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Eradicating Hunger and Poverty:Supporting communities for rural development, food
security and land reform
Presentation by Dr Lindiwe M. Sibanda, FANRPAN CEO The 2011 Consultative Seminar of the South African Legislatures
16 March 2011, Cape Town
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Levers-for Achieving MDG1
1. From Hunger to Food and Nutrition Security
2. From Poverty to Viable Livelihoods
3. Local livelihood assets databases
4. Evidence based development targets
5. People-led, verifiable development initiatives: from Local to the Regional & Global Policy Agenda
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From Hunger to food security?
• The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”
• Food security is built on three pillars:– Food availability: sufficient quantities of food available on
a consistent basis.– Food access: having sufficient resources to obtain
appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.– Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of basic
nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation.
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Food security and Poverty- South Africa
• Some 40-50% of South Africans are living in poverty– 18 million out of 45 million people remain vulnerable and food
insecure
• Poverty more pervasive in rural areas, particularly in the former homelands.– 65 percent of the poor are found in rural areas – 78 percent of those likely to be chronically poor are also in rural areas
How can agriculture’s role in poverty alleviation be enhanced?
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Global Challenge• Challenge of feeding extra mouths because of:
– Growing population– High food prices– High unemployment rate @ rural areas where majority are
living (70%)– diminishing yields due to– Market failure
In rural development literature:• Agriculture is considered as the best vehicle to reduce rural poverty
•Agriculture and agriculture-related activities provide (and have potential to provide) most of the employment in rural areas.
The threat of climate change and its impact on agriculture; water; energy; health, etc
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What Needs To Be Done Now
• Investing in People – Support actions in the area of human and social development
• specifically via training and education• Knowledge sharing platforms
• Infrastructure– Improving access to basic infrastructure essential for economic growth and
development• Basic Infrastructure such as housing, roads, electrical reticulation and communications,
essential pillars for economic growth.
• Services– Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth
– Improving access to assets and sustainable natural resource use
– Strengthening institutions for the poor and promoting diversified rural livelihood
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From Local to Global
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From Local to Global
COMMON VISION - Sustainable Development for a World free of Hunger and Poverty
1.Facilitating linkages and partnerships between state and non state actors at all levels
2.Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue in Africa
3.Advocating for evidence based policies
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What Needs To Be Done?
Common VisionA food secure Africa free from hunger and poverty
Purpose: Promote appropriate policies in order to reduce poverty, increase food security and enhance sustainable agricultural and natural resources development in Africa
WHAT– Facilitate linkages and partnerships between government and civil society
– Build the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue
– Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development
– Promote evidence based policy development in the Food Agriculture and Natural Resources sector
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From Local to Global
Global Policy Making and Investment Options
(Local and Indigenous Knowledge)
Empirical Learning
Anecdotal Findings
National/Countries Policy Frameworks
Continental Policy Frameworks
Feedback
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Linking Local to Global Model
1.Human, 2.Social,3. Natural, 4.Financial, 5.Physical,
HOUSEHOLD Livelihood Assets
Agri. Production Databases
Climate Data
GIS Mapping
OF assets
Policy Development
National & Regional Policy
Frameworks
Community Livelihood Databases
Global Level Policy Frameworks Global Knowledge
Trans-Disciplinary Research
Sca
lin
g U
pS
cali
ng
Do
wn
Po
licy
Dia
log
ue
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Responses: Mobilising all Institutions to Fight Poverty
Local-household
•Meso level- Ward and Municipality
•National-Legislative Sector
•Regional – SADC, AU- NEPAD
•Global – G20, BRIC-SA, World Economic Forum, UN-FCCC / FAO / UN
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Understanding the Local Context
YOU CAN’T IMPROVE WHAT YOU DON’T MEASURE!
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Which Communities?• Over 75% of the African population lives in RURAL
areas
• 80 % of farmers in Africa are smallholder farmers – rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods– Women constitute 70% of the labour force
• Spend up to 80 % of income on food • Land is a constraint 80% depend on farms that are less
than 2 hectares
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Face of Rural Poverty In Africa
• A quarter of the world’s chronically poor population is in Sub-Saharan Africa,
• One in 6 – 7 people are chronically poor.
