Wsn v5 Final

8/2/2019 Wsn v5 Final

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Group 4

Parimah Heshmati (KGE110018)

Ammar Ali Mohammad Qaffaf (KGE110019)

Ibrahim Nabeel Mohammed Ali (KGE110017)

Suleiman G. Hussain Hewadi (KGE110010)

Abdallah Shaadh Rahman (KGE110033)

Real life Example from Malaysia

Wireless Sensor Network


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From TheoryTo Practice

Introduction Architecture

Example


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Introduction

What is a Network Sensor?


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The Futureis Here Wireless Sensor Networks have been identified as

one of the most important technologies for the21st century.

More than 800 Million Sensor to be deployed in 2-3 years

At least 10K devices are currently deployed inMalaysia, with plans to reach millions in the nextfew years.

Devices cost should be very cheap to helpdeploying Wireless Sensors everywhere

Development of low power radio and advancedlow-power embedded microcontrollers


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NetworkDesign

Interface

electronics,radio and

microcontrollerWater

pressureSensor Mote

Sensor Node

Gateway

Server

Internet

Communicationsbarrier


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Focus on the Device

Main Components and Characteristics:

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory

Operating Electrical characteristics:

Low power consumption (Small size Battery should be able

to operate the device for up to 5 years)

Voltage Range

Operating Current, Power States and wake-up times

Input /Output:

Digital Only vs. On-chip ADC

Peripheral Support Physical Size

Environmental compatible (rain, heat, humidity..etc.)


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PhysicalUnit


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Programming the Wireless Sensor* \param adc Pointer to ADC module.

* \param ch_mask ADC channel mask.

* \param result Conversion result from ADC channel.

*/

staticvoidadc_handler(ADC_t*adc,uint8_tch_mask,

adc_result_tresult){

uint32_ttemperature;

/* Compute current temperature in kelvin, based on the

factory calibration measurement of the temperature sensor.

The calibration has been done at 85 degrees Celsius, which

corresponds to 358 kelvin.

*/

temperature=(uint32_t)result*358;

temperature/=tempsense;

// Store temperature in global variable.

last_temperature=temperature&0xffff;

// Start next conversion.

adc_start_conversion(adc, ch_mask);

}

intmain(void)

{

structadc_config adc_conf;structadc_channel_configadcch_conf;

board_init();

sysclk_init();

pmic_init();

cpu_irq_enable();


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Architecture

Technical Appreciation


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The power of wireless sensor networks lies in the ability to deploy

large numbers of tiny nodes that assemble and configure

themselves.

Usage scenarios for these devices range from real-time tracking, to

monitoring of environmental conditions, to metering utilities

(water and electricity) to monitoring of the health of structures orequipment.

While often referred to as wireless sensor networks, they can also

control actuators that extend control from cyberspace into thephysical world (The Internet of Things).

Focus on the Network


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1. Wireless sensor nodes need to communicate with their local

peers.

2. They dont rely on a pre-deployed infrastructure.

3. Each individual sensor or actuator becomes part of the overall

infrastructure.

4. Peer-to-peer networking protocols provide a mesh-like

interconnect to shuttle data between the thousands of tinyembedded devices in a multi-hop fashion.

5. Support new nodes or expand to cover a larger geographic

region. Can automatically adapt to compensate for node

failures.

Advantages


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Lifetime:

The energy supply is one of the primary limiting causes for the

lifetime of a sensor network.

Each node must be designed to manage its local supply of energy in

order to maximize total network lifetime. Generally the minimum

node lifetime is more important than the average node lifetime.

In the case of wireless security systems, every node should last for

several years. A vulnerability in the security systems is likely to

happen if a single node experience a failure.

C


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Coverage:

It is always better to have the ability to deploy a network over a

larger physical area. This can significantly increase a systems value

to the end user. It is important to keep in mind that the coverage of

the network is not equal to the range of the wireless communication

links being used. The coverage of the network could be extended

well beyond the range of the radio technology alone by using Multi-

hop communication techniques. In theory they have the ability toextend network range indefinitely. However, for a given transmission

range, multi-hop networking protocols increase the power

consumption of the nodes, which may decrease the network

lifetime. Additionally, they require a minimal node density, whichmay increase the deployment cost.


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Cost and ease of deployment

A key advantage of wireless sensor networks is their ease of

deployment.

Biologists and construction workers installing networks cannot beexpected to understand the underlying networking and communication

mechanisms at work inside the wireless network. For system

deployments to be successful, the wireless sensor network must

configure itself. It must be possible for nodes to be placed throughoutthe environment by an untrained person and have the system simply

work. Ideally, the system would automatically configure itself for any

possible physical node placement. However, real systems must place

constraints on actual node placements , it is not possible to have nodes

with infinite range. The wireless sensor network must be capable of

providing feedback as to when these constraints are violated.


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Response timeDespite low power operation, nodes must be capable of having

immediate, high-priority messages communicated across the

network as quickly as possible. While these events will beinfrequent, they may occur at any time without notice. Response

time is also critical when environmental monitoring is used to

control factory machines and equipment. Many users envision

wireless sensor networks as useful tools for industrial processcontrol. These systems would only be practical if response time

guarantees could be met.

Response time can be improved by including nodes that are

powered all the time. These nodes can listen for the alarm

messages and forward them down a routing backbone whennecessary. This, however, reduces the ease of deployment for the

system.

T l A


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Temporal AccuracyIn environmental and tracking applications, samples from multiple

nodes must be cross-correlated in time in order to determine the

nature of phenomenon being measured.

The necessary accuracy of this correlation mechanism will depend

on the rate of propagation of the phenomenon being measured. In

the case of determining the average temperature of a building,

samples must only be correlated to within seconds. However, to

determine how a building reacts to a seismic event, millisecond

accuracy is required.

