Web viewDavid Harvey’s definition of the neoliberal system, which promotes strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade, argues that the current global

Hunt Grant ApplicationBriAnne Illich ‘14October 5, 2013

Changing CONAMURI: An Analysis of Social Media’s Impact on Paraguayan Social Movements

A Hunt Grant Application

Requester of Hunt Grant:

BriAnne Illich

6796 Mayflower Hill

Waterville, ME 04901 USA

(530) 748-8091

Advisor: Patrice Franko

Reader: Ben Fallaw

Research Question: How do social media advocacy tools influence strategies and engagement

within the Paraguayan women’s food sovereignty movement?

Research Period: January Term 2014

Abstract: Social media advocacy tools have the potential to greatly influence social movement

approaches, particularly within Latin America. CONAMURI -Coordinadora Nacional de

Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales e Indígenas- has used a variety of methods to

promote the women’s food sovereignty movement in Paraguay since its establishment in 1999,

experiencing varying degrees of effectiveness. But, CONAMURI’s increasing use of social

media approaches, especially its recent Facebook activism since 2012, has the promise to attract

and mobilize a more widespread group of engaged and active participants. These social media

tools could similarly spur members to contribute to the movement by not only indirect cyber

methods but also direct advocacy schemes, changing the nature of the women’s food sovereignty

movement and general social movement tactics within Paraguay.

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What is Food Sovereignty?

David Harvey’s definition of the neoliberal system, which promotes strong private

property rights, free markets, and free trade, argues that the current global political economy is a

project designed to defend the power of the “economic elites.”1 According to this definition, the

system inequitably distributes goods in society, disproportionately benefitting large transnational

corporations and the private sector, thereby creating an exclusive environment within the global

food system. Many indigenous and peasant groups throughout the world argue that this

industrialized and systematized agricultural system undermines democratic involvement and the

defense of local and culturally-specific agricultural practices. Unfortunately, this discrimination

within the food system is not being properly addressed, because the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nation’s current definition of food security avoids discussing that

democratic social control of the food process is fundamental in ensuring food justice.2

Additionally, Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community argues that

the satisfied interests, especially political and agribusiness leaders, often portray neoliberalism as

an inevitable and natural reality, rather than an intentional project. This attempt to depoliticize

the “one size fits all” model makes social resistance or advocacy for alternatives incredibly

difficult. In response to these challenges, the food sovereignty movement, comprised of myriad

grassroots groups and global networks, argues that every country and people has the fundamental

right to establish its own food and agriculture policies. La Via Campesina, the twenty-year-old

global food sovereignty coalition comprised of thousands of organizations worldwide, argues

that democratic participation within the food system is a vital precondition to ensuring food

1 Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, Oxford University Press.2 Via Campesina. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. Voice of the Turtle., 1996.

2

Windows User, 10/08/13,

Not sure you mean that it is not being addressed because of a definition.


What do you mean by an intentional project here?


security.3 Overall, La Via Campesina and the general food sovereignty movement push for

structural reforms, including those that limit free trade and support peasant food production.4 The

movement stresses the importance of access to culturally appropriate food production and

consumption, and opposes paternalistic values, and the domination of the food system by profit-

centric corporations.

The Paraguayan Peasant Agriculture Context:

Paraguay opened itself up to agribusinesses, dominated by pressures from interests such

as Mercosur as early as the 1990s, and has since expanded its large-scale monoculture-focused

agriculture sector, becoming the fourth largest producer of soy.5 From 1991 to 2008, soybean

cultivation land increased from 1.8 million acres to 6.4 million, and the number of farms smaller

than 120 acres decreased by 27%.6 The landowning sector and transnational agricultural

corporations monopolize the market, controlling disproportionately large tracts of land with 85%

controlled by 2% of the population.7 Furthermore, Paraguay’s new president Cartes, elected in

April of this year after President Lugo’s impeachment, is determined to invest 2.5 billion dollars

a year in infrastructure and agriculture, making economic growth a priority.8 However,

inequality of access to land and agricultural production opportunities has had devastating effects

on the Paraguayan population, and despite macroeconomic growth, the number of people in

extreme poverty has increased. Even if the causal link between growth and increased poverty

3 Desmarais, Annette Aurelie. La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants. London: Fernwood Publishing, 2007.4 Via Campesina. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. Voice of the Turtle., 1996.5 Mander, B. ( September 25, 2013). "Paraguay's Growth Obsession." 6 Kregg Hetherington. Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over Land and Democracy. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: North American

Congress on Latin America; 2012;45:87 Friorentini, F. (July 5, 2012). The Paraguayan Coup: How agribusiness, landowning and media elite, and the U.S. are paving a way for regional destabilization. War Times.8 Mander, "Paraguay's Growth Obsession."

