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Social Protection and Livelihoods
Thematic Area
FANRPAN Partners’ Meeting
13 June 2011, Pretoria, South Africa
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Background
• Failure of agriculture in Africa to secure livelihoods for 70% of its population that depends on it for survival
• 1/3 of population suffering from chronic poverty and malnutrition
• Continent not on course to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1)
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Social Protection
A framework for public and private initiatives that:
•provide income or consumption transfers to the poor;•protect vulnerable populations against livelihood risks; and •enhance the social status and rights of marginalized populations.
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Why Social Protection?• Increasing poverty and vulnerability in
Africa due to factors that include: – Changing climate– Poor macro-economic performance – Escalating food prices– Diseases (e.g., HIV and AIDS) – Social unrest and civil strife• Effective social protection contributes to
fair growth, social stability and enhanced productivity
• But, who are the vulnerable?
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Why Social Protection?• Households have varying degrees of
vulnerability • There is need to quantify the vulnerability
levels of households• Data on household vulnerability is often not
available at local levels to inform the implementation of development, relief and advocacy programmes
• Baseline surveys are based on samples– they are fragmented and not longitudinal
• Lack of reliable evidence to inform policy processes and practice
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What has FANRPAN done?Year What was done Partners Involved
2005 Seven-country study on relationship between HIV and AIDS and agricultural productivity at household level. Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) tool developed
EU, SADC
2008 Follow-on initiative to scale up and test the utility of the HVI tool
Southern Africa Trust
2008 - 2010 HVI Pilot Project in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe
World Vision Int., Southern Africa Trust
2010 Analysis of agriculture input distribution systems and policies in Malawi (a country study)
Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi
2011 - 2012 To integrate HVI livelihood databases with climate and crop models and cost/benefit analysis to inform policies (SECCAP project)
Universities (Cape Town, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Venda); World Vision; IFPRI
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The Household Vulnerability Index
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The HVI Tool• The HVI is a composite index used to assess a
household’s access to five livelihoods capitals, namely: – Natural assets such as land, soil and water; – Physical assets such as livestock, equipment and
fixed assets; – Financial assets such as savings, salaries,
remittances or pensions; – Human assets such as farm labour, gender
composition and dependents; and – Social assets such as information, community
support, extended families and formal or informal social welfare support
• A total of 15 variables (called dimensions) are assessed together, and a statistical score is calculated for each household.
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Household vulnerability categories
The HVI places households in one of 3 categories:
•Low vulnerability – those able to cope without external assistance•Moderate vulnerability – those ordinarily able to cope, but require assistance when affected by a temporary shock, e.g. drought•High vulnerability – those that always depend on external assistance to survive (the chronically poor or food insecure)
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The HVI Pilot Project• Aim
– To improve the quality of programme design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• Objectives– developing livelihoods databases for
pilot sites in each of the three participating countries
– institutionalise and scale up the HVI tool
• Output– Livelihoods databases on asset
ownership by rural communities to inform policy and practice
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The HVI Pilot Project
Summary of HVI PilotDuration July 2008 and September 2010
Focal Countries
Lesotho SwazilandZimbabwe
Funding partners
World Vision International (WVI) Southern African Trust (SAT)
Implementing partners
World Vision national officesUniversity of Venda Development Data
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HVI Pilot Sites
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Results from HVI Pilot
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Vulnerability Levels: Comparison
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Country Profiles: A Comparison of HVI
Dimensions
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Human Capital
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Human Capital
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Financial Capital
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Financial Capital
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Physical Capital
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Social Capital
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Social Capital
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HVI Pilot Outcomes
• Improved targeting and prioritisation due to availability of empirical data
• Community participation, enhancing bottom-up learning
• Linking research to practice - partnership with local universities
• Monitoring of impact of interventions• Evidence-based programming and policy
advice
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CAAP Alignment
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Panel Discussion
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Panellists
• World Vision Lesotho: Thato Lepele
• World Vision Swaziland: Dalton Nxumalo
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Conclusion
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Take home message
• You cannot change what you cannot measure!• HVI provides an objective tool for assessing
household vulnerability• Results from HVI assessments are useful in
informing policy processes and programming (baselines, targeting, monitoring, evaluation)
• Cost of HVI assessment: less than $15 per household (incl. data collection, analysis, GIS mapping, etc.)
• Opportunities for development and funding partners to support roll out of the HVI beyond the pilot sites and pilot countries
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“Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made, and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings.
And overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice.”
Nelson Mandela
