Spring 2012

Written By: J. E. Sutton

Contents: I. Neuron Classification: II. Human Reflex Physiology: III. Vision: IV. Hearing & Equilibrium: V. Olfaction & Gustation: VI. Anatomy of the Heart: VII. Blood Vessels:

Neuron Classification: I. General Nervous System Overview: a. Answer the following questions: 1. What are the two main subdivisions of the central nervous system, and what are the components of each: 2. List the three functions of the nervous system: II. Neurons: a. Complete the following: 1. Illustrate a typical bipolar neuron, where in the body are these found: 2. Illustrate a typical motor neuron: 3. If a neuron is functionally multipolar what would it be structurally?

Human Reflex Physiology: I. Reflexes: In small groups (no larger than three) you will work together to perform a series of reflex tests. Each group will need only one reflex hammer. Each group member will have his/her reflexes tested and will need to sit on the table tops with their legs dangling freely. Your instructor will perform each test for you before you start: a. Patellar Reflex- Strike the patella ligament with the back of the reflex hammer. b. Achilles Reflex- Hold the subjects ankle slightly in hand and tap the Achilles tendon above the ankle with the back of the reflex hammer. c. Plantar Reflex- Using the metal tip of the reflex hammer stroke the lateral side of the sole. Start at the heel and continue upward toward the big toe and then across the ball of the foot. 1. Define a reflex:

2. Label the following components of a typical reflex arc:

Vision: I. Anatomy of the Eye: a. Identify the following:

1.

2.

3. [No Photoreceptors]

4. [Jagged Line]

5. [Space]

b. Identify the tunic to which each of these structures belongs: 6. Cornea: _______________ 7. Ora Serrata: _______________ 8. Iris: _______________ 9. Rods & Cones: _______________ 10. Scleral Venous Sinus: _______________ c. Answer the following questions: 11. Differentiate rods and cones from one another: 12. Differentiate the anterior and posterior segments from one another: 13. What is the fovea centralis: 14. Identify the roles of the following: - Cornea: - Iris: - Choroid: - Lens:

Hearing & Equilibrium: I. Hearing: 1. Identify the roles of each: - Outer Ear: - Middle Ear: - Inner Ear: 2. Sequence the pathway of sound through the ear resulting in neural stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve to brain about what you “hear”: Identify the following:

3.

4.

5.

6. [Region]

7.

II. Equilibrium: a. Answer the