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www.ag-physics.org 1
The Origin of Gravity
≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡
München 2009
byAlbrecht Giese, Hamburg
The Origin of Gravity
1
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 2
1.: In Einstein’s theory:
- ‘c’ is constant and a light beam moves straight
- Space-time is curved
2.A: Equivalently (almost)
- ‘c’ is variable and light follows the refraction law
- Space and time are conventional
Content
‘2.B: Gravity is refraction rather than a force
The Origin of Gravity
2
The 2 alternatives for GR / Gravity
3
Space and Time
3
‘
What is Space?
How do we measure space?
Can we measure space?
The Origin of Gravity
44
The Origin of Gravity
55
??
? ???
‘
The Origin of Gravity
Conclusion: Space cannot be directly measured; space is a concept
Measurable physics are about objects and fields
6
Space and Time
6
‘
What is Time?
In Special Relativity this means: What is Dilation?
2221
1
c
vxt
cv
Lorentz-Transformation of Time:
2
2
221
1
1
c
v
cvdt
d
2
22
1c
v
dt
d22
22 vc
dt
dc
22
22 cv
dt
dc
The Origin of Gravity
Plausible conclusion: The physical counterpart to Time
is an internal motion within an elementary particle
www.ag-physics.org 7
“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle:
h/E
0m
cv
‘
No conflict with experiments!
(de Broglie 1924)
(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)
(Relativity)
2N (Momentum law)
orbit (Spin, mag. moment)
7
The Origin of Gravity
This is called here the Basic Particle Model valid for every elementary particle
88
Special Relativity:Dilation
‘
222 vcq Pythagoras
cRT 2
qRT 2'
2
2
1/1'
c
v
q
c
T
T i.e. the Lorentz-Factor
222
2 cvdt
dc
2
2
11cv
dt
d
222
2 vcdt
dc
v
dt
dc
„Speed of proper time“
The Origin of Gravity
www.ag-physics.org /rmass 9
Bind of the Basic Particles
‘
302
r
rrqKF
The Origin of Gravity
9
www.ag-physics.org /rmass 10
The Mass Equation
22 1
crkqCaF
‘
cRm
2cmE RcRchhE 2
The classical magnetic moment:
Rec 02
1
302
r
rrKqF
Or both equations combined:m
e
2
1 0 = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles
Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m
universal for all elem. particles!
22 1
crkqC
a
Fm
2/rR
10
The Origin of Gravity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 11
Now
‘
The Origin of Gravity
11
General Relativity / Gravity
with / without Einstein
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 12
The Shapiro-Experiment:
‘
c
c
P
cr
MGcrc
2
0
0 21)( P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction
12
Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c
The Origin of Gravity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 13
The gravitational field of the sun:
The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: 2r
MGa
‘
Now: Acceleration at rest!!
P
cr
MGcrc
2
0
0 21)(
P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction
Integrating deflection 2 from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec
13
This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!
Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved
The Origin of Gravity
/gravity 14
Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):
‘ Gravit.
Source
c
c
No dependency of the mass!
14
2r
MGa
The Origin of Gravity
/gravity 15
Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)
‘
15
Schwarzschild Solution:
is the starting point for the classical proofs of General Relativity:
- Perihelion Advance- Gravitational Lensing - …
2222120 )1()1( crr
r
rx
r
r ss
The Origin of Gravity
22
cr
GMrs
/gravity 16
Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)
‘
16
1
1
r
rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c
Reduced field distance
22
cr
GMrs
dr
rd s 2
1
)1('
Schwarzschild Solution
2
*
2cr
NGrs
222
2 vcdt
dc
2/1
1
r
rcc s for tangential motion
in radial direction
Lorentz Transformation(time-related)
Speed split into radial/tangential portion
22222
2
rrc
dt
dc
Now Gravity:2
212
22
2 11
dt
dr
r
r
dt
dr
r
rc
dt
dc ss
2
d
dt 221
2222 11 rr
rr
r
rtcc ss
The Origin of Gravity
17
The Physical Causes of Relativity
17
‘
Field EquationsRiemann Geometry
As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein
/gravity 18
The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein
‘
18
1
1
r
rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c
Reduced field distance
22
cr
GMrs
dr
rd s 2
1
)1('
Schwarzschild Solution
2
*
2cr
NGrs
222
2 vcdt
dc
2/1
1
r
rcc s for tangential motion
in radial direction
Lorentz Transformation(time-related)
Speed split into radial/tangential portion
22222
2
rrc
dt
dc
Now Gravity: 22
122
22 11
dt
dr
r
r
dt
dr
r
rc
dt
dc ss
2
d
dt 221
2222 11 rr
rr
r
rtcc ss
The Physical Causes of Relativity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 19
Gravity is the change of the speed of light in the vicinity of an object
What is Gravity?
Gravity has nothing to do with mass
‘
The Origin of Gravity
19
But: What is the physical reason
for the change of the speed of light ‘c’
in the vicinity of an object?
/gravity 20
Why is ‘c’ reduced?
Averagespeed
< c
‘Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass
--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle
20
Force is the Strong Force
This solves Quantum Gravity!
c
The Origin of Gravity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 21
Dark MatterAcceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)Quantum Gravity
‘
The Origin of Gravity
21
Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 22
The Dark Matter Problem:
Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy
‘
The Origin of Gravity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 23
Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198
‘
halo(of dark matter)
photons
The Origin of Gravity
23
Axions, neutralinos etc
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 24
Inflation
‘
•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed requirement for contracted space
The Origin of Gravity
24
c/c0
1
1025
1050
Development of ‘c’
Big Bang nowtime
•The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space
Alternativ:
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 25
Need for Dark Energy?
‘
Development of the Universe:
cv
c/c0
1
1025
1050
Development of ‘c’
Big Bang nowtime
The Origin of Gravity
25
•Doppler-Effekt: If ‚c‘ was higher at ealy times then we get – from the
formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.
•The acceleration at later times disappear.
Doppler-Effekt:
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 26
What are the benefits of this interpretation of General Relativity and of gravity?
i.e.: (i) the particle model, (ii) variable ‘c’, (iii) conventional space and time
The “Dark Matter” phenomenon
Summary
The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)
The “only attracting” effect
B. The model explains:
The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)
Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory - QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETEC. The model avoids:
26
The Physical Causes of Relativity
A. The model is mathematically easy and is based on a physical understanding
–
can even be taught at school
‘‘
The apparent expansion phenomenon - “Dark Energy” or “Cosmological Constant
Gravity numerically like Einstein at least up to Schwarzschild