can

not be separated by filtration

Heterogeneous

Solute particles are large & visible.

Scatter beam of light

UnstableSolute particles can be separated by filtration

Heterogeneous but appear homogeneous.

Solute particles not visible

Scatter beam of light

StableSolute particles cannot be Separated by filtration.

Different types of colloids

Dispersed phase Dispersion Medium

Type Example

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, cloudsSolid Gas Aerosol SmokeGas Liquid Foam Shaving creamLiquid Liquid Emulsion MilkSolid Liquid Solution MudGas Solid Foam SpongeLiquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheeseSolid Solid Solid solution Colored gems

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Physical and chemical change

Physical change Chemical change1. No new substance is formed New substance is formed.2. Generally reversible Generally irreversible3. Properties of elements/substance

are retained.Properties of elements/substances are changed.

4. Change in physical properties like state, size

Change in chemical properties.

5. Substances can be separated by physical method.

Substances cannot be obtained again easily.

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MIND MAP

Fixed CompositionMetals

Non-Metals

Metalloids

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MATTER

Pure SubstanceImpure Substances

(Mixture)

Elements Compounds

HomogeneousHomogeneous

Solution

Suspension

Unsaturated

solution

Colloids

True Solution

Non-aqueous

Solution

Aqueous Solution

Saturated Solution

CHAPTER-2

QUESTION BANK

1. Ink is a solution. Name the solute and solvent in it.2. What are the various steps involved in separating the constituents of air?3. What is the difference between alloy and a mixture? Give example.4. Why inter conversion of state is a physical change?5. Write the points of differences between distillation and fractional distillation.

How will you separate the mixture of acetone and water? Draw the labeled diagram also.

6. Name some salts which can be separated from impure samples by crystallization.

7. The particle size of a substance A present in Water is 200nm what is the nature of mixture

8. Why tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through canopy of a dense forest?

9. Why mixtures does not have fixed melting points and fixed boiling points?10.Write the applications of a) Crystallization. B) Chromategraphy. 11.Why particles of true solution cannot scatter a beam of light passing through

it?

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

1. A solution is prepared on dissolving 2 gm of a salt and 4 gm of sugar in 90 gm of water. Calculate the mass percent of each component of the solution.

2. Which will boil at higher temperature tap water or sea water?3. What would you observe when :a) A saturated solution of KCl prepared at 600C is allowed to cool to room

temperature.b) A mixture of iron filings and sulpher is dissolved in Carbon disulphide (CS2)?c) An aqueous Sugar Solution is heated to dryness.4. How will you separate the mixture Mercury and water (Hint: Separating

funnel). Describe the method?

Value Based Question

1) Which making Shikanjwi, Sham was aware about which substances are to be used to make it. She put salt, water, sugar all in different amounts and mixed them well thoroughly but when she drank that Shikanjwi She was amazed as it tasted the same through.i) What do you think why Shikankwi tastes the same throughout?ii) According to you what qualities are possessed by Sham?

2) Sudha was very fond of eating Gulabjamun She kept some Gulab jamun for her young sister in the refrigerator as she was away from her home. Next day

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to her Surprise she saw a white deposit on the Gulabjamuns. She asked her sister about the white crust.i) Why there was white crust on Gulab Jammun when placed in the

refrigerator ?ii) What concept Sudha’s Sister explained her ?iii) What qualities are shown by Sudha’s Sister ?

CHAPTER -5

THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

The smallest functional unit of life is cell, discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. A cell can perform all necessary activities to sustain life independently. Hence

it is called the basic structural and functional unit of life.

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF A CELL

Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Organelles

1) Plasma/Cell Membrane Made of Proteins & lipids Outermost covering of cell that separates the contents of cell from its external

environment. Allows entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell, so called

selectively permeable membrane. Gases like CO2 and O2 more across the cell membrane by diffusion.

Osmosis:- Passage of water from a region of higher through a semi-permeable membrane.Hypotonic Solution:- If the medium surrounding the cell has higher water concentration that the cell, then cell gain water & Swell.Isotonic Solution- if the medium surrounding the cell has same water concentration as that of cell, then there will no net movement & cell will remain of same size.Hypertonic Solution- If the medium surrounding the cell has lower water concentration than the cell, then cell lose water and shrinks.

2) Cell Wall - Only present in plant cells. Mainly composed of cellulose. Rigid outer covering around cell membrane. Provides structural strength to plants

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Plasmolysis- When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis, there is shrinkage of contents of the cell away from the cell wall. It is called plasmolysis.

3) Nucleus - Discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. Largest cell structure, spherical in shape and located in centre of cell. Surrounded by a double layered membrane having pores known as nuclear

membrane. Contains chromatin material made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), which

is responsible for storing and transmitting hereditary information from one generation to another.

Nucleus controls all metabolic activities of cell. Regulates cell cycle. Help in cellular reproduction.

Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic Cells1) More complex cells Less Complex cells2) Generally larger in size Generally smaller in size3) Nuclear region is well defined and

surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Undefined nuclear region without nuclear membrane.

4) More than one chromosome Single chromosome5) Membrane – bound cell organelles

present.Membrane-bound cell organelles absent.

4) Cytoplasm - Fluid content inside the plasma membrane. Contains many specialized cell organelles.

5) Cell Organelles -i) Endoplasmic Reticulum :-

o Large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets.o These are of two types.

i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)ii) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

SER RER Smooth Surface Manufacture lipids

Rough surface due to ribosome’s Manufacture proteins (by

ribosomes)

o There proteins & lipids help in cell membrane formation known as membrane biogenesis.

o ER acts as a channel for transport of material.o Functions as a cytoplasmic framework.o Help in detoxifying many poisons in liver of vertebrates.

ii) Golgi Apparatus- By Camillo Golgi. System of membrane-bound vesicles arranged parallel to each other. Help in storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles. Help in formation of lysosomes.

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iii) Lysosomes- There are a kind of waste disposal system. Clean the cell by digesting foreign material & worn-out cell organelles. Lysosomes contain powerful digesters enzymes There are known as suicide bags because when the cell gets damaged,

lysosomes may burst & enzymes digest their own cells.

iv) Mitochondria- Known as powerhouse of the cell as it release energy required for various

chemical activities in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Mitochondria has two membranes a) outer power and b) Inner deeply folded. Mitochondria have their own DNA and proteins.

v) Plastids-* Present only in plant cells.* These are of 2 typesa) Chromoplasts Coloured plastidsb) Leucoplasts Colourless plastids.

Chloroplasts are chlorophyll containing plastids & help in photosynthesis. Plastids have their own DNA and ribosome’s.

vi) Vacuoles:- These are storage sacs of cell. In plant cells there are full of cell sap & provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. Help in storage of amino acids, sugars, some proteins & various organic

acids.

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MIND MAP

selectively permeablemembrane

Fluid Content

Storage Sacs

Protein LipidSynthesis Synthesis

Only in plant cells

Suicide Bags Powerhouse of cell

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CELL

Plasma MembraneCell-Wall only in plants cells

Nucleus Cytoplasm

Cell Organelles

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Plastids

RER SER

QUESTION BANK

Q1. Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. Which one has ribosomes attached to it ?

Q2. Why do plant cells have large vacuoles? Name the fluid present in them.Q3. State one feature that is similar and one feature that is dissimilar with respect

to mitochondria and plastid.Q4. Name the three types of plastids in plants and state one function of each.Q5. Explain briefly the structure of nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. Draw its diagrams.Q6. Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.Q7. State one term for the following:

a) Rod- Shaped structures that appear in the nucleus when a cell is about to divide.

b) An unidentified nuclear region containing only nucleic acid.c) Functional segments of DNA.

Q8. How do unicellular organisms like amoeba give out excess water and wastes? (Hint: By contractile Vacuole)

HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

Q1. Give reasons for the following:a) Viruses cannot reproduce outside a living cell.b) Amoeba can have exchange of gases through its body surface.c) Chloroplasts are called the kitchen of the cell.[Hint:- a) Viruses do not have their own cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.b) diffusion.c) Due to photosynthesis.

Q2. How is endoplasmic reticulum important for membrane biogenesis?Q3. What type of enzymes are present in the lysosomes ? What is their function?

Which cell organelles do manufacture these enzymes?[Hint: Powerful digestive enzymes, manufactured by Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Q4. What will happen if :a) Ribosomes are removed from the cell,b) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell, and c) Plasma membrane ruptures?

Q5. Write two points of differences between nuclear region of a bacterial cell and nuclear region of an animal cell [Hint:- Diff b/w prokaryotic & evkaryotic cell)

VALUE-BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Madhu, is a five year old girl who join the swimming classes, after, the first class she was worried when she saw her wrinkled fingers. She asked her mother about the wrinkling and shrinking of the fingers. Her mother explained the reason to her.a) Why did Madhu’s fingers wrinkle after swimming?

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b) What caused the shrinking and wrinkling of the fingers?c) What values of Madhu’s are seen here ?