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I get this without raising the question of intentionality of capitalism


cannot be directly proved, it is clear that the benefits of economic expansion are not reaching

certain sectors of the population, and exclusion to land access is still a Paraguayan reality.

Unfortunately, it is difficult to gather support for land reform in government. The vested

agribusiness interests dominate national politics, making it complicated for marginalized

peasants and indigenous peoples to express their needs democratically. HoweverDespite the

obstacles, campesino organizations are one of the largest social groups today in Paraguay, and

pressure politics is becoming more feasible as the political system shifts away from being

primarily one party oriented.9

However,But the situation for peasant farmers has become grimmer. On June 15, 2012

police officers were sent to Curuguaty, Paraguay to evict a group of peasants peacefully

occupying a private soy estate as part of the landless peasant movement. A clash between these

two groups resulted in the killing of seventeen people, both peasants and police. Information

regarding the nature of the violence is still unclear and heavily debated, for most witnesses are

afraid to reveal their identities.10 This resulting tragedy from government-peasant tensions

emphasizes the violence and conflict that many peasants face. It also spurred the impeachment of

President Lugo, whom Congressmen argued had allowed peasant groups to threaten the public

order. Unfortunately, this event is now being used by those that toppled Lugo, to “criminalize”

peasants’ organizations, and to justify the displacement of indigenous peoples in order to use

their lands for agribusiness. This Beyond the threat to nutritional access and livelihoods,

political tensions are is creating additional obstacles within the food sovereignty movement. In

this tense political context, social media may provide safer mechanisms than public protests for

9 Setrini, Gustavo. Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Anos De Democracis Electoral En Paraguay. Del Clientelismo Monopolico Al Clientelismo Plural: Tinker Foundation Incorporated, 2010.

10 Viana, Natalia. "Paraguay Seeks Truth About Curuguaty Massacre." ABC NewsDecember 18, 2012.

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organzing. This thesis aims to investigate the power and the limitation of this tool in the service

of food sovereignty, and moving forward, it will be important to survey how social media tools

can help the Paraguayan food sovereignty movement to mobilize, despite these challenges.

Who is CONAMURI?

CONAMURI is the national organization of rural and indigenous women’s workers’

organizations, established in 1999, and part of La Vía Campesina International. Based in

Asuncion, CONAMURI was formed on el Día Mundial de la Mujer Rural (World Rural

Women’s Day) as a joint effort among more than one hundred women’s organizations

throughout Paraguay, and was a response to exclusion and marginalization faced by the

indigenous, campesinos, and women.11 Its major concern today within the food movement is

spreading the word that agro-business is detrimental to the local Paraguayan population. They

stress that agro-business displaces rural workers, promotes mono-culture and environmentally

degrading techniques, and increases unemployment. CONAMURI strives to promote Food

Sovereignty and Integrated Agrarian Reform within Paraguay by uniting peasants and other

individuals by bottom-up mechanisms. Its main objective is to spread awareness, and does so by

means of courses and workshops, a radio program, website bulletins, and its immensely active

Facebook page. This Facebook activity has allowed information to spread quickly. Discourse is

fluid on the CONAMURI wall, and members post articles, comments, pictures, and videos. This

activity undertaken by a variety of individuals from different walks of life shows that many more

people are becoming aware about the food sovereignty struggle, and can consequentially become

involved in more creative ways.

11 https://www.facebook.com/conamuri.paraguay

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Why caps?


Research Question Explanation:

Based on the increasing relevance of social media as an advocacy tool within Latin American

social movements, and my interest in food sovereignty, I would like to address the question:

How do social media advocacy tools influence strategies and engagement within the

Paraguayan women’s food sovereignty movement?