• Two-thirds of this population lives in rural areas, and rely on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihood
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● Land Owned - 1 ha
● Main Crops - Staples
● Yields - Maize 100kg/ha
● Fertilizer used - 20% of recommended
● Agricultural implements owned - hand hoe
FACE of an African Small-scale Farmer
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Measuring Household Vulnerability
Measure the vulnerability of households and communities to the impact of shocks:
– Natural assets such as land, soil and water;
– Physical assets such as livestock and equipment;
– Financial assets such as savings, salaries, remittances or pensions;
– Human capital assets such as productive labour, education, gender composition and dependents; and
– Social assets such as information, community support, extended families and formal or informal social welfare support
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00217/
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Who Level Role
Household Local • Local youths/community workers Interview hh Document Livelihood strategies
• Map livelihood assets
Community Local Schools • inform research and development agenda Planning for development, • Governance and administration,• Regulation, • Monitor Service delivery Identify Development beneficiaries
Ward/Municipality Provincial • Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) • overall framework and plan for developing the economy and
improving services.
Provincial UniversitiesLegislature
• Prepares a budget for its work• Implement the laws and policies decided on by Parliament or the
Cabinet
Parliament National • Policy making, • Legislation and the regulation • Allocation of resources
SADC and NEPAD Regional
G8 / G20/Bric-SA WEF / UNFCCC / FAO / UN
Global
Building the Livelihood Databases
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Who Should Do What, Where?Who Level Role
Household/ Community Local • Document Livelihood strategies different assets; must inform research and development agenda
• Development beneficiaries
Municipality Local • Planning for development, • Governance and administration,• Regulation, • Service delivery
Legislature Provincial • Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) • overall framework and plan for developing the
economy and improving services.
Ministries/Department
National • Prepares a budget for its work• Implement the laws and policies decided on by
Parliament or the Cabinet
From Local to Global
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Results from HVI Assessments in Pilot Countries year 2010
Country No. of householdssurveyed
Household vulnerability levels (%)
Low Moderate High
Lesotho 2,581 1.3 94.5 4.1
Swaziland 3,212 1.2 93.9 4.9
Zimbabwe 6,089 8.2 90.6 1.2
Average 3.6 93.0 3.4
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Human Headed by an economically active household member
Very low dependency ratio (less sick members and no orphans)
Several economically active members
Tertiary level education
Headed by an economically active household member
Dependency ratio is low, less sick members and no orphans
At least two economically active members
Secondary school level education
Headed by an economically inactive person, e.g. elderly, sick or child
Dependency ratio is high, more orphans and sick members
Economically active members are few
Illiterate, or educated to primary level
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Natural
Mostly rely on inorganic fertilizer
High agriculture productivity
Utilize land for mostly commercial farming
Manages the environment very well
Household use both inorganic and organic fertilizers
Medium agriculture activity
Utilize much land for subsistence and some for commercial farming
They can fairly manage the environment
Organic fertilizers are the main sources of fertilizers
Low agriculture productivity
Utilize less land for subsistence farming
They cannot manage the environment well
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Social No support from NGOs and govt
Well-informed on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a TV and radio
House electrified
Uses an improved latrine or
Water from private borehole or standpipe
Some means of support from NGOs and govt
More knowledgeable on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a radio
Uses solar energy for lighting
Uses a pit latrine
Water from protected source
Support from NGO’s and govt - food and health
Poor access to information on agric and HIV/AIDS
Dependant on firewood for household energy
Uses the bush for toilet
Water from unprotected source, e.g. dam, river
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Physical Own important livestock in large numbers
Contracted labour for farm and off farm work
Own major farm implements
Receive and able to buy agricultural advisory services
Affords more than three meals per day
Own important livestock in sustainable numbers
Labour for farm and off farm work
Owns basic farm implements
Receive some agricultural extension services
At least three meals per day
Own very little or no livestock
No labour for farm and off farm work
Do not own farm implements
Do not regularly eat three times a day
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
Financial Diversified income source
Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc), investments and savings
Fairly diversified income source
Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc)
No basic source of income Social grant is used on food and medicines
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Generate Evidence
• Avail knowledge for people to benchmark themselves and create a personal and community vision
• Generate and disseminate evidence to inform policy processes, decision making and investment
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Using Local evidence to Develop Policies and Investment Plans
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Monitoring and Evaluation
Agenda Setting
DecisionMaking
Policy Implementation
Policy Formulation
The Policy Environment: A Confused Arena
Civil Society
DonorsCabinet
Parliament
Government
Private Sector
Source: John Young, Networking for impact. Experience from CTA supported regional agricultural policy networks, 2007
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Department of Water
Affairs
Climate Change
The Policy Environment: The Key Players
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries
Department of Environmental
Affairs
Department of Energy
Department of Mineral
ResourcesDepartment of
Rural Development &
Land Reform
Department of Science &
Technology
Department of Tourism
Department of Trade & Industry
Department of Transport
Who is the Referee?
