Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
WSU Wheat Academy
December 12, 2018
Fertility & Residue Mgmt
Outline
Composition of Residue
Nutrient Content
Decomposition
Soil Organic Matter/Carbon
Residue Management
+Nutrients
Temp/Water
erosion protection
Carbon/OM
(soil health)
-Tillage
Harrow/Mow/Flail
Drill interference
Crop performance
temp, immobilization,
herbicide interception
Amount of Straw
1 bushel wheat = 100 lb straw
50 bushel/acre wheat = 5000 lb straw/acre
80 bushel= 8,000 lb/acre
100 bushel = 10,000 lb/acre
http://pnwsteep.wsu.edu/tillagehandbook/chapter3/031690.htm
Composition of Wheat Straw
Straw System Bu Wt N applied
1 DS-SF 85 58.7 110
2 DS-SF 81 58 90
3 Green Pea 90 60 85
4 Green Pea 98 61 85
5 DS-SF 86 59 110
6 DS-SF 94 58 115
7 Green Pea 97 58 80
8 DS-SF 114 60 110
Nutrients in Straw
C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Zn, Mo,
Cl
Carbon contentStraw % C:N
Ash VS TOC
1 7.2 93 53.8 90
2 7.1 93 53.9 112
3 6.1 94 54.5 133
4 9.1 91 52.7 110
5 7.1 93 53.9 135
6 8.5 91 53.1 100
7 6.0 94 54.5 133
8 6.3 94 54.4 175
Ave 7.2 93 53.9 124
Straw % N % P % K % Mg % Ca % S
1 0.60 0.04 0.84 0.10 0.24 0.07
2 0.48 0.02 0.62 0.07 0.19 0.05
3 0.41 0.02 0.96 0.07 0.17 0.05
4 0.48 0.02 1.25 0.11 0.22 0.08
5 0.40 0.02 1.73 0.07 0.20 0.12
6 0.53 0.03 1.62 0.08 0.26 0.10
7 0.41 0.03 1.11 0.07 0.17 0.04
8 0.31 0.01 1.30 0.05 0.13 0.05
Nutrient content of 8 straws
Ave. 0.47 0.03 1.16 0.08 0.21 0.07
S. D. 0.08 0.01 0.35 0.02 0.04 0.03
Nutrient Content lb/ton 8 Wheat Straws
Straw N P2O5 K2O Mg Ca S
1 12 1.7 20 2 5 1
2 10 1.0 15 1 4 1
3 8 1.0 23 1 3 1
4 10 1.0 30 2 4 2
5 8 0.9 42 1 4 2
6 11 1.3 39 2 5 2
7 8 1.2 27 1 3 1
8 6 0.6 31 1 3 1
Ave. 10 1 28 2 4 1
S.D. 1.37 0.26 9.02 0.31 0.64 0.5
Range 6-12 0.6-1.7 15-42 1-2 3-5 1-2.5
Baled v. direct from combine
Baled v. direct from combine
Straw TDN NDF DMI %
Protein
% N % P % K % Mg % Ca
Swath 49 79.1 13.9 3.9 0.62 0.03 1.4 0.9 0.19
Combine 51 71.3 15.4 4.5 0.76 0.06 1.6 0.1 0.2
Lb/ton
N P2O5 K2O
Swath 12.4 1.3 33
Combine 15.2 2.7 38
Don Horneck OSU Hermiston
• Wheat circle (irrigated)
• Ran the pivot for 5 treatments on straw
• 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 inch of water
applied (Columbia River water)
• Measured P and K in two situations in the
field for all five treatments
– Standing (roughly 8”)
– Laying (what went through the combine)
OSU-HAREC
Why P and K?
• Both soluble
– Not tied to proteins or cell walls like N, S, Ca…
• Both used in moderate to high quantities
– K a high concentration component of straw
OSU-HAREC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Irrigation water applied, in
K L
evel,
%
k - laying
k - stand
OSU-HAREC
Potassium
50% +
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
water applied, in
P i
n s
traw
, %
p - laying
p - stand
OSU-HAREC
Phosphorous
30%
Summary
• 50% reduction in K in straw that is laying
• 0% in standing
• 30% reduction in P in straw that is laying
• 0% in standing
OSU-HAREC
Nutrient Value of Wheat Straw
Nutrient Price Value
Range
(lb/ton)
Ave.
(lb/ton)
Nutrient
($/lb)
Range
($/ton)
Ave.