Q2. Seema wanted to eat rice and kidney beans (rajma). She asked her mother to cook the same for lunch tomorrow. At night, her mother took a cup of rajmah and put them in a container having enough water. She kept the water container covered over night. And next morning she cooked rice and rajma for lunch.a) Why did Seema’s mother soak the rajmah is water overnight?b) Name the Scientific phenomenon involved in this process.c) What values of Seema’s mother is seen here?

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

1) Diagram of a proparyotic cell.(refer:- Fig 5.4, page no 62. Of NCERT Text book)

2) Diagram of Animal Cell.(refer:- Fig 5.5, page no. 63 of NCERT Text book)

3) Diagram of plant cell(refer:- fig 5.6, Page no. 64 of NCERT Text book)

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CHAPTER-6TISSUES

Tissues :-A group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function.

1) Plant tissues -On the basis of the dividing capacity, plant tissues are of two types.

a) Meristematicb) Permanent

Meristematic Tissues:- Consist of actively-dividing cells. There are of three types.i) Apical Meristem :- Present at the growing tips of stems and roots.ii) Intercalary Meristem :- Present at the base of leaves or internodes. It

helps in longitudinal growth of plant.iii) Lateral Meristem :- Present on the lateral sides of the stems and roots.

It increase the thickness of stems and roots.Permanent Tissues :- Developed from the merestematic tissues that have lost the power of division. There are of two types.a) Simple Permanent Tissues :- Made up of only one type of cells.

Types of simple permanent tissuesi) Parenchyma :- Consist of unspecialized living cells with thin cell

walls, loosely packed, have intercellular spaces, present in soft parts of plants.

o If it contains chlorophyll, then called chlorenchyma.o If in aquatic plants, air cavities are present, then called aerenchyma.o Parenchyma stores nutrients & water.ii) Collenchyma - Composed of living and elongated cells with cell

walls irregularly thickened at the corners.o less intercellular space.o Provide mechanical support to plant.o Helps in bending of leaves and stems.iii) Sclerenchyma - Composed of long, narrow and thick-walled cells,

due to lignin.o Made up of dead cells.o No intercellular spaces.o Present in seeds, nuts, husk of coconut etc.o Provide strength to plants.

Epidermis:- Protective tissueHave small pores called stomata for exchange of gases and transpiration.Cork/Bark:- Made up of dead cells, compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.

o Made up of suberin2) Complex permanent Tissues (Conducting tissues)

Made up of more than one type of cells.i) Xylem: - Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the different parts

of the plant.o It is made up of four types of cells- a) Tracheids b) Vessels c) Xylem

Parenchyma and d) Xylem fibres

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ii) Phloem – Conducts food material from leaves to different parts of the plant.o It is made up of 4 types of cells-

a) Sieve tubes b) Companion cells c) Phloem Parenchyma d) Phloem fibres.

B. Animal Tissues- There are of four types.i) Epithelial tissues- Covering or protective tissues types.a) Simple Squamous Epithelium:- Single layer of flat cells.Location- Lining of month, esophagus, lung alveoli etc.b) Stratified Squamous Epithelium: - made of many layers of flat cellsLocation - Skinc) Cuboidal Epithelium- Consist of cube-like cellsLocation :- Lining of kidney tubules & ducts of salivary glands.d) Columnar Epithelium:- Consists of elongated or column like cells.Location- Inner lining of intestine and function is secretion and absorption.ii) Connective Tissues Specialised to connect various body organs.a) Blood Consist of plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets

o Fluid tissue, only connective tissue with fluid matrix called plasmao Help in transport of food, gases, hormones etc.

b) Skeletal tissues- Bones and cartilageBones form the framework that support the body, anchor the muscles, support main organs. Matrix made of calcium and phosphorus.Cartilage Smoothens bone surface at joints. Present in nose, ear, trachea etc. Matrix made of proteins and sugars.

c) Tendons - connect muscles to bones.d) Ligaments - connect two bones togethere) Areolar tissue - Found in skin and muscles, around the blood vessels etc.

o Support internal organs.o Help in repair of tissues.

f) Adipose tissues: Act as storage sites of fats,o Found between internal organs, below the skin.o Act as an insulator for the body.

iii) Muscular Tissues- o Help in movement of body.o Muscle contain special proteins called contractile proteins.

3 types of muscular tissues are :-

Straited Muscles Unstraited Muscles Cardiac Muscles Cells are long,

cylindrical, non-tapering and multinucleate.

Occur in the limbs & help in body movements

Also called voluntary muscles & skeletal muscles

Cells are long, flattened, spindle shaped, tapering, uninucleate.

Occur in alimentary canal, iris of eye, ureter and bronchi of lungs

Also called involuntary muscles

Cells are cylindrical, branched, and uninucleate

Occur only in the walls of heart

Also called heart muscles as show rhythmic contraction & relaxation

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throughout life.

iv) Nervous Tissue -o Present in brain, spiral cord and nerves.o Cells called neurons or nerve cells.o A neuron consist of a cell body, an axon and dendrites.o Help in control and coordination of body muscles & their movements.

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

1) Various types of simple tissues.(refer:- Fig 6.4, page no 71. Of NCERT Text book)

2) Type of complex tissues(refer:- Fig 6.7, page no. 73 of NCERT Text book)

3) Type of muscle fibres(refer:- fig 6.11, Page no. 77 of NCERT Text book)

4) Nervous tissue Neuron(refer:- Fig 6.12 on page 78 of NCERT text book)

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MIND MAP

Conduct Water

Conduct food

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PLANT TISSUES TISSUE ANIMAL TISSUE

PLANT TISSUES

Meristematic Permanent

Aplical

Intercalary

Lateral

Simple Complex

Xylem

Phloem

Parenchyma

Collenchymample

Sccerenchyma

ANIMAL TISSUES

Epithelial

Nervous

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Connective

Muscular

Straited

Unstraited

Blood

Bone

Tendonn

Ligament

Cartilage

Areolar

Cardiac

QUESTION BANK

Q1. Voluntary muscles are also known as skeletal muscles. Justify[Hint:- Attached to limb bones & help in their movement)

Q2. How do tendons differ from ligaments?Q3. The epidermis in desert plants is covered by waxy coating. Name the

substance. State one advantage of this coating.Q4. How are permanent tissues formed from the meristamatic tissues?Q5. How do cork cells act as a protective tissue?Q6. Name the type of proteins present in muscle cells.Q7. State and compare two characteristic features of parenchyma, collenchymas

and sclerenchyma.Q8. Give the structure and function of cartilage. Where is cartilage found in our

body?Q9. Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites?Q10. Why is meristematic tissue regarded so important for plants?

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

Q1. Why tracheids and vessels have tubular structures?Q2. Explain why thigh muscles get tired soon but not the muscles of the heart.Q3. State one distinguishing features and one similarity between the two types of

transporting tissues present in the plants.[Hint:- Xylem and Phloem]

Q4. Explain why water hyacinth float on the water surface.[Hint:- due to aerenchyma]

Q5. Explain why thigh muscles get tired soon but not the muscles of the heart.Q6. If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall

of glass jar Explain, Why?Q7. Why are smooth muscles called visceral muscles?

[ Hint:- because found in the walls of visceral organs]

VALUE BASED QUESTION

Q1. Obesity is a common health problem now a days which results due to deposition of fats in various parts of body. It may lead to other health problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart attacks.a) Which tissue is responsible for storage of fats in our body?b) How can we control obesity?c) What are the effects of morning walk and regular physical exescise on

obesity?Q2. Ram while playing football fell down. On getting up he started feeling intense

pain around this elbow. His mother took him to a doctor who took an X-ray and after observing it he said nothing to worry. You have only hurt your ligament and tendon around your elbow. It will be alright within few days. His mother got confused.a) How will you explain what ligament and tendon are?

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Adipose

b) In which respect they differ structurally?c) What value was displayed by the doctor?

CHAPTER-15

IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

Food supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, that are required for proper development and growth of body.

Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods for their growth and completion of their life cycle. Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight.

Difference between kharif crops and rabi cropsKHARIF CROPS RABI CROPS

Grown in rainy season Grown in winter season From June to October From November to April. Examples: Paddy, Soyabean,

Maize, Cotton etc Examples:- Wheat, peas, mustard,

linseed etc.

Crop Variety Improvement:-By hybridization or by introducing gene.

i) By hybridization: - Hybridisation means crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. Crossing may be intervarietal (between different varities), interspecific (between two different species of same genus) or intergeneric (between different genera)

ii) By introducing a gene: - Provide desired characteristic & genetically modified crops.o Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to weather, soil quality

and availability of water.o The factors for which variety improvement is done are :-

i) Higher yieldii) Improved qualityiii) Biotic and Abiotic resistance. (biotic factors like diseases,

insects & abiotic factors like drought, heat, cold, frost etc.)iv) Change in maturity duration- uniform maturity.v) Wider adaptability.vi) Desirable agronomic characteristics.