By the word “strategies,” I mean the actual methods being used to spread awareness and

encourage greater participation within CONAMURI. In this section, I will survey the

differences between the strategies used prior to and after the adoption of social media tools. To

categorize these strategies, I will be using the “three collective action frame diagnostics” used by

Harlow, as mentioned in my methodology section. As I survey how these strategies have or have

not changed, I hope to determine why social movement methods may be different now, as a

result of social media’s influence. Furthermore, I hope to study the consequences any changes,

and determine the general opinion regarding the “effectiveness” of these strategies by

organization members.

Next, the expression “engagement” addresses the actual activity and behavior displayed

by CONAMURI members in the movement. In other words, I will be surveying how common it

is to interact with the organization by solely indirect cyber methods, in person advocacy efforts,

such as attending a meeting or event, or a combination of both forms of activism. This aspect of

my research question relies heavily on not only gathering information by means of observation

and participation at CONAMURI headquarters and with CONAMURI members, but also by

means of electronic communication and surveys.

Methodology:

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Don’t start a section at the bottom of a page


Maybe move lit overview here?


For my fieldwork research during January, I will be relying on a multidisciplinary

approach based strongly on the ethnographic techniques that I developed during my semester

abroad with IHP: Cities in the 21st Century. During that semester, I adopted an anthropological

approach, basing my research for a comparative semester long project on interviews,

observation, and participation. This taught me to appreciate a variety of experiences as valuable

data. I collected newspaper clippings, took photos, and gathered information from both informal

conversations and semi-structured and formal interviews. I learned the importance of forming

personal relationships, making the interview experience more natural and conversational, and

allowing dialogue to trail in unexpected directions.

Next, concerning my analysis of the strategies and influence of social media tools, I hope

to incorporate the methodology techniques used in past studies on social media such as those

conducted by Adamoli and Harlow. In Adamoli’s study of United States Facebook food

activism, she conducted a qualitative content analysis of Facebook’s posts and interviewed

Facebook users. Similarly, Harlow identified three collective action frames: diagnostic,

prognostic, and motivational frames, with which to define different facebook strategies. He also

examined facebook Facebook comments and posts according to these categories to analyze how

Facebook users framed the justice and reform movement. For my study, I hope to undergoplan to

undertake a content analysis of the CONAMURI facebook Facebook page, while supplementing

this research with Facebook surveys.

Finally, my research approach has been additionally inspired by what I have been taught

this semester at Colby. As part of the LA497 thesis seminar class, Professor Fallaw introduced us

to helpful ethnographic research techniques. He assigned us reading in Essential Ethnographic

Methods, which discussed tactics such as participant observation and open-ended interviewing.

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The following class was devoted to discussing our proposal and research plans, and Professor

Mayka visited this class to discuss research procedures in Latin America. Her advice on

approaching the task of conducting interviews as a woman was especially helpful. Overall, the

research methods that I will be relying on most heavily will be participant observation as a

CONAMURI volunteer, surveys, and semi-structured interviews. Participation and interviewing

during January is immensely important, for I acknowledge that there is a lot of information that I

cannot gather merely by means of an online analysis. I recognize that there are most likely issues

that CONAMURI struggles with that are not discussed online, and many experiences can only be

truly appreciated by means of direct participation.

Interview Methodology:

My target interview population includes various members of the CONAMURI social

movement. First, I would like to speak with members who have been part of the organization for

a long time, preferably since its establishment in 1999, to gage their opinion regarding the

movement’s strategic evolution. In contrast, I also want to speak to newer members of

CONAMURI, and discover what attracted them to becoming involved. Furthermore, I intend to

interview both men and women, even though CONAMURI is a primarily women’s organization,

because men frequently engage and act as leaders within CONAMURI, and it is essential to

survey this gender dynamic. Next, it will be important to ensure that I interview individuals both

living in the city of Asuncion and more rural areas to determine how CONAMURI Facebook

activity facilitates inclusion or exclusion in an urban or rural environment. Finally, I will want to

speak online with members of the CONAMURI Facebook movement, who are indirectly

involved by means of cyber methods, such as individuals who do not live in Paraguay. These

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individuals are important to speak with, because their cyber perspective and presence

demonstrates an immense shift in the social movement reality. On this note, I am considering

creating an online survey tool on the CONAMURI Facebook page to gather data from this

greater population. This survey will include questions that are a part of my semi-structured

interview format, listed below.