($/ton)
N 6-16 11 $0.44 2.60 – 7.00 $4.90
P 2-3 1.5 $0.60 1.20 – 1.80 $1.50
K 20-30 25 $0.30 6.00 – 7.50 $6.30
S 1-3 2 $0.40 0.40-1.20 $0.80
Total 10.25-19.05 $13.50
Winter Wheat Straw
0.55% N, 0.12% P, 0.04% S
Tons
Straw lb N lb P2O5 lb S $
1 11 2.4 0.8 13.50
2 22 4.8 1.6 27.00
3 33 7.2 2.4 40.50
4 44 9.6 3.2 54.00
5 55 12 4 67.50
N @ $0.44 P2O5 @ $0.60, S @ $0.40
GRV Grass Seed Straw Bale Survey - 2007
Lbs Nutrient / ton of Baled Straw
Species N P K
Lbs/ton
KBG (14) 18 – 40 2.6 – 5.4 37 - 54
CRF (7) 11 – 24 1.4 – 3.2 22 - 47
ChF (6) 11 – 23 1.6 – 2.8 22 - 47
HF (3) 19 – 28 2.2 32 - 45
Value of Nutrients in Baled KBG Straw
Price / lb Nutrient Nutrient Value
Average
Per Ton
Oct.
2008
.Dec.
2010Oct. 2008 Dec. 2010
Nitrogen 26 lbs $0.95 0.44 $24.70 $11.44
Phosphorus 3.6 lbs $1.20 0.60 $4.32 $2.16
Potassium 48 lbs $0.60 0.30 $28.80 $20.16
Total $57.82 $33.16
Dry
Weight
lb/acre
Total
N %
Total S
%
Total
P %
Total
K %
N
lb/acr
e
S
lb/acre
P
lb/acre
K
lb/acre
2442 2.59 0.15 0.17 1.62 63 3.7 4.2 40
2332 2.30 0.13 0.18 1.53 54 3.0 4.2 36
2399 2.26 0.14 0.18 1.48 54 3.4 4.3 36
2391 2.38 0.14 0.18 1.54 57 3.4 4.2 37
Pea Green Manure Data (30 June 2008)
What does burning do?
Spring Wheat Straw (Canada) Mean of 4
Nutrient lb/t of straw burned
straw Ash % lost
C 911 85 91%
N 24 0.4 98%
P 3 2.6 18%
K 32 26 24%
S 2.4 0.8 70%
Ca 4.4 3 30%
Mg 2.3 1.7 27%
http://www.farmca.com/news/octdec2001/strawstudy.html
1 Ton Wheat Straw N = 4
Nutrients value lost per acre/ton
removed burned
$11.15 - 16.25 $4.10 - 14.60
http://www.farmca.com/news/octdec2001/strawstudy.html
N $0.29 P $0.27 K $0.14 S $0.24
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat flag leaves at flower 31 May
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat Flag leaves at flower 31 May
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat lower leaves at flower 31
May
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat lower leaves at flower 31
May
Soft White Winter Wheat lower leaves at flower 31 May
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat Flag leaves at flower 31 May
Soft White Winter Wheat lower leaves at flower 31 May
Tissue Analysis
Soft White Winter Wheat Flag leaves at flower 31 May
Soil Decomposition
Water
Soil particles Plant roots
Soil is a habitat
Who’s there?
Macrofauna:
Soil ‘Engineers’
Who’s there?
Mesofauna:
Soil predators,
pathogens,
herbivores
Microorganisms:
Soil process
controllers
1. Decomposition
(shredding residues)
2. Mixing soil (aeration)
Decomposition rate of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis)
Soil animals are important for
Decomposition
What Factors Control
Decomposition
Position
Sizing
C/N
Distribution
Nutrient content
Temperature
Water
pH
Soil Sci. Sot. Am. J. 44:833-837.N content 0.78, 0.49 and 0.19
Rate of Decomposition
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Oct-Nov Nov-March March-Nov Nov-March March-Nov
% remaining
Wt.
Time
Above
0.79
0.49
0.19
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Oct-Nov Nov-MarchMarch-NovNov-MarchMarch-Nov
% remaining
Wt.