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RESEARCH SYSTEMACTORS•Research
Public (universities and research centre)PrivateCivil SocietyPolicy makers
POLICY SYSTEMACTORS• politicians & political system •Civil servants•Universities•Civil societies and groups
PRACTICE SYSTEMACTORS•Producers of goods and services•Input providers•Organized groups of interest
LINKING ENVIRONMENT ACTORS•Education, Institutions, •Incentives, Innovation policy, •Political systems and channel •Stakeholder platforms
Fig 1: A framework for linking research, policy and practice
The Policy Environment: The Key Players
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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development
• Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement
demands flexibility and responsiveness
• Lack of empirical data to validate assumptions
– Reliance on external information & databases
• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement
• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of the
literate…YET– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some
countries rates as low as 40 %
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The Research Challenges• Lack of multi-and trans-disciplinary and research teams
• Local Universities do not accompany development agenda
• Research agenda not ALIGNED to community needs– policy concerns and government agenda
• Lack capacities to communicate research results to policymakers
• Policy makers not demanding research backed evidence
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The Policy Challenges• Lack of capacities to integrate knowledge into policy
• Absence of foresighted policy targeted at the existing problems using research result
• Weak demand for research input by African policymakers– Over reliance on external knowledge at the expense of local
knowledge
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Innovations in Linking Local to Global
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Moving Forward
Evidence Based policies
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What To Do?Food Systems•Domestication of CAADP in the SADC region (4 out 15 SADC countries signed compacts compared to all 15 in ECOWAS)•National domestication of regional seed security policy for improved food security of smallholder farmers in the SADC region through increased availability of and access to seed
Agricultural Productivity & Markets• Bringing women farmer issues into national and regional policy debates through
Theatre for Policy Action
Natural Resources & Environment•Strengthening institutional capacity for linking climate change adaptation to sustainable agriculture •Assessing the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change
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What To Do? (continued)
Social protection and livelihoods
Generate information databases on vulnerability of household assets (human, social networks, financial, natural and physical) to inform development policy and practice (programme design, targeting, monitoring, evaluation)
Institutional strengthening
Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue•Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development•Empower institutions with research backed evidence: household, community, ward, municipal, provincial, national, regional, global
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Africa’s Oral Culture
• ORAL CULTURE has been used for 1000’s of years to– pass on knowledge across generations without a writing
system
• An important role in Africa's history – stories of the old times and the history of the continent
preserved this way
• Encompassed stories, songs and folklore – sometimes performed to give a richer and more
expressive way of communication
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Theatre for Policy Advocacy
• Theatre makes use of Africa’s traditional ORAL CULTURE: Song, dance, narrative and ceremonial rituals a part of African tradition Defines a community’s identity
• Theatre is a powerful medium for communicating ideas Levels the field, Breaks barriers and Addresses topics that are deemed “taboo”
• The TPA process Is developed and refined by various development agents, researchers, social
scientists and theatre specialists Stimulates dialogue and action - a theatrical performance is a major social event
in rural Africa Provides a holistic enactment of the community's responses to the challenges of
daily existence and development Works through community based processes
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community entry and mobilization
• Secure the community’s buy-in for developing their own theatrical performance• Identification of appropriate performers, stakeholders and influencers
Engagement of policy researchers and development experts
•Theatre company, policy researchers and communities develop a script capturing key issues
•Policy makers provide “expert” at the same time they gain community knowledgethat only villagers and farmers have
Building local capacity to communicate key messages through theatre
•Community performers equipped with skills to package their own livelihoods stories and mobilize their own communities towards a solution
1
2
3
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community dialogue platform
•Theatre performance provides a platform for researchers and policy makers to engage in dialogue with different community groups
•Performances serves as an icebreaker and sensitizer•Facilitated discussions are conducted to develop community based and
community supported solutions to women’s challenges
Identification of champions for community issues
•Communities together with the professional theatre team identifies opinion leaders •The identified champions are individuals who are passionate about the issue and
•willing to advocate on specific interventions
Community Voices taken to National & Global levels•Trained local talent and issue champions become a permanent community voice•They access and incorporate broader policy data to add weight to their advocacy
messages•They communicate their needs in a language that makes sense to relevant decision
makers
4
5
6
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Theatre in Action: Farmer Voices Malawi, Everlyn Machete asked: “we no longer have agricultural extension
service workers in our communities and visiting us everyday, so how do you
expect small holder farmers like us to learn new farming technologies or to learn how to improve our agricultural
enterprises”
In response, Mrs. Alice Kishombe, the Agriculture gender Roles and Extension Support Services Officer (AGRESSO) says the “Government has a shortage of Extension workers and hence no officers are assigned to villages. Extension services were provided on a demand basis”.