Crop Production Management:-i) Nutrient Management:- Plant nutrients are supplied by air, water and soil.

There are 16 nutrients essential for plants.Carbon & Oxygen from airHydrogen from waterOther 13 from soil.

From Soil i) Macro- nutrients – 6 required in large quantities Fe. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Sulpher.

ii) Micro-nutrients- 7 required in less quantities ie iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.

Manure:- Contains large quantities of organic matter Supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil.

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Prepared by decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. Improves soil structure.

These are of three types:-a) Compost b) Vermi- Compost c) Green Manure

Compost- It is formed by decomposition of waste material like cow-dung, regrettable waste, domestic waste in pits.Vermi-compost- The compost which is made by decomposition of plant and animal refuse with the help of earthworm is called vermi-compost.Green Manure- Before sowing of crop seeds, some plants are grown & mulched by ploughing them into soilFertilizers- These are commercially produced plant nutrients, Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.Organic Farming:-it is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemical as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc with maximum use of organic matter.Irrigation- Supplying water at regular intervals to the growing crops-Sources of irrigation are-

a) Wells:- There are two types of wells, namely dug wells and tube wells.b) Canals: - An elaborate and extensive irrigation system.c) River lift systems- water is directly drawn from rivers.d) Tanks small storage reservoirs.

Cropping patternsi) Mixed Cropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the

same piece of land.Eg. wheat + gram or wheat + mustard.

ii) Inter-cropping- Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern. Eg. Soyabean + Maize etc.

Benefits a) Maximum utilization of nutrients.b) Prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants belonging to one

crop in field.

iii) Crop-rotation:- The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop-rotation.

Crop Protection Management-a) Weeds:- The unwanted plants in the cultivated field e.g. Xanthium (gokhroo),

Parthenium (gajar Ghas) Weeds take up nutrients and reduce growth of the crop.

Methods of weed control:-a) Mechanical Removalb) Preventive Methods like proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of

crops, crop rotation.c) Use of weedicides.

Insect Pests- attack the plants in 3 ways i) Cut the root, stem and leaf.ii) Suck the cell sapiii) Bore the stem and fruits.

They affect the health of crops and reduce yield.

Preventive measures against pests-i) Use of disease resistant varietiesii) Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.

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iii) Summer ployghing- fields are ploughed deep in summers to destroy both pests as well as weeds.

Animal Husbandry:- Scientific management of animal livestock. It includes various aspects such as feeding breeding and disease control.Cattle Farming- it is done for 2 purposes.

a) Milk producing females are called milk animals (dairy animals)b) Drought animals are the one used for farm labour. Exotic or foreign breeds- have long lactation period e.g Jersey, Brown Swiss

etc. Local Breeds- have excellent resistance to diseases e.g. Red Sindhi, Sahiwal

etc.Animal feed incudes-

a) Roughage – Mainly fibreb) Concentration which are low in fibre & contain high level of protein & other

nutrients. Vaccinations are given to farm animals against many viral and bacterial

diseases.f

Poultry Farming- Improved poultry feeds are developed for the following desirable traits.

a) Number and quality of chicks.b) Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick ;production.c) Summer adaptation capacity.d) Low maintenance requirements.e) Reduction in size of egg-laying birds.

Egg and Broiler production-

Broiler chickens are feed with vitamin-rich feed for good growth rate and better feed efficiency. Important Management practices for good production of poultry birds are-

a) Maintenance of temperature.b) Hygienic conditions.c) Prevention and control of diseases & pests.

Proper cleaning, sanitation & spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals, vaccination.

Fish Production- e ways.

a) capture fishing- from natural resources.b) Cutture fishery – fish farming

i) Marine Fisheries- Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, tuna, sardines, Bombay duck etc.

34

Fish of high economic values are mullets, black pearl spots, shellfish like prawns, oysters etc.

Mariculture- To fulfill demand of more marine fish.

ii) Inland fisheries - a) From fresh water resources like canals, ponds, rivers, reservoirs etc.b) Brackish water resources (where sea water and fresh water mix together) eg.

Estuaries and lagoons. Compasite fish culture – In this, a combination of fire or six fish species is used in a single fishpond. Selection is done on basis of no competition for food, so that food available in all parts of ponds can be used.

Only disadvantage- is that there can be mixing of seeds.

Bee-keeping:- local bee varieties for commercial honey production are. Indian Bee. ( Apis cerana indica), rock bee ( A, dorsata), the little bee ( A – Florae) Also an Italian bee variety ( A- mellifera) is brought to increase honey production. They sting less.

Pasturage The flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection.

This determine the value, quality & taste of honey.

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QUESTION BANK

Q1. What are weeds? Give example. Explain two methods to remove them.

Q2. How will you differentiate among capture fishing, Mari culture and aquaculture?

Q3. What are the two ways to improve crop verities?

Q4. Name two internal parasites that infect cattle.

Q5. What are two main groups of cattle feed? State the importance of each.

Q6. What is crop rotation? Why it is done?

Q7. Explain how cultivation practices are related to environment all conditions.

Q8. Define two methods of improving crop variety.

VALUE BASSED QUESTIONS

Q1. While studying about irrigation in his textbook, Bhanika read that proper irrigation is vary important for the success of crops. Ensuring that crops get water at right stages during the growing reason, can increase the expected yields of any crop. She then thought about how in daily life irrigation is supported as it is very necessary then she thought of well rivers, tanks, which are irrigation systems and also made her friends know about the irrigation systems.

1) Explain how rivers are one of the effective irrigation systems?2) What kind of qualities are seen in Bhanika?

Q2. Ashok went to market to buy food grains for his home and on returning what his mother checked the grains, she found the grains discolored and of low and poor quality. She returned them back to the vendor. The vendor told her that it was due to storage loss of grains that resulted in their poor quality and gave her good quality grains.

1) What could be the control measure to prevent storage loss?2) What qualities are shown by Mother?

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HOTS QUESTIONS

Q1. What do you mean by inland fisheries?

Q2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of composite fish culture system.

Q3. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping?

Q4 Name two finned fish and two shell fish of high economic value.

Q5. What is pasturage? How it is related to honey production ?

[Hints- Pasturage is flower available for nectar and pollen collection]

Q6. What are the differences between broilers and layers?

Q7. Write the factors that need to be considered for broiler production.

Q8. What do you mean by genetic manipulation?

CHAPTER – 8

MOTION

An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time. Displacement: the shortest path/distance measured from the initral to the

final position of an objext is known as the displacement. Difference between distance and displacement

S.No. Distance Displacement1 The length of actual path covered

between the two points.The minimum distance between initial and final point

2. Distance can never be zero. Displacement can be zero.3. Scalar quantity (only magnitude is

taken)Vector quantity (both magnitude & direction are taken)

37

SI unit of distance & displacement is metre (m)

A B

In going from A to B in upward path,

Distance = 2m+5m+2m = 9 m, while Displacement from A to B is = 5 m

Uniform motion: When equal distances are covered in equal interval of time, then it is called uniform motion.

Non-Uniform motion : When unequal distances are covered in equal intervals of time, then it is called non-uniform motion.

Speed : Rate of covering distance Distance

Sped = --------------

Time

Unit of speed = metre/second(m/s)

Total distance traveled

* Average Speed = --------------------------------------

Total time taken

* Scalar quantity vector quantity

----------------------------- ---------------------------

Only magnitude is taken, not the direction Both magnitude and direction are taken.

Ex. Speed Ex. Velocity

38

5m

2m 2m

5m

Velocity :- Speed in a particular direction.

Unit of velocity – m/s

Initial velocity + final velocity

Average velocity = ------------------------------------------------2

u + v

Vav = ---------

2

Acceleration:- It is the rate of change of velocity.

Formula :Acceleration=Change∈velocitytimetaken

OR

Acceleration=Finalvelocity−intial velocitytime

SI unit of acceleration = meter /sec2 (m/s2)

Uniform acceleration Non-uniform accelerationIf an object is moving in a straight line & its velocity increase or decrease by equal amounts in equal integrals of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be uniform.Ex. A freely falling object.

It an object is moving & its velocity increase or decrease by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be non-uniform.Ex. When a car is passing through city limits on a highway.

It velocity decrease Negative accelerationOR39

Retardation

Graphical representation of motion: Distance- time graph

Time Time TimeUniform speed Non-uniform Speed Stationary

Velocity – time graph:

Time Time TimeUniform acceleration Non-uniform acceleration Uniform motion

Equations of motion by graphical method.

i) V=u + atii) s=ut +½ at2 iii) 2as = v2 – u2

Equation for velocity – time relation: (v = u + at)

OA = DC = u initial velocityOE = BC = v find velocity

E V B OC = AD = t time

Acceleration(a)=Change∈velocitytime

A D

40

a=BC−DCOC

O C

Putting value a=V−ut

Equation for distance - time relation:

(S=ut+ 12at2)

Distance (s) = Area OABC= Area of the rectangle OADC + area of the triangle ABD.