I acknowledge that there will be many challenges in the interview process. First, I

recognize the concern of interview bias and the importance of avoiding leading questions, which

aim to obtain a particular answer. Second, I know certain groups will be more difficult to access

than others, especially within rural areas. As a result, I intend to devote a lot of effort before

leaving for Paraguay to networking. Third, there will be challenges in deciding which methods to

use to record data in different situations. For more formal and structured interviews, I hope to use

a digital audio recording device, after receiving the consent of those I interview. But, otherwise I

intend to record my data in a notebook. It will be important to find a balance to ensure that my

note taking does not interfere with promoting fluid and natural dialogue. Finally, the interview

process will be challenging due to the prevalence of the Paraguayan language of Guaraní,

especially amongst indigenous peoples. In 2009, it was estimated that 98% of the Paraguayan

population spoke Guaraní, whereas 92% spoke Spanish. As a result, I acknowledge that I may

need to rely on the help of a translator during certain interviews, especially within the rural

sector.

Interview Structure:

A. General introduction for those interviewed:

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I am performing a study about the influence of Facebook on the strategies and activities within

Latin American social movements, specifically those of CONAMURI. One aspect I am trying to

determine is the influence Facebook as an advocacy tool to also promote greater direct

participation in activities such as demonstrations.

B. Semi-structured questions for getting started (these questions will also become part of a

survey for CONAMURI facebook members):

1. Have you seen the strategies of CONAMURI change since you became a member?2. If yes, what are the consequences of these changes, and are they positive or negative? 3. Do you have access to Facebook or other social media? Do you use these tools? 4. What do you think might be the greatest benefit or negative side effect of using social

media as a tool? 5. Do you see a trend in the groups of individuals who participate in advocacy activity more

online or more in person? Since social media has become popularly used, has membership and participation in meetings and demonstrations increased or decreased? Why?

6. Do you think people are more comfortable or uncomfortable participating in the movement online? Why? What do you think this says about social movements within Paraguay?

7. Has access to Facebook impacted your ability to stay active in the movement? Do you think this access has changed this possibility for others?

8. Are there groups that might feel more included or excluded as a result of the use of social media? Who do you think does and doesn’t have access to social media?

On the note of upholding the dignity of those I interview, I recognize the importance of obtaining

consent, and have completed an IRB proposal and consent form, additionally translated into

Spanish, to ensure that the research process remains transparent and open.

Educational and Experiential Background

I was drawn to the food sovereignty movement during my studies with IHP, as a result of my

comparative research project that focused on urbanization’s impact on food practices. This

research led me to my first encounter with a food sovereignty organization in Dakar, where I met

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with a small women’s food sovereignty cooperative. When I returned from my semester abroad,

my ideas began developing, and I concentrated my efforts on studying the women’s food

sovereignty movement. I expressed my ideas to Professor Franko, and began networking,

emailing organizations such as Food First, and Women’s March. I had conversations with

individuals such as Matthew Kopka, who completed his PHD on food sovereignty with

CONAMUCA in the Dominican Republic, and in doing so strove to make connections with

Latin American food sovereignty networks. Networking with food sovereignty organizations

proved to be incredibly difficult, but with the help of Colby Professors, especially Professor

Franko, Raza, and Mayka, I was put into contact with Gustavo Setrini, who did his PHD with

CONAMURI. We have been communicating throughout the summer, and he has helped me to

refine my research ideas and to put me in contact with CONAMURI, by means of Perla Alvarez.

Prof. Setrini will be in Paraguay during my research and has agreed to help orient me in my

work. (or some such sentence). Overall, my studies as a Global Studies and Spanish major have

prepared me to perform this thesis research, and I am enthusiastic to immerse myself in the

study. I have been further prepared for language immersion and research in Paraguay by

spending a semester enrolled in the University of Salamanca in Spain, and by acting as group

translator for IHP in Argentina, helping to conduct interviews and analyze case studies.

Tentative Schedule:

Week One (1/10-1/17):

First two days- Arrival in Asuncion, settling in accommodation, familiarizing myself with the

city (public transportation/navigation, obtaining rental phone, supermarkets and food, etc) I am

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arriving a bit later in Jan Plan because the Paraguayans celebrate the New Year as part of

extended summer holidays and an earlier arrival would not be fruitful in setting up meetings.