0.79
0.49
0.19
Surface
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Oct-Nov Nov-March March-Nov Nov-March March-Nov
0.79
0.49
0.19
Buried
3.9 tons 0.18 OM
650 lb N 65 lb/year
3600 36003400
4600 4600 4600
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Fall Plow Spring Plow No-Till
lb/a
cre
Treatment
Wheat-Spring Pea Yield and Residue 1994-2005
Yield Residue
Decomposition
Temperature and Water
Sizing
C/N ration
Added N has small change on the rate of
decomp
Value of residue (straw)
1) Nutrients
2) Insulation (heat and water budget)
3) Carbon & Soil Health (microbial food, carbon credits)
4) Erosion Protection
Insulation Value ($0-42/acre)
Fall Removal 1-2 inches of water storage lost
1 inch of water = 7 bushels wheat/acre
Wheat @ $3.00/bushel
Insulation value of winter straw = $21-42
Spring removal $12
Soil Carbon Value ($2.00/acre)
Carbon Credit $2-5/ton CO2
1 ton C = 2.7 Ton C02 = $7-18/ton carbon
Permanent grass cover at Pendleton
= 300 lb C/year = $1.00-$5.00/year
= C/N 12:1 = 25 lb N @ $0.44/lb = $10
Water infiltration, Water Holding Capacity
Nutrient Holding Capacity
1 inch of water = 7 bushels wheat/acre
Wheat @ $3.00/bushel
`
Fall Removal Spring Removal
-------------$/acre--------------------
Nutrients $15 - 31 Same
Insulation 0-60 0-15
C 2 2
Erosion 0-75 0-35
Other ? ?
Total $15-168 $15-65
Total Value/acre
What other system changes should be
considered when removing Straw
Annual Cropping
Crop rotations
Reduction in fallow
Erosion protection
<5000 straw = insufficient amount
Carbon Change Acre Basis
1 % OM (0-8”) = 24,000 lb OM /acre
OM = about 0.6 OC or 14,000 lb/acre = 7 tons
1% change OM @ 0.15 tons C/acre/year = 46 years
1% change OM top 1” = 6 years
OM C/N 12:1 @ 0.15 ton C = 25 lb N/year
2000 lb N/1% OM
1 ton OM = 100 lb N
Soil Conservation Value ($0-75/acre)
Dollars
• Save per acre if had to buy today by
leaching some of the P and K out
• $103 in K
• $10 in P
• Moral – be careful
OSU-HAREC
Straw % N % P % K % Mg % Ca % S
1 0.6 0.037 0.84 0.1 0.24 0.07
2 0.48 0.023 0.62 0.07 0.19 0.05
3 0.41 0.022 0.96 0.07 0.17 0.05
4 0.48 0.021 1.25 0.11 0.22 0.08
5 0.4 0.019 1.73 0.07 0.2 0.12
6 0.53 0.029 1.62 0.08 0.26 0.1
7 0.41 0.027 1.11 0.07 0.17 0.04
8 0.31 0.014 1.3 0.05 0.13 0.05
9 0.62 0.03 1.36 0.9 0.19
10 0.76 0.06 1.59 0.1 0.2
average 0.5 0.0282 1.238 0.162 0.197 0.07
Straw % N % K % K % Mg % Ca % S
1 0.60 0.04 0.84 0.10 0.24 0.07
2 0.48 0.02 0.62 0.07 0.19 0.05
3 0.41 0.02 0.96 0.07 0.17 0.05
4 0.48 0.02 1.25 0.11 0.22 0.08
5 0.40 0.02 1.73 0.07 0.20 0.12
6 0.53 0.03 1.62 0.08 0.26 0.10
7 0.41 0.03 1.11 0.07 0.17 0.04
8 0.31 0.01 1.30 0.05 0.13 0.05
9*
0.62 0.03 1.36 0.90 0.19
10*
0.76 0.06 1.59 0.10 0.20
Ave. 0.50 0.03 1.24 0.16 0.20 0.07
2% OM Drop in 6 years
acre furrow slice = 2,000,000 lb
2% is 40,000 lb of O.M. /6 years
6667 lb/year.
OM is 60 % C and has C:N ratio 12:1
24,000 lb C and of 2,000 lb N.
Annually 4,000 lb of C and 320 lb N.
https://igrow.org/up/resources/03-2000-2011.pdf
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/DOCs/Extension/Nutrient_Value_Crop_Residu
e_Hollinger.pdf
http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex2512/$
http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/wwwpb-archives/ag/baudr230.html
http://pubstorage.sdstate.edu/agbio_publications/articles/exex8164.pdf
https://ipni.net/ppiweb/bcrops.nsf/$webindex/88BAB5C3A151987285256D
6B004DF5B3/$file/03-3p04.pdf green manutre
Factors to consider when removing straw
Value of straw?
What are the effects in the field and beyond?
positive v. negative.
Will it achieve the desired effect?