= OA x OC + 12

(AD x BD )

= u x t + 12+t x (v−u)

Now putting value S= ut + 12x t (at ) {v-u = at}

Equation for position – velocity relation : ( 2as = V2 - u2)

Distance (s) = area of the trapezium OABC

S = (OA+BC )XOC

2

Now putting value

S= 12

(U+V ) xt

Now putting the value of t from eq. v-u = at

S= 12

(v+u ) (v−u)a

t =(v−u)

a

S= 12a

( v2−u2 )

41

V= u + at

S = ut + 12at2

Uniform circular motion

Speed=Distancetime

In a circular motion

Speed= circumferencetime

v=2πrt

QUESTION BANK

Q1. Differentiate between distance & displacement.Q2. How can you calculate the following.

a) Speed from distance – time graphb) Acceleration from velocity- time graph.c) Displacement from velocity – time graph.

Q3. Name the two quantities, the slope of whose graph gives i) Speed ii) Acceleration.,

Q4. Can displacement be zero even when distance travelled is not zero ? Q5. Distinguish between speed & velocity.Q6. How is uniform motion different from non-uniform motion? Give example.Q7. Derive the following equations of motion graphically.

i) V= u + at ii) S = ut +12at2

iii) 2as =v2 – u2

Q8. Define acceleration. State the relationship connecting u, v, a and t for an accelerated motion. Give an example of a motion in which acceleration is uniform.

Q9. When is the acceleration (i) Positive (ii) negative?Q10. How can we describe the position of an object?

Illustrate with suitable example.

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTION

42

2as= v2 – u2

Q1. Give one example of each of the following situations.a) Uniformly accelerated motion.b) Motion with uniform retardation.c) Accelerated motion with uniform magnitude of velocity.d) Motion in a direction with acceleration in perpendicular direction.e) Motion in which velocity-time graph is a horizontal line parallel to x-axis.

Q2. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius m completes one revolution in minutes. What is his

i) Average speed ii) Average velocity in one full revolution

5π(Ans Average speed = ---------- m/s)

12Average velocity = zero

Q3. What does the slope of a displacement – time graph represent? Can displacement- time sketch be parallel to the displacement axis? Give reason to your answer

Time (i) Time (ii) Time (iii)

Numericals

Q1. A truck running at 90 kmh-1 is brought to rest over a distance of 25m. Calculate the retardation & time for which brakes are applied (Ans –a = 12.5ms-2, t =25)

Q2. A vehicle running at 90 kmh-1 is slowed down to 18 kmh-1 is 2.5s. Calculate

i) Accelerationii) Distance covered in the time it slows down.

(Ans a= -8 ms-2, S = 37.5m)

Q3. A girl running a race accelerates at 2.5 ms -2 for the first 4 s of the race. How far does she travel in this time? (ans S=20m)

43

Q4. The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration at 6 ms -2 in the opposite direction of motion. If the car taken 2s to stop after the application of the brakes, calculate the distance it travels during the time.(ans s= 12m)

Q5. A stone is thrown in vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 ms -1. If the acceleration of the stone during its motion be 10 ms -2 in the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the stone & how much time will it take to reach there?(ans h=1.25m, t = 0.5s)

Q6. A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter in 5 minute. Calculate his speed.(ans v=1.1 m/s)

Q7. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 kmh-1 & returns back with a speed of 20 kmh-1 find its average speed (Ans 24kmh)

Q8. A vehicle starting from rest travels 20m in first 2s & 160 m in next 4s. What will be the velocity after 7s from the start. (Ans v=70 m/s)

Value based questions:

Q1. Shivek & his parents boarded Rajdhani Express at New Delhi station. The train was standing at platform No.1, Another train was standing on the neighboring track. Shivek was seeing the second train. Suddenly he felt that his train has started moving. However, when he viewed the railway platform, he found that his train is still standing on the platform and is at rest. He again turned to otherside & felt that his train is moving. He got confused. He asked his father, about it. His father explained him the cause & Shivek was satisfied.

a) Why shivek felt his train to be moving although the train was at rest?b) Is the train running with a uniform speed or a non-uniform speed?c) What characteristics value was exhibited by Shivek ?

Q2. Take a piece of thread. Tie a small piece of stone to one end of the thread. Hold the other end of the thread in hand & whirl it round. Note the motion of the stone. If the thread breaks suddenly, the stone flies along tangent to the circle at that instant.

a) Which force is whirling the stone? Who is providing this force?b) Why does the stone fly off along the tangent to the circle at that instant?c) What value of life do you learn from this?

44

CHAPTER – 9

FORCE & LAWS OF MOTION

FORCE- Push or pull that causea) Change in the magnitude of velocity.b) Change in direction of motionc) Change in shape or size of object.

Balance Force- Do not change the state of rest or of motion of an object.

Unbalance Force:- Bring change in velocity or state or direction of motion of an object.

First Law of Motion-Newton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.“ An object remains is a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by an applied force”

Why is it called Law of Inertia ?Inertia is the internal tendency of any object to resist any change in its state of

rest or of motion. First law of motion also says that all objects resist a change in their state of motion. So it is called the law of inertia.

Some general daily life examples based on Newton Ist law of motion.i) Falling backward of passengers when a vehicles starts from rest.ii) Falling forward of passengers/ luggage when a moving vehicle suddenly

stops.Inertia & Mass-Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion or of rest.The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.

More mass means more inertia Less mass means less inertia

Newton’s second law of motion-“The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force” Momentum:- It is the product of mass & velocity of an object.

Symbol – p

45

Formula = Momentum = Mass x velocity

A vector quantity, as both direction &magnitude are considered.SI unit of momentum = kg m/s

Mathematical formulation of IInd Law of Motion

Suppose on object of Mass = mInitial velocity = uOn applying uniform aceeleration = aIts final velocity becomes = vAt time interval = tInitial momentum (p1) = muFinal momentum (p2)=mvChange in momentum = p2 – p1

= mv – mu=m(v – u)

M (v-u)Rate of change of momentum = ------------

t

OR applied force

F xm(v−u)

t

F = k m(v−u)

t

As we know v−ut

=a(acceleration)

F= kmaOne unit of force is defined as amount of that produces an acceleration of 1m/s2 in

on object of mass1 unit of force = k x (1 kg) x (1m/s2 )

k becomes = 1

F=m.a

S.I. unit of force f= newton, symbol NOr kg m/s2

Some daily life example of IInd law of motion-

46

P= mx v

i) A fielder lowers his hands while catching a cricket ball to reduce the rate of change of momentum by increasing time.

ii) A high jump athlete falls on a cushioned bed to decrease the rate of change of momentum.

Newton’s IIIrd Law of motion-

“To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies “

Conservation of momentum- If the external force on a system is zero, the momentum of the system remains constant i.e. In an isolated system, the total momentum remain conserved.

uA uB vA vB

mA mB FAB mA mB

Before Collision FBA After collision

A and B are two balls, the mass and velocities are shown, before collision. The two bodies collide and force is exerted by each body. There is change in their velocities due to collision.

mAuA +mB uB = total momentum before collisionmAvA+mBvB = total momentum after collision

Law of Conservation of Momentum:

The sum of momentum of two objects before contusion is equal to the sum of momentum after collision provided there is no external unbalanced force acting on them.

FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

Question Bank:-You must know-:

Give reason why

Q1 When a bus suddenly starts moving forward, the passengers in the bus fall backward.

Q2. A cricket fielder moves his hands backwards in catching a fast cricket ball.Q3. The sparks produced during sharpening of a knife against a grinding wheel

leave the rim of the wheel tangentially.Q4. When a tree is vigorously shaken, some of the leaves fall from the tree.

47

A B ABA B

mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

Q5. The passengers fall forward when a fast moving bus stops suddenly.Q6. How a horse can pull a cart?Q7. When action and reaction force are equal and opposite, why don’t they cancel

each other.Q8. If mass of a body is doubled, that happens to its acceleration under a given

force?Q9. What is the total momentum of the bullet and the gun on firing?Q10 A rocket can move in a free air space, but a jet plane cannot. Why?