Rest of Week: Begin meeting with contacts at CONAMURI headquarters, engage in networking,

set up interviews, spend hours observing events at headquarters, volunteer, set up facebook

survey

Week Two (1/18-1/24): Intensive week of interviews and gathering data at headquarters,

additionally spending time in rural areas to conduct interviews with indigenous campesino

populations.

Week Three: (1/25-1/31) Conduct final interviews, volunteer, tie up loose ends of research, and

prepare to return home

Preliminary Literature Review

I have divided relevant work on my topic into three categories, based on their focus and

approach, and I hope to continue with this layout when constructing the format of my chapters. My

sources are a combination of texts in both English and Spanish, and Spanish sources have been

especially helpful regarding studies of the Paraguayan social and political context, since there are few

English sources on the subject. In general, I have found that there is relatively little scholarly material on

Paraguayan social media or social movements, particularly, so I have the opportunity to contribute

original and beneficial research on the subject, especially concerning the efforts of CONAMURI

specifically.

My first section of sources thoroughly analyzes the food sovereignty movement, and includes

scholarly works devoted to its history, organizations, conferences, legislation, and social and political

12


implications. These sources are especially important, for they provide a background of CONAMURI’s

cause. There is substantial scholarly work devoted to food sovereignty, despite the fact that it is a

relatively new movement. I receive frequent emails from the Yale Food Sovereignty group, which sends

me the most recently published scholarly works on the subject. Books published by Food First that

gather scholarship on food sovereignty, such as Food Movements Unite! and Food Sovereignty:

Reconnecting Food, Nature and Communit,y provide a fundamental background on topics such as

agroecology, gender in agriculture, agribusiness, the Green Revolution, land grabbing and land reform,

neoliberalism and the food system, the politics of food, and grassroots food sovereignty movements.

Additionally, Annette Desmarais’ book on La Via Campesina, recommended to me by Matthew Kopka,

has been paramount crucial to my research. This book recounts the twenty-year history of the global

food sovereignty movement through the lens of a La Via Campesina participant. Desmarais herself

worked as a grain farmer throughout her studies, and her personal account provides a glimpse into the

efforts of peasants and small famers to challenge agribusiness and work towards viable solutions that

keep people on their land and empower small-scale producers. More personal perspectives on the

movement, which incorporate interviews and stories, Raj include Patel’s "Grassroots Voices" and

Itelvina Nicholson’s "Seeing Like a Peasant: Voices from La Via Campesina.”

My second section of sources describes the social and political context within Paraguay, setting

the stage for an analysis of the strategies and participation within the food sovereignty movement. For

example, Gustavo Sentrini’s Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Años De

Democracia Electoral En Paraguay provides a thorough background on the recent history of the

Paraguayan political system and the manner of expressing one’s voice in government. He delves

thoroughly into the idea of clientelism, and describes how Paraguayan politics has recently shifted from

a primarily Colorado Party dominated system to a more pluralistic framework, in which negotiating with

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the government is becoming more possible. An explanation of the Colorado Party’s recent history, the

impeachment of President Lugo, a background on the land reform context, and the political implications

for the future of land rights is provided in Hetherington’s report Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over

Land and Democracy. This source stresses the complicated and non-transparent nature of land reform

efforts within government. As a result of this perceived inefficiency within government, many sources

such as Diaz’s and Verdecchia’s works describe the campesino struggle to have their rights recognized,

and Vivero’s research focuses specifically on CONAMURI’s strategies to combat the use of

agrochemicals in Paraguay. Overall, a thorough understanding of the local Paraguayan context is crucial

to surveying the importance of social media as an advocacy tool.

My third group encompasses previous studies on the use and influence of social media

within social movements. Ginvera Adamoli’s dissertation, Social Media and Social Movements:

A Critical Analysis of Audience’s Use of Facebook to Advocate Food Activism Offline

thoroughly analyzes Facebook’s impact on food activism in the United States. Consequentially,

this work is immensely helpful in guiding my research methodology, as previously mentioned.