To achieve temporal accuracy, a network must be capable ofconstructing and maintaining a global time base that can be used to

chronologically order samples and events.

S it


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SecurityDespite the seemingly harmless nature of simple temperature and

light information from an environmental monitoring application,

keeping this information secure can be extremely important.

Significant patterns of building use and activity can be easily

extracted from a trace of temperature and light activity in an office

building. In the wrong hands, this information can be exploited to

plan a strategic or physical attack on a company. Wireless sensor

networks must be capable of keeping the information they arecollecting private from eavesdropping. Use of encryption and

cryptographic authentication costs both power and network

bandwidth. Extra computation must be performed to encrypt and

decrypt data and extra authentication bits must be transmitted with

each packet. This impacts application performance by decreasing thenumber of samples than can be extracted from a given network and

the expected network lifetime.

Eff i l


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Effective sample rate

In a data collection network, effective sample rate is a primary

application performance metric. We define the effective sample rate

as the sample rate that sensor data can be taken at each individual

sensor and communicated to a collection point in a data collection

network. Fortunately, environmental data collection applications

typically only demand sampling rates of 1-2 samples per minute.

However, in addition to the sample rate of a single sensor, we mustalso consider the impact of the multi-hop networking architectures

on a nodes ability to effectively relay the data of surrounding nodes.


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EXAMPLE

From Here from Malaysia!


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By 2025, two thirds of the world's population will

have insufficient water, every year 32 billioncubic meters of treated water is lost from urbanwater supplies.

In Malaysia, the issue of non-revenue water

(NRW) is still at a shocking level of 36.6% - 40%.

Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has beenproduced and is lost before it reaches the customer.Losses can be :

1. real losses; through leaks, sometimes alsoreferred to as physical losses (75%-80%)

2. apparent losses; for example through theft ormetering inaccuracies (20%-25%)

The Problem


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Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was

established to undertake the privatization of water supply

services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territoriesof Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

SYABAS is targeting an overall leakage reduction from

39Ml/d to 29 Ml/d, representing a 25% saving. All the

District Metered Areas (DMAs). had Pressure ReducingValves (PRVs) installed, which were previously set to either

fixed outlet or modulated control.

The contract was awarded to Jular Cahaya Sdn. Bhd. and

their UK partner I2OWater, phase 1 was deployed in 2011

with target of 10.5 Million Liters per Day leakage reduction.

Malaysias Major Players


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The Benefits of Pressure Management

1. Leakage reduction

2. Burst reduction3. Pressure smoothing

4. Improvements in water efficiency

5. Better customer service

6. Lower capital maintenance - increased life of main


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I2O Water System

The i2O system

continuously controls thepressure of water going

into a District Meter Area

(DMA) or pressure

managed Zone

Under all demand

conditions, the Average

Zone Pressure (AZP) is

kept to the minimum

necessary to meet

consumers' legitimate

requirements


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Main Components

In Malaysia, the project is seeing an average leak

reduction of 20%.

On a typical districts metering area, comprising

say, 2,000 properties, were seeing reductions of

around about 60 to 80 cubic metres per day.


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The controller communicates with the i2O system server on a scheduled basisusing a secure protocol over the GSM network.

During each communication, the latest logged pressure, flow and temperaturedata is uploaded to the server and optimized control parameters are downloadedto the controller

A sensor at the critical point also sends the latest P3 data to the i2O system serverover the GSM network on a scheduled basis

I2O Architecture


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Remote sensor

They are installed on the network

to monitor critical points Continuously record the pressure data

and store it in the memory before

transmitting it to I2O server by using the built-in GPRS

modem Both the controller and remote sensors can send alarms

by SMS, GPRS, email or embedded in log files, depending

upon the severity of the alarm

The sensors are battery powered with a predicted life of

five years under normal use. Claim to have industry-leading precision of 0.01% and

are extremely robust and waterproof (IP68 down to 4 m).


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I2O Controller

Continuously adjust the Average

Zone Pressure (AZP)

Record the data required to update

the control algorithm

The stored data is in the controller's memory is transmittedon a user-defined scheduled basis, typically daily, to the

i2O server, using the built-in GPRS modem.

if the GSM network is not available, the data can be

downloaded manually to a PC or other handheld device using

the controller's built-in Bluetooth interface


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TheSolution

The system comprises a controller, which is an electronic

device, which interfaces with the pressure reducing valvewhich controls the pressures in the districts. Theres also a

remote sensor or remote sensors which again are electronic

devices, monitoring pressures. These devices communicate

over the internet to a centralised server.

The server processes their data, learns the relationships

between pressures and flows, and sends instructions back

down to the controller. The controller uses these instructions

to continuously adjust the pressure reducing valve, to vary the

pressure constantly during the day, to maintain the minimum

possible optimum pressures in the network.


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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy

because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in theroads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these

devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for

minimum power consumption.

They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cellbattery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or

Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and

then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring

the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the

PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power

consumption to make the changes.


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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us

was energy because these devices are fitted in chambers in theground, in the roads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and

weve got to run these devices for, typically, five years. So , the

devices have a key requirement for minimum power consumption.

They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of aD-cell battery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures

through (RPST) or Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology.

The devices are recording the data and then connecting to the

internet through the GPRS connection and transferring the

data only when they need to. The control device also has to

control the PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires

minimum power consumption to make the changes.


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TheSolutionThe devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy

because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in theroads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these

devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for

minimum power consumption.

They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cellbattery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or

Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and

then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring

the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the

PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power

consumption to make the changes.


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TheSolution


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Questions, Please.

Thank you


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Determination of Non Revenue Water through

District Meter Area, Inawati Binti Othman,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, April 2012

www.i2owater.com

References

Documents

Wsn v5 Final