Value based Questions

Q1. Two friends were playing “catch the ball” in a park. Mohan was able to catch the ball comfortable without hurting himself while Sohan was hurt every time. He caught the ball. Finally Shohan asked Mohan, how could he catch the ball with case. Mohan explained the phenomenon to Sohan. Sohan thanked him.

i) Why was Mohan not hurt while catching the ball?ii) Compare and contrast the values of Mohan and Sohan

NUMERICALS

Q1. Two cars each of mass 1000kg are moving in a straight line but in opposite directions the velocity of each can is 5 m/sec before collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined case after collision? (ans= 0 m/sec)

Q2. A car of mass 1800kg moving with a speed of 10m/sec is brought to rest after covering a distance of 50m. Calculate the force acting on the car.(ans = -1800N)

Q3. A boy of mass 60kg running at 3 m/sec jump on to a trolley of mass 140 kg moving with a velocity of 1.5 m/sec in the same direction. What is their common velocity[Ans 1.95m/sec][hint: m1 u1 + m2 u2 take v common]

Q4. A bag pushes a wall with a force of 20N what is the magnitude and direction of force experienced by the boy? (Ans =20N)

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

Q1. A 10g bullet is shot from a 5 kg gun with a velocity of 400m/s what is the speed of recoil of the gun ? [ans = -0.8m/s]

Q2. A man weighing 60 kg runs along the raids with velocity of 18 km/h and jumps into a car of mass 2 kg quintal standing on the rails. Calculate the velocity with which car will start travelling along the rails [ans = 1.88m/s]

Q3. The following is the distance –time table of an object in motion:-

48

Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Distance (m)

0 1 8 27 64 125 216 343

a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? # Is it constant? In creasing ? decreasing ? zero?

b) What do you infer about the force acting on the object ?Q4. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50g rolling on a concrete floor is

shown in figure. Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on the ball. [hint = v = u+at]

Time(s)

CHAPTER-10

GRAVITATION

1. Universal law of gravitation – Every object is the universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. The direction of the force is along the line joining the centres of two objects.Suppose two objects having masses m1 and m2 are at r distance, then the force between both will

F ᵅ m1 m2

1

F ᵅ ---------

r2 m1 m2

or F ᵅ -------------- r2

or

49

G, m1 m2

F = -------------------- r2

Where G is a constant of proportionality and called universal gravitational constant.

Unit and Values of Gravitational constant (G)

As we know , G m1 m2

F = -------------- r2

F x r2 n. m2

so G= -------------- = -------- m1m2 kg2

So SI unit of G is

Value of G is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg 2

Importance of universal law of gravitation

1. The gravitational force of earth is responsible for binding all objects on the earth.

2. The gravitational force of earth is responsible for holding the atmosphere around the earth, rainfall, snowfall, flow of water in rivers.

3. All the plants revolve the sun due to gravitation force of sun.4. The moon revolves around the earth due to gravitational pull of earth on the

moon. Even all artificial satellites revolve around the earth due to gravitational pull of earth.

5. The tides also due to gravitational pull of moon on earth.

Free fall :- All objects falling towards earth under the action of gravitational force of earth alone are said to be in free fall.Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration produced in a body in free fall due to the gravitational force of earth on the body. A celebration of objects falling towards earth does not depend upon their mass.The acceleration due to gravity on earth (g) is given by

GMG = -----------

R2 And the value of g = 9.8m/s2 The direction of g is along the line joining the body to the centre of earth.

Note-> The acceleration due to gravity (g) does not depend upon the mass of the body, but gravitational pull of earth F=mg depends on the mass of the body. Heavier the body, greater is the gravitational pull of earth on it and vice-versa.

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Nm2 kg -2

Variation in acceleration due to gravity (g)

(a) Effect of shape of earth on ‘g’ –i) Acceleration due to gravity at ‘poles’,

GMgp = -----------

R2 = maximum, as Rp is minimum

ii) Acceleration due to gravity at equator

GMge = -----------

Re2

= minimum, as Re is maximum.

b) Value of acceleration due to gravity decrease with height over the surface of earth.c) and also, the value of gravitational acceleration decreases as we go down inside the earth. So much so that at the centre of Earth, g=0Note – so, the values of acceleration due to gravity is maximum at the surface of earth. It decreases as we go above the surface of earth or go inside the surface of earth. At the centre of earth, g=0.

Motion of objects under the influence of gravitational force of earth.

General equation of motion Equations of motion for freely falling bodies

i) V = u + at i) v = ut + gt ----------------(1)ii) S = ut + ½ at2 ii) h = ut + ½ gt2 -----------(2) iii) v2 – u2 = 2as iii) v2 – u2 = 2gh

.

The distance (s) and acceleration (a) are replaced by h and g subsequently for freely falling objects.

1)A

At A the initial velocity is zero (o)

Ground level

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2) When an object is falling vertically downwards. Its acceleration is positive. g = +9.8ms2

3) When an objects is thrown vertically upwards, its acceleration is negative ‘g’ = -9.8m-2

4) At highest point, final point of body-

Velocity = o, and , g = 9.8 m/s2 5) Time taken of ascent = time taken in descent.

MASS and WEIGHT-

i) Mass – The quantity of matter contained in the body, is said to be mass. It denoted by ‘m’. SI unit is ‘ kilogram (kg)

ii) Weight- The weight of a body is defined as the force with which the body is attracted towards the centre of the earth. In other words, weight of a body is the force of earth’s gravity acting on the body.It is denoted by ‘W’

W = mg (as force is equal to product of mass and acceleration.)

SI unit is Newton (N)

Difference between mass and acceleration

Mass Weighti) Mass is quantity of matter

present in object.ii) Scalar quantityiii) SI unit is kilogramiv) Mass is always constant.v) How of object is never zero.

i) This is the force towards the earth on the object

ii) Vector quantity.iii) SI unit is Newtoniv) Weight of an object varies from

place to placev) Weight of an object is zero at

the centre of earth.

QUESTION BANK

Q1. Calculate the force of gravity on your friend of mass 60kg. Given mass of earth = 6 x 1024 kg and radius of earth = 6.4 x 106 m.

Q2. Mass of an object is 10kg. What is its weight on earth?Q3. State any three differences between mass and weight?Q4. The weight of a man on the surface of earth is 5.88N. Find his mass, taking

g=9.8ms-2. If the man were taken to moon, his weight would be 98N. What is his mass on moon? Also, calculate acceleration due to gravity on the moon?

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[ hint : m= we/ge]

Q5. What is free fall?Q6. Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6 of its weight on the earth?Q7. Suppose gravity of earth suddenly becomes zero, then in which direction will

the moon begin to move if no other celestial body affects it?Q8. Can a body have mass but no weight?Q9. On what factors does the weight of a body depend?Q10. Name four application of Newton’s law of gravitation.Q11. A body weighs 10kg on surface of earth. What would be its mass and weight

at the centre of earth?Q12. A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 10 second. Calculate-

i) The velocity with which it was thrown up.ii) The maximum height it reaches, andiii) its position after 7 second.

Q13. If earth is taken as a sphere of radius 6400km and mass 6x1024kg, what would be the value of ‘g’ on the surface of earth?

Q14. A body weighs 1 kg on the surface of earth. What is its mass on moon?

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS

Q1. On earth, value of G=6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2. What is its value on moon, where g is nearly 1/6th that of earth?

Q2. Two particles are placed at some distance. If the mass of each of the two particles is doubled, keeping the distance between them unchanged, the value of gravitational force between them will be –

a) ¼ times b) 4 times c) ½ times d) Unchanged.Q3. State the difference between gravity and gravitation. A sphere of 40kg is

attracted by another sphere of mass 80kg by a force of 2.5 x 10 -6 N when their centres are 300 mm apart. Find value of G,

Q4. Two objects attract each other by a force F. if mass of one object is reduced to half and the mass of the other object is doubled, then the force between these objects will be – [Ans –f]

a) f/2 b) 2f c) f d) f/4

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Ram Singh is an archery trainer. While teaching his students, he asks them to keep the arrow a little above the target. Gyan singh is very curious to know the reason behind this and asks him. Ram Singh explained to Gyan Singh and then he was satisfied.

a) What explanation does Ram Singh give to Gyan Singh?b) What are the values of Gyan Singh?c) What are the values of Ram Sing?

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Q2. Tanya is a student of IX class, she read in her science class that all objects falling freely from a certain height reach the ground simultaneously. However, from her practical experience she know that if a sheet of a paper and a stone are just dropped from the window of her flat, the stone reaches the ground earlier paper reaches the ground a little later. She could not reconcile these two things. She asked to her science teacher to explain this anomaly. Her teacher explained to her real cause and Tanya was satisfied

.a) In your opinion, why does paper take a little longer time to come to ground

from same height?b) What values are being exhibited by Tanya?

ACTIVITIES FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

(I) Improvement in Food Resources.

1) Manures and fertilizers- Similarities Dissimilarities Role in environment

2) Fish farming Meaning of ‘Fishery’ Integrated fish culture Composite fish culture

(II) Fundamental unit of life

1) Do cell of leaf peals of different plants look alike in shape, size and structure?

(III) Tissue- 1) Make a report on types and locations of connective tissue in human body.2) To understand the importance of nervous tissue, enlist various activities in

your everyday life.

(IV) Matter in our surroundings

1) Collect information about harmful effects of cold drinks.2) To prepare crystals of CuSo4 from impure sample of CuSo4

(IV) Gravitation

1) Issac Newton and his contributions towards theory of gravitation.