Adamoli uses Habermas’s concept of the public sphere- “an area where individuals freely

discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action”

and the network analysis work of Castells to analyze how Facebook can influence a social

movement both online and offline. Overall, her work argues that Facebook motivates civic

engagement, leading to greater participation overall. Next, Harlow’s publication, Social Media

and Social Movements: Facebook and an Online Guatemalan Justice Movement that Moved

Offline, surveys the role of Facebook in the Guatemalan anti-violence movement that arose in

response to the murder of lawyer Rodrigo Rosenberg. Harlow uses a scientific framing approach

to understand how Facebook succeeded in motivating thousands of people to participate in both

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virtual and non-cyber ways within the movement, and his approach has additionally inspired my

methodological approach. Finally, Donk and Downing’s works further discuss the strategies of

“cyberprotest,” and are immensely useful when considering the potential for social media as an

advocacy tool.

Sources:

Section 1:

Altieri, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Miguel A. "Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution." Agriculture and Sustainable Food Systems 37, no. 1 (2013): 90-102.

Altieri, Miguel A. "Scaling up Agroecological Approaches for Food Sovereignty in Latin America." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Baviera, Walden Bello and Mara. "Capitalist Agriculture, the Food Price Crisis & Peasant Resistance." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Desmarais, Annette Aurelie. La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants. London: Fernwood Publishing, 2007.

Fairbairn, Madeleine. "Framing Resistance: International Food Regimes and the Roots of Food Sovereignty." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Fatou Batta, Steve Brescia, Peter Grubbels, Bern Guri, Cantave Jean-Baptiste, and Steve Sherwood. "Transforming Ngo Roles to Help Make Food Sovereignty a Reality." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.

Gimenez, Eric Holt. "G-8 Leaders: After 20 Years, It's Time to Listen to Via Campesina." Huffington Post, 6/13/13 2013.

Guillen, Rosalinda. "Transforming Our Food System by Transforming Our Movement." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.

Hannah Wittman, Annette Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe. "The Origins and Potential of Food Sovereignty." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Land Grabs Vs. Land Sovereignty." Food First Backgrounder 18, no. 4 (2012-

15


2013).

Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Food Security, Food Justice or Food Sovereignty?" Food First Backgrounder 16, no. 4 (Winter 2010).

Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Movimiento Campesino a Campesino: Linking Sustainable Agriculture and Social Change." Food First Backgrounder, (Winter/Spring 2006).

McMichael, Philip. "Food Sovereignty in Movement: Addressing the Triple Crisis." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Nicholson, Itelvina Masioli and Paul. "Seeing Like a Peasant: Voices from La Via Campesina." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.

Nicholson, Paul. "Food Sovereignty: Alliances and Transformation." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.

Nobre, Miriam. "Women's Autonomy and Food Sovereignty." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.

Paarlberg, Robert. Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Patel, Raj. "Grassroots Voices." The Journal of Peasant Studies 36, no. 3: 663-706.

Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System: Melville House, 2007.

Peabody, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Loren. "From Rebellions to Food Sovereignty: Urgent Call to Fix a Broken Food System." Food First Backgrounder 14, no. 1 (2008).

Rosset, Peter. Food Sovereignty in Latin America: Confronting the 'New' Crisis. Report: Food Crisis, May/June 2009.

Schanbacher, William D. The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict between Food Security and Food Sovereignty: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010.

Shattuck, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Annie. "Synopsis: Food Movements Unite: Making a New Food System Possible." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.

Via Campesina. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. Voice of the Turtle., 1996.

Via Campesina, "La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement" http://viacampesina.org/en/.

Women in Agriculture: Introduction. Latin American Perspectives. 2008;35:5-10

Section 2:

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http://viacampesina.org/en/


"The Economist Intelligence Unit: Paraguay" http://0country.eiu.com.library.colby.edu/Paraguay.

Arnold AF. Foundation of an Agricultural Policy in Paraguay. New York: Praeger; 1971.

Burke B, Piekielek J. Cooperatives, Politics, and Development in Rural Paraguay. HUMAN ORGANIZATION. 2011;70:355-365

Duckworth CL. Land and Dignity in Paraguay. New York: Continuum; 2011.

Friorentini, F. (July 5, 2012). The Paraguayan Coup: How agribusiness, landowning and media elite, and the U.S. are paving a way for regional destabilization. War Times.

Fogel RB. Movimientos Campesinos En El Paraguay. ; 1986.

Fogel RB. The Socioeconomic Context of Paraguayan Social Movements. Revista Paraguaya de Sociologia. 1984;21:33-48.

Kregg Hetherington. Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over Land and Democracy. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: North American Congress on Latin America; 2012;45:8

Mander, B. ( September 25, 2013). "Paraguay's Growth Obsession."