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From Community to National Level• Innovative Strategies – Theatre for Policy Advocacy
– Community dialogues– Support of oral culture and transcribe to written communication that is far reaching– Action research
• Amplifying local voices– Widen decision making process– Training of women advocates
• Success Stories– Document good practices- local secondary schools aided by tertiary institutions
• Validating local knowledge– Tertiary Institutions-Local, colleges, Universities
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Multi-Stakeholder Trans-boundary Engagements
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Linking Policy Demand & SupplyPolicy Advice/Options/Evidenceto support policy development
Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)
Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)
Validation, analysis and dissemination
POLICY HORMONISATION VALUE FOR $
Rallying point for news
SUPPLY
Government/Policy Makers
Farmers Organisations
Private Sector
Researchers/Policy AnalystsTechnical Partners
Development Partners
Media
Youth
NGOs
Enabling environment for their active engagement in the value chain
Enabling policies - advocacy
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POLICY ADVISORY NOTES-TO GOVERNMENT
(Node Host Institution submits, follows up and reports back at next stakeholder engagement
Ongoing Research Studies
Emerging Issues andFANR Policies Tracking
National Policy
Dialogues(Periodic)
NATIONAL LEVEL
Policy AdvisoryProcess
Agenda forPolicy
Engagement
REGIONAL LEVEL
• Coordination of multi-country studies• Synthesis of research evidence
Into Agenda for Policy engagements
• Networking, sharing of information, regional and
global representation
Africa RegionRepresentatives from: •Farmers’ Organisations• Governments• Private Sector• Researchers• Development Partners•Media•Youth •NGOs from all FANR Stakeholder Groups
Multi – Stakeholder Policy Dialogues
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Way Forward: The Building Blocks Seek out and scale up innovative solutions by
– incorporating communities’ aspirations into policy processes – Document and validate successful interventions– Train policy “champions” who can spread the word– Train the Media in spreading the evidence
Collaborate across disciplines– More collaboration in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams– Look for ways to work together, while not losing the
advantages of deep sectoral expertise.
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REGIONAL: Knowledge Dissemination Platforms• Information Dissemination to Strengthen Policy Advocacy
– Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue platforms – i.e. CAADP round tables
– Media Training on documenting best practices in the region
– Training scientists in Policy Development and national priorities
– Regional harmonization of policies-engagements with Regional Economic Communities SADC, African Union, sharing experiences
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What Needs To Be Done Now?• Enable poor rural people to harness new
opportunities-turn rural areas into places where profitable opportunities and innovation takes place by investing in rural enterprises
• Reversal of ‘business as usual’ approach to economic and rural development- break disconnect between policies and practice
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Levers for Scaling-up from Local To Global?
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GLOBAL - Mobilising the Global Community to support Africa’s Position on Food Security and Poverty Reduction
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00623/
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Climate Smart Change
Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Linking Climate Change Adaptation to Sustainable Agriculture
•Integrate downscaled climate scenarios with crop growth and adaptation models, and household vulnerability information to build evidence on cropping systems to inform adaptation policies and investment decisions
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What Needs To Be Done Now?
• Strengthen collective capabilities of rural poor- local level rural organisations to help manage collective assets, reduce risk
• Strengthen multi-stakeholder engagements-Government, CSOs, Private, Farmers organisations
• Strengthen South-South and North-South Co-operation- SADC, AU-NEPAD, G8 and G20, COP17-UNFCCC, World Economic Forum
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Way Forward: The Building BlocksCreate an environment in which cooperation can thrive by• Building effective regional and global partnerships• Developing mutual accountability mechanisms • Using communication and advocacy to promote change
Build the evidence base• Collect relevant data in timely fashion, improve tools and
methods, and invest in monitoring and evaluation. • Rope in African Universities to be custodians of
knowledge and partners in development• Equip Communities with Evidence
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Message for CoP17, Durban, South Africa