(V) Force and Laws of Motion

1) Take a spring balance. From a firm support and pull it with your hand. This will shift the pointer on the scale. Not the reading. Multiply with 9.8 (~ 10). This will roughly give the force applied by your hand on the spring balance.

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2) Indicate the forces acting while taking part in

a) Cycle racing

b) Firing the balloon with toy gun.

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Summative Assessment – I (2013-14)

Subject –Science (Theory)58

Class –IX

Time : 3 hours M.M : 90

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises o two section, A and B. You are to attempt both the sections.

2. All questions are compulsory.

3. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in all the three questions of five marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.

4. All question of section A and all question of section B are to be attempted separately.

5. Question numbers 4 to 7 in section A are one mark questions. These are to be answered in one word or sentence.

6. Question number 8 to 19 are two marks questions, to be answered in about 30 words each.

7. Question number 14 to 22 are three marks questions, to be answered in about 50 words each.

8. Question numbers 20 to 24 are five marks questions, to be answered in about 70 words each.

9. Question number 25 to 42 in section B are multiple choice questions based on practical skills.

Each question is a one mark question. You are to select one most appropriate response out of the four provided to you.

SECTION- A

Q1. A substance ‘X’ has a definite shape and is almost incompressible. State the physical state of the substance.

Q2. Why does an electric fan continue to rotate for sometime even after the electric fan is switched off ?

Q3. Why plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane ?

Q4. Classify the following as Homogenous or Heterogeneous mixture :

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Wood, vinegar, soil, filtered tea.

Q5. Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?

Q6. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the apple and the earth experience equal and opposite forces due to gravitation. But it is apple fall towards the earth and not vice versa. Why?

Q7. What are the functions of stomata? (Any two)

Q8. What do you mean by inland fisheries? State advantages and disadvantages of composite fish culture system.

Q9. How do pests attack the plants? Explain tree ways.

Q10. a) What is evaporation?

b) With the help of an activity, show the cooling effect by evaporation.

Q11. Silver chloride is a white powder. When it is left exposed in sunlight, it forms solid grey Silver and Chlorine. What conclusion can you draw regarding silver chloride, silver and chlorine?

Q12. Explain structure and function of mitochondria.

Q13. Name the following:

a) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth.b) Tissue that connect bone to bone in human.c) Tissue that transports food in plants.

Q14. Draw a neat labeled diagram of neuron.

Q15. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5m/s. if the acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10m/s2 in the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there ?

Q16. A bullet of mass 25 g moving with a speed of 200 m/s is stopped within 5 cm of the target. What is the average resistance force offered by the target ?

Q17. Give reason for the following:

a) we fall in the forward direction when a moving bus applies breaks to stop.b) A bullet fired from a gun makes a small hole in the window pane while

passing through it, but the stone striking the window pane breaks it into pieces.

Q18. a) Write points of difference between mass of an object and its weight.

c) Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6th weight on the earth?

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Q19. A stone is thrown vertically upward direction with a initial velocity of 40m/s. Find the maximum height reached by the stone. What is the net displacement and total distance ? Covered by the stone? (g= 10m/s2)

Q20. Farmers of a village use excess of fertilizers to increase the productivity of crops. Ayush a 9th class student knows about the harmful effects of fertilizers. So he advised his father (is also a farmer) and others not to use excess of fertilizers and replace them by manures.

a) What are manures?b) What are disadvantage of fertilizers?c) What are the advantages of using manure?

Or

Write points of differences between manure and fertilizers?

Q21. Give reason:

a) Diffusion becomes faster with increase in temperature.b) Resins swell up on keeping in water.c) Naphthalene balls disappear with time.d) Tea kept in a cup cools when kept open.e) Smell of cooked hot food reaches to our nose.

Q22. What is meant by distillation? Explain it with the help of an activity.

Q23. a) What is velocity ? Write its unit.

b) Drive F=kma

OR

Derive graphically s = ut + ½ at2

Q24. State and explain law of conservation of momentum.

Show : m1u1 +m2 u2 = m1v1+m2v2.

SECTION- B

25. Carbon disulphide is poured in Test containing a mixture of iron fillings and sulphur powder. After shaking the contents of the test tube it is observed that.

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a) Sulphur dissolves iron fillings float.b) Some brown gases are evolved.c) Three separate layers are formed.d) Yellow solution is formed and iron fillings settle down.

Q26. When Iron nails are present in copper solution for 10 minutes, the inference states blue colour of copper solution disappears and turns into.

a) Greenish.b) Reddish brownc) Blued) Yellow

Q27. While preparing at temporary mount of cheek calls, the reason behind staining cells is

a) To prevent the cells from dying quickly.b) To preserve themc) To distinguish themd) To make them the organelles clearly visible.

Q28. Which of the following will stain the starch granules of potato slice on slide?

a) Eosinb) Safraninc) Methylene bleued) None of these

Q29. Coverslip must always be placed very gently while mounting in order to

a) avoid the entry of air bubble.b) Avoid crushing of the material.c) Stop the stain from oozing out.d) Stop the material from drying.

Q30. A wooden block is lying on the horizontal surface of table. The forces acting on this wooden block are

a) Action on the surface on the table.b) Reaction on the surface of the tablec) Action on the surface of the table and reaction on the wooden block.d) None of these.

Q31. A strip of magnesium metal is burn in the flame we observe that

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a) A yellow light appears.b) A white dazzling light appears.c) Magnesium starts melting.d) Lot of black smoke is produced.

Q32. For determining the melting point of ice thermometer should be kept

a) With its bulb in the ice cubes.b) In contact with inner wall of beaker.c) A little above the ice cubesd) In touch with beaker outsides.

Q33. A student takes some water in beaker, heats it over flame for determining the boiling point. He keeps on temperature reading. He observes that temperature of the water.

a) Keeps on increasing regularly.b) Keeps on increasing irregularly.c) First increases slowly then decreases rapidly and eventually becomes

constant.d) First increases gradually and then becomes constant.

Q34. The colour of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride respectively is-

a) yellow and white.b) White and yellowc) Both are whited) Grey and yellow

Q35. In the laboratory Carbon Di-sulphide is used as solvent to separate mixture of iron fillings and sulphur powder. What precautions had to be taken with Carbon Di-sulphide.

a) Keep away from water.b) Keep away from flamec) Keep away from aird) Keep away from iron- sulphide.

Q36. The structure marked A, B and C in the following diagram are :

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a) nucleus, cell wall, vacuoleb) nucleus, vacuole, cell wallc) cell wall, vacuole, nucleusd) vacuole, nucleus, cell wall

Q37. The Given diagram represents

a) Parenchymab) Sclerenchymac) Collencymad) Scalaried

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Q38. By using a spring balance we apply a force of 200N to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at a constant velocity. What will be the frictional force that will be extended on the cabinet?

a) No frictional force.b) Frictional force of 200Nc) Frictional force < 200Nd) Frictional force > 200N

Q39. Figure shows the velocity- time graph of the motion of the graph, which part shows the uniform velocity among following:

a) OAb) ABc) CDd) BC

Q40. According to third law of motion, action and reaction:

a) always act on the same objectb) always act on different bodies in opposite direction.c) Have same magnitude and directiond) act on either body at normal to each other

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Q41. Name the gas released when Zn metal reacts with dil. Sulphuric acid.

a) NO2 b) H2 c) O2 d) SO2

Q42. A student put fie raisins each into beaker A and B. Beaker A contained 20ml of distilled water and beaker B has 20ml saturated sugar solution. After sometime the student would observe that

a) raisins in the beaker A were more swollen that those in beaker B.b) raisings in the beaker B were more swollen than those in beaker A.c) raisins in both beaker A and B were equally swollen.d) Raisins in beaker A did not swell up at all.

QUESTION BANK FOR MCQ’S(Practical Based)

Experiment-1. Analysing starch and adulterants in food itemsAim of the experiment: To test: (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample (b) the presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal.

1. Which of the under mentioned food groups will not turn blue-black when treated with iodine?(1) Rice, potato, bread (2) bread, wheat, corn flour(3) rice water, boiled potato, corn starch (4) dal, fish, meat

2. Metanil yellow, an adulterant used in arhar dal, is basically:(1) An acid used in toilet cleaner.(2) An inorganic dye used in leather, paper and textile industries.(3) A detergent used as washing powder.(4) An organic dye used in cooking.

3. Ravjna was trying to test the presence of starch in potato tuber. She forgot the reagent with which the starch given blue colour. Help her to select the correct stain from the following:(1) Safranin(2) Methylene blue(3) Iodine(4) Eosin

4. When iodine solution was added to four samples of food I, II, III, IV which will not develop blue-black colour ?(I) Boiled rice(II) Crushed potato(III) Boiled arhar dal.

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(IV) Powdered arhar dal.(1) I,II (2) I, II, III (3) I,II, IV (4) III, IV

5. When 2-4 drops of conc. Hydrochloric acid are added in the given sample of arhar dal the pink colour is due to :1) Metanil yellow2) Starch3) Turmeric powder4) Chalk powder.