Natalia Ruiz Diaz. Campesinas e indigenas paraguayas luchan por espacio propio: Source: NoticiasFinancieras. NoticiasFinancieras. 2009.

Paredes R. Class and Social Conflict in Paraguay, 1989-2002.

Setrini, Gustavo. Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Anos De Democracis Electoral En Paraguay. Del Clientelismo Monopolico Al Clientelismo Plural: Tinker Foundation Incorporated, 2010.

Torres, Gustavo. "Agribusiness Jeopardizes Family Farms." Latinamerica Press, (April 2012).

Verdecchia JMA. Algunas Consideraciones Sobre Las Condiciones De Éxito y Fracaso En Asociaciones Cooperativas Campesinas En El Paraguay.

Viana, Natalia. "Paraguay Seeks Truth About Curuguaty Massacre." ABC NewsDecember 18, 2012.

Viveros D. CONAMURI: Developments and Challenges in the Struggle Against Agrochemicals in Paraguay

Women in Paraguay. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Detroit: Gale; 2008;6:455-457.

Section 3:

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http://0country.eiu.com.library.colby.edu/Paraguay


Adamoli GCE. Social media and social movements: A critical analysis of audience's use of Facebook to advocate food activism offline. ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing; 2012

Donk, Wim B. H. J. van de, Donk, Wim B. H. J. van de. Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens, and Social Movements. New York: Routledge; 2004.

Downing J. Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications; 2001

Harlow S. Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society. 2012;14:225-243.

Loader BD. Social Movements and New Media. Sociology Compass. 2008;2:1920-1933.

Projected Costs:

I am currently in communication with CONAMURI concerning official arrangements, but this is

a tentative estimate:

What Description Estimated Cost

Flight American Roundtrip San Francisco to Asuncion (depart January

10 return January 31)

$1,068

Accommodation 20 nights in a single room hostel with wifi and within 3 km of

CONAMURI headquarters (Hostal El Jardin or the Black Cat

Hostel are good examples). Private rooms normally cost $20

/night

$400

Airport

Transportation

$36 taxi transport to and from airport to living accommodations

($18 each way from airport to city center).

$36

Daily Transportation Bus $2/day ($1 each way) $40

Travel to rural Traveling to rural areas in Paraguay to meet with smaller $100

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areas/miscellaneous

transportation costs

indigenous groups that partner with CONAMURI will be

expensive and will require taking multiple forms of transportation

including regional buses and taxis. For an image of Paraguayan

population density and rural sprawl see:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paraguay_population_density.png

Food My living accommodation will serve complimentary breakfast, so

I hope to spend approximately $12 per day on food.

$240

Cell phone rental http://www.cellularabroad.com/rentals-paraguay.php $89

Translation fees I plan on paying the Guaraní translator about $10 per interview

session (about 5 total).

$50

Small Gifts for

Interviewees and

CONAMURI

workers

I hope to purchase small gifts for some of those that I interview,

especially those in rural areas, to express my gratitude. These gifts

will be simple, and practical, but I found in the past that bringing

something small like a loaf of bread with jam is really appreciated.

(approximately 20 gifts valued at $2)

$40

Visa entry fee U.S. citizens arriving by air may obtain a "Visa en Arribo"

(visa upon arrival)

$160

Total $2223

Conversion: 1 Paraguayan Guarani equals 0.00022 US Dollar

Contacts in Asuncion

Doña Perla Alvarez, CONAMURI project coordinator

[email protected].

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mailto:[email protected]

http://www.cellularabroad.com/rentals-paraguay.php


Telephone: 595 981 146 575

Diana Viveros, CONAMURI communications directorCONAMURI headquarters: Montevideo 1420 e/ Milano y Sicilia (Asunción)Telefax: (021) 444 317E-mail: [email protected]

Gustavo Setrini, NYU professor performing research in Asuncion in January

[email protected]

Statement of Consent:

Upon completion of this thesis, I give my consent for this information to be posted on the Global

Studies website as a reference for future honors students. I additionally give permission for the

board to view my financial aid status.

BriAnne Illich

October 5, 2013

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Perhaps emphasize this above in your discussion?

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Web viewDavid Harvey’s definition of the neoliberal system, which promotes strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade, argues that the current global