WW IIWW II

Rise of Totalitarian StatesRise of Totalitarian States

JapanJapan• Military leaders gained popular support Military leaders gained popular support

when they promised to restore Japan’s when they promised to restore Japan’s economyeconomy

• When militarists seized power, leaders When militarists seized power, leaders began a program of territorial expansionbegan a program of territorial expansion

• Provided Japan with raw materials for its Provided Japan with raw materials for its factories and created markets for factories and created markets for finished industrial productsfinished industrial products

ItalyItaly• Global depression created political power Global depression created political power

struggle won by Fascism (a form of struggle won by Fascism (a form of government promoting extreme government promoting extreme nationalism, devotion to authoritarian nationalism, devotion to authoritarian leader and one-party rule)leader and one-party rule)

• Gov’t became ally of wealthy aristocrats, Gov’t became ally of wealthy aristocrats, large landowners, a owners of big large landowners, a owners of big businessbusiness

• Benito Mussolini (“Benito Mussolini (“Il DuceIl Duce” 1922)” 1922)

GermanyGermany• Turned to fascist government to solve Turned to fascist government to solve

economic and political instabilityeconomic and political instability• Nazi party and HitlerNazi party and Hitler

Anti-Communist and strongly opposed to Treaty of Anti-Communist and strongly opposed to Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

• Gathering supportGathering support Established himself as dictator: outlawed political Established himself as dictator: outlawed political

parties and SS (personal guard) eliminated all parties and SS (personal guard) eliminated all oppositionopposition

Gestapo: political police forceGestapo: political police force Used schools, newspapers, radio, the arts, churches Used schools, newspapers, radio, the arts, churches

to gather supportto gather support Public rallies burned anti-Nazi booksPublic rallies burned anti-Nazi books Openly attacked Jews, other minorities and Openly attacked Jews, other minorities and

CommunistsCommunists

Coming of WarComing of War

AppeasementAppeasement Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression Italian ExpansionItalian Expansion Alliances of the Axis Powers and the Alliances of the Axis Powers and the

AlliesAllies Two Theaters of WarTwo Theaters of War

Fighting the WarFighting the War

Blitzkrieg and Invasion of PolandBlitzkrieg and Invasion of Poland Maginot Line and defeat of FranceMaginot Line and defeat of France

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain• Royal Air Force (RAF)Royal Air Force (RAF)• Lend-Lease ProgramLend-Lease Program

Italy in the MediterraneanItaly in the Mediterranean 1941: Germany looks east (USSR, 1941: Germany looks east (USSR,

Egypt) Egypt) From 1942 on, industrial capacities From 1942 on, industrial capacities

of USSR and US outpace the Axis of USSR and US outpace the Axis PowersPowers

Japanese Aggression in SE AsiaJapanese Aggression in SE Asia• European colonies vulnerableEuropean colonies vulnerable• Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity SphereGreater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere• Atrocities in ChinaAtrocities in China• US economic sanctionsUS economic sanctions• Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7 1941)Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7 1941)

Turning tide of war (1942-1945)Turning tide of war (1942-1945)• Allied advantages in size, manpower, economies, Allied advantages in size, manpower, economies,

natural resourcesnatural resources• D-Day InvasionD-Day Invasion• A-BombA-Bomb

Costs of WarCosts of War• CasualtiesCasualties

Estimated at 30 million peopleEstimated at 30 million people

• Economic CostsEconomic Costs Estimated $1 trillion (U.S. spent about $341 billion)Estimated $1 trillion (U.S. spent about $341 billion) LootingLooting Destruction of buildings, highways, etc.Destruction of buildings, highways, etc.

• RefugeesRefugees Displaced millionsDisplaced millions Some emigrated from Europe to U.S., Canada, Some emigrated from Europe to U.S., Canada,

AustraliaAustralia

Consequences of WWIIConsequences of WWII

New TechnologiesNew Technologies• Radar and sonarRadar and sonar• Rockets and high powered explosivesRockets and high powered explosives• Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons

1945: Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb on 1945: Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb on HiroshimaHiroshima

Radiation alters genetic make-up of plants Radiation alters genetic make-up of plants and animalsand animals

Makes ground sterileMakes ground sterile Stimulated arms race with Soviet UnionStimulated arms race with Soviet Union

International LawInternational Law Advent of the Cold WarAdvent of the Cold War

Holocaust and Jewish Immigration to Holocaust and Jewish Immigration to PalestinePalestine• Last months of war, Allies found Last months of war, Allies found

concentration camps that confined Jews, concentration camps that confined Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, homosexuals and disabledhomosexuals and disabled

• Some were death camps; 11 million die Some were death camps; 11 million die of murder, starvation or diseaseof murder, starvation or disease

• Many though immigrated elsewhere, Many though immigrated elsewhere, many to Palestine (Zionism)many to Palestine (Zionism)

Birth of IsraelBirth of Israel

British had controlled Palestine since WWI, British had controlled Palestine since WWI, turned over control to UN after WWIIturned over control to UN after WWII

1947: UN decided to partition Palestine, 1947: UN decided to partition Palestine, Jerusalem was to be an international city Jerusalem was to be an international city under no jurisdictionunder no jurisdiction

May 14, 1948: Israel declares its May 14, 1948: Israel declares its independence, surrounding nations independence, surrounding nations immediately attackimmediately attack

http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,,720353,00.html

United NationsUnited Nations 1945: international peacekeeping org.1945: international peacekeeping org. Unlike League, had military personnel Unlike League, had military personnel

and stronger executiveand stronger executive Agencies deal with human rights, Agencies deal with human rights,

disease, poverty, hunger, disease, poverty, hunger, environmental pollutionenvironmental pollution

6 Parts of U.N.6 Parts of U.N. General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

• Elected president, one nation one voteElected president, one nation one vote Security CouncilSecurity Council

• 5 permanent members, 10 rotate on 2yr term5 permanent members, 10 rotate on 2yr term SecretariatSecretariat

• Executive body, Secretary GeneralExecutive body, Secretary General Economic and Social CouncilEconomic and Social Council

• Help solve poverty, hunger and diseaseHelp solve poverty, hunger and disease International Court of JusticeInternational Court of Justice

• Disputes between nationsDisputes between nations Trusteeship CouncilTrusteeship Council

• Now inactive, was to govern territory w/ no govNow inactive, was to govern territory w/ no gov