6. Which of the following will turn blue-black when iodine solution is poured over it ?1) Sugar2) Butter3) Potato extract4) Boiled egg white

7. Sidak added 1 or 2 drops of iodine to three test tubes A,B and C, containing 2 ml of food sample. A dark blue black colour appeared in test tube A and B. the correct order of the food samples taken in the three test tubes A,B and C is :1) Rice, dal, potato2) Rice, potato, dal3) Potato, dal, rice4) Rice, dal, potato

8. The following statement describe the step of detact the presence of metanil yellow in dal. One of the four statements given below is incorrect.

a) Take 2 mL of food extract.b) Gind 3-5 g of dal and prepare solution.c) Add 2-4 drops of conc. Sulphuric acidd) Filter the contents and collect the filtrate

The incorrect statement is –

1. b) 2. a) 3 c) 4 d)

Hint-

1. 4)2. 2)3. 3)4. 4)5. 1)6. 3)7. 2)8. 3)

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Experiment -2 True solutions, suspensions and colloids

Aim of the experiment: To prepare:

a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.b) A suspension of soil, chalk power and fine sand in waterc) A colloid of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between

these on the basic of :

* Transparency * filtration criterion * Stability

1. Which of the following shows Tyndall effect ?1) True solution2) Colloidal solution3) Suspension4) Colloidal solution and suspension.

2. Which of the following is stable when allowed to stand undisturbed for sometime ?1) Sugar solution2) Alum3) Salt solution4) All of these.

3. A suspension of chalk in water can be prepared:1) by placing a piece of chalk in water2) by placing powdered chalk in water3) by placing powdered chalk in water and shaking it vigorously4) by placing powdered chalk in dil. HCl.

4. A suspension of chalk and water is subjected to filtration :1) the filtrate contains some chalk particles2) the chalk particles are left on the filter3) noting passes out of the filter paper4) non of these

5. Ankita was asked to prepare a true solution of alum. She followed few steps:i) Took a beaker, poured 20 mL of distilled waterii) Added a pinch of powdered alum in the beaker containing distilled wateriii) Now a true solution of alum in water was ready.iv) Stirred the water in the beaker with a glass rod.

Choose the correct procedure sequence :1) i) ii) iv) iii)2) i) iv) ii) iii)3) i) iii) ii) iv)4) i) ii) iii) iv)

6. Three students Sidak, Ravi, Noor were given funnels, filter paper, test tubes, test tube stands, common salt, chalk powder, starch. The prepared the true solution, suspension, colloidal solution. The tubes where arranged in a test tube stand as

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shown in the figure in a test tube stand. They observed the filtrate in the test tubes and residue on the filter paper and concluded.1) Filtrate is clear and no residue is left.2) Filtrate is clear and residue is left.3) Filtrate is translucent and no residue is left.

Which of the following is correct ?

1) both A and C and solutions2) both A and B are suspensions3) only C is colloid4) neither A is colloid nor B in suspension.

Ans 1- (4)2- (4)3- (3)4- (2)5-(1)6- (3)

Experiment-3 Mixtures and Compounds

Aim of the experiment: To prepare (a) a mixture (b) a compound using iron fillings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :i) Appearance i.e., homogeneity or heterogeneity.ii) behaviour towards a magnet.iii) behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.iv) effect of heat.

1. A small amount of compound is taken in a test tube and to it is added 5 cc of carbon disulphide. The test tube is vigorously shaken. It is observed that :1) yellow coloured sulphur particles dissolve, but not the iron.2) grey coloured iron particles dissolve, but not the sulphur

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3) both iron and sulpiur dissolve to form clear solution.4) none of the particles of compound dissolve.

2. Which one is not observed when carbon disulphide is added to a mixture of iron filings and sulpur powder taken in a test tube ?1) Sulphur powder dissolves and a yellow solution is formed.2) iron filings remain unaffected.3) iron sulphide is formed by the combination of iron of the mixture and of CS2 4) solid sulphur reappears when yellow solution is heated.

3. Add dil H2SO4 to a mixture of iron and sulphur, we would observe:1) FeS reacts with dil sulphuric acid to give H2 gas2) Mixture of iron and sulphur reacts with dil sulphuric acid to give hydrogen

sulphide gas3) FeS does not treact with sulphuric acid.4) mixture of iron and sulphur reacts with sulphuric acid to give hydrogen gas.

4. When iron and sulphur are heated at high temperature:1) yellow coloured iron sulphide is formed2) black coloured FeS is formed3) Mixture of iron and sulphur is formed4) they do not react.

5. When carbon disulphide is added to the compound of iron and sulphur:1) hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved 2) no reaction takes place.3) Sulphide dioxide gas is formed 4) hydrogen gas is eoled.

6. Mixture of iron and sulphur is :1) homogeneous2) heterogeneous3) homogeneous and heterogeneous as well4) non of these.

7. When you mix iron filings with sulphur thoroughly and spread the mixture evenly on a white sheet. How the particiles in the mixture appear ?1) grey and yellow particles can be seen distinctly, spreaded uniformly.2) grey and yellow particles can be see distinctly, but they are not spread

uniformly.3) grey and yellow particles cannot be seen distinctly.4) only yellow particles can be seen distinctly.

Hint- 1. 4)2. 3)3. 4)4. 2)5. 2)6. 2)7. 2)

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Experiment -4 Chemical reactions

Aim of the experiment: To carry out the following reasons and classify them as physical or chemical changes:

a) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.b) Burning of magnesium in air.c) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.d) Heating of copper sulphate.e) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.

1. Which of the following precipitate is formed when sodium sulphate and barium chloride reacts ?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

2. On burring magnesium ribbon in the air, the student will observe:1) white powder2) shiny powder3) brown powder4) non of these.

3. The gas evoled when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid is :1) colourless, odourless, combustible2) colourless, foul smelling, combustible.3) colourless, pungent smelling, burns with a pop sound4) brown coloured, pugent smelling, does not burn

4. 100 mL of a saturated copper sulphate solution was taken in a beaker. A small amount of iron filings was added to the beaker and left undisturbed overnight. The mixture was then filtered to obtain the residue. The colour of the residue was found to be:1) greenish blue2) faint green3) grey4) reddish brown

5. A student while eating solid lead nitrate taken in a test tube would observe :

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1) white residue of PbO2

2) green residue of NO2

3) yellow residue of PbO 4) brown residue of NO

6. On placing an iron nail in a copper sulphate solution, it is observed that:1) a soft and black coating is deposited on the iron nail.2) a reddish brown coating is deposited on the iron nail.3) a smooth and shiny coating is on the iron nail.4) a grey and hard coating is deposited on the iron nail

Hint- 1. 2)2. 1)3. 1)4. 4)5. 3)6. 2)

Experiment -5Preparation of temporary mount

Aim of the Experiment: to prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record observations and draw their labeled diagrams.

1 one of the following is not visible in cheek cell:1) cell membrane 2) nucleus3) cell wall 4) cytoplasm

2. one observing onion peel slide under low power of compound microscope which set of structure are clearly seen:1) cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm2) nucleus, cell membrane, vacuole, chromosome3) cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole4) Cell wall, nucleus, vacuole, chromosome.

3. the correct method of obtaining an onion peel is to:1) take the thinnest bit after meshing an onion leaf.2) make thin sections of a thick scale leaf using a blade3) use of forceps to pull out a thin transparent peel from a concave surface of a scale leaf.4) use a needle and forceps to remove a thin peel from convex xurfacr of a scale leaf.

4. Cells are stained to :1) make the cell turgid2) nourish the cell

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3) help in cell multiplication4) highlight the cell organelles.

5. Which of the following are the identifying features of human cheek cells you will find in a slide given to you be you teacher ?1) the large vacuole appears in each cell2) the cells are irregular, flat with cytoplasm3) the cells are large enough lying side by side with cell walls4) the cells are irregular flat with central nucleus and cytoplasm.

6. To observe cells in an onion peel, we must prepare the slide by mounting on it:1) crushed pulp of onion2) dry scale leaf3) green leaf of onion4) thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion.

7. Which of the following liquid is not used in the preparation of stained temporary mount of onion peel ?1) Water2) glycerine3) safranin4) methyl alcohol

8. A student made a temporary mount of onion peel and observed the same under the microscope.The cells appeared as :

1) i 2) ii 3) iii 4) iv

Hint – 1. 3)2. 1)3. 3)4. 4)5. 4)6. 4)7. 4)8. 2)

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Experiment -6 Tissues

Aim of the experiment: to identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle fibres and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their labeled diagrams.

1. Which one of the following is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma:1) intercellular spaces are present between the cells.2) each cell has large vacuole3) composed of thin walled large living cells 4) cells are isodiametric and non-living

2. Identify the following slides in the correct order based on the features:

1) nerve cell, parenchyma, sclerenchyma2) sclerenchyma, nerve cell, parenchyma3) sclerenchyma, parenchyma, nerve cell4) parenchyma, sclerenchyma, nerve cell

3. Plant cells with thickened at corners, non lignified cell walls are:1) parenchyma2) collenchyma3) sclerenchyma4) none of these

4. Branched striated muscle fibres interconnected by oblique bridges are :1) unstriated muscle fibres2) striated muscle fibres.3) cardiac muscle fibres4) none of these

5. Sidak onbserveda slide of nerve cell, drew its diagram, choose the correct labeling.

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1) I, II, III, IV, V are correct2) V, II, III are correct3) IV, V ,II, III are correct4) only I and IV are correct.

6. Parry was given three slides. By mistake he drew four diagrams. Select the correct diagram which shows a striated muscle.

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D7. Observe the diagrams given below and choose the correct diagram of sclerenchyma

cells:

1) B 2) C 3) A 4) D

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8. The following diagram gives the structure of a cell. Identify respectively the part labeled as A,B and C.

1) axon, dendrite, cytoplasm2) dendrites, axon , cytoplasm3) axon, nucleus, cytoplasm4) nucleus, axon, cytoplasm

9. Striated muscle fibre can be identified by:1) nuclei lying towards the periphery2) star like structure3) cells with tapering ends4) centered nuclei

10. One of the following is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma tissue. That feature is :

1) cells are thin walled and prominent.2) cells are thick at the corners3) a large single vacuole is present in each cell4) large cells are placed together with intercellular spaces.

11. cells of sclerenchyma tissue has:1) thick wall2) narrow lumen3) pits4) all of these

12. Students observed the following tissues under the microscope. Which one of the following tissues is dead ? without living cytoplasm and nucleus.

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1) i) 2) ii) 3) iii) 4) iv)

13. The striped muscle fibres are :1) spindle shaped and uninucleate 2) cylindrical without nuclei3) cylindrical with striations and many nuclei4) cylindrical and uninucleate.

Hint- 1) 42) 33) 24) 35) 26) 27) 48) 19) 110) 111) 212) 313) 3

Experiment -7Separating components of a mixture

Aim of the experiment: To separate the components of mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (of camphor) by sublimation.

1. Which one of the following figures describe the process of sublimation ?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

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2. A mixture of sand, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride is dissolved in water and filtered. The filterate consists of :1) ammonium chloride solution2) sodium chloride solution3) chalk and ammonium chloride solution4) sodium chloride and ammonium chloride solution

3. The process of evaporation is employed to separate a substance from its mixture if:1) substance is soluble in water.2) substance is soluble in water and does not decompose on heating.3) substance is soluble in water but can decompose on heating.4) substance is soluble in water but sublimes on heating.

4. components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride can be separated. Select the correct sequence.1) sublimation, dissolving in water, filtration, evaporation.2) sublimation, filtration, dissolving in water, filtration3) sublimation, evaporation, dissolving in water, filtration4) evaporation, filtration dissolving in water, sublimation

5. How do you separate a mixture of sulphur, rion filings and salt ?1) use magnet, dissolve in water, filter and crystallize.2) use magnet, filter, decant and crystallis.3) dissolve in water, filter, crystallize, decant.4) decant, crystallize, filter and dissolve in water.

6. The colour of the pure ammonium chloride is :1) white2) blue3) green4) red

7. the process of sublimation involves:1) change of liquid into gaseous state.2) change of solid into liquid state.3) change of solid directly into gaseous state and vice versa.4) change of gas into liquid state.

Hint – 1. 2)2. 4)3. 2)4. 1)5. 1)6. 1)7. 3)

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Experiment-8Determining melting point of ice and boiling point of water

Aim of the experiment: To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water.1. Below are the melting points of ice as given by four students, which one is correct:

1) -00C 2) 273 k 3) 1000C 4) 373 k2. The correct set up for finding the melting point of ice is:

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) none of these3. In order to find the boiling point of water, one of the precautions is that the bulb of

the thermometer should not touch the sides of the beaker. The precaution is taken because:1) sides of the beaker are at slightly higher temperature.2) sides of the beaker are at slightly lower temperature.3) the bulb of the thermometer is likely to break.4) none of these.

4. Sidak sets up an apparatus for the determination of boiling point of distilled water at Shimla. He recorded the boiling point as 970C, instead of 1000C. Assuming that the thermometer is accurate, the lesser boiling point is due to:1) high pressure of air at high altitude.2) low pressure of air at high altitude.3) water may be containing a large amount of dissolved air.4) the water may not be distilled.

5. Which is not a correct precaution to be followed by Ravi to determine the melting point of ice ?1) zero mark of the thermometer remains above the ice surface.2) keep stirring the mixture and look at the thermometer.3) crush the ice into small pieces.4) do not dip the thermometer in crushed ice.

6. A student set up an apparatus for the determination of boiling point of a sample of water supplied to him in his laboratory. He recorded the boiling point as 1020C.

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Assuming that the thermometer is accurate, the error in the determined value of boiling point is due to :1) the water may be containing large amount of dissolved air.2) the water may not be distilled.3) the bulb of the thermometer is not kept above the water surface.4) the bulb of the thermometer is touching the bottom of the vessel containing water.

Hint- a. 2b. 2c. 1d. 2e. 4f. 2

Experiment -9.

Variation of force of friction with applied force

Aim of the experiment: To establish relationship between weight of a rectangular wooden block lying on a horizontal table and the minimum force required to just move it using a spring balance.

1. Out of the following forces of friction which is maximum ?1) limiting friction2) rolling friction3) dynamic friction4) all are equal

2. A wooden rectangular block of weight 10N is resting over a glass surface, the force of friction between the block and the glass surface is :1) 10 N2) 10 kgwt3) Zero of weight 5 kg4) None of these

3. A rectangular block of 10 cm x 5 cm x 4 cm is made to rest on the three forces A,B,C respectively as shown. If F1, F2, F3 are the forces of friction which come into play respectively, then which of the following is correct ?

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1) F1> F2> F3

2) F1< F2< F3

3) F1> F2< F3

4) F1= F2= F3

4. A body of 5 kg is acted by a force of 10N. The acceleration produced is 1 ms-2. Then the force of friction acting on the body is :

1) 10 N2) 2N3) 5N4) 50N

5. Which one of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of force of friction F with applied force P ?

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1) A2) B3) C4) D

Hint- 1. 1)2. 3)3. 4)4. 3)5. 3)

Experiment -10 Absorption

Aim of the experiment: To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.

1. Students A,B and C were given five raisins of equal weight. The raisins were soaked in distilled water at room temperature. A re moved the raisins after 20 minutes: B after two hours and C after 40 minutes. If PA, PB and Pc denote percentage absorption of water obtained by student A,B and c respectively, then:1) PA> PB > PC 2) PA< PB < PC

3) PA< PB > PC

4) PA=PB =PC

2. A student dissolved 1 g of sugar in 10ml of distilled water in a beaker A. He dissolved 10g of sugar in 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker B. Then he dropped a few raisins, in each. After two hours he found the raisins:1) swollen in A and shrunken in B2) shrunken in A and swollen in B3) swollen in both4) shrunken in both.

3. A student soaked 10g of raisins in 50ml of distilled water in two beakers A and B each. She maintained beaker A at 250C and breaker B at 500 C. After an hour, the percentage of water absorbed with be:1) the same in both A an d B 2) more in a than in B3) more in B than in A4) exactly twice as much in B and in A.

4. while performing an experiment with raisins, a student recorded the following data:Mass of water taken in the beaker = 50 gMass of raisins before soaking = 20 gMass of raisins after soaking =30 g

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Mass of water in the beaker left after experiment = 40 g1) 10%2) 20%3) 45%4) 50%

5. A student dissolved 5g of sugar in 100ml of distilled water in beaker A. He dissolved 100g of sugar in 100ml of distilled water in beaker B. Then he dropped a few raisins of equal weight in each beaker. After two hours he found the raisings in A swollen and those in B shrunken. The inference drawn is that:1) sugar concentration of raisins is lower than that of solution A and higher than

that of solution B2) sugar concentration of raisins is higher than that of solution A and lower

than that of solution B3) in B the cell membrane of raisins was damaged resulting in leaching.4) In A the permeability to water of the cell membrane of raisins was enhanced.

6. 5 g of raisins were placed in distilled water for 24 hours. The weight of soaked

raisins was found to be 7 g. The correct percentage of water absorbed by raisins is :1) 20%2) 25%3) 40%4) 45%

7. What is the inference drawn from the determine the percentage of water absorbed by raisins ?1) distilled water enters raisins because of endosmosis.2) Distilled water enters raisins because of exosmosis3) Water moves out of raisins due to endosmosis4) Water moves out of raisins due to exosmosis.

Hint –1. 3)2. 3)3. 3)4. 4)5. 2)6. 3)7. 1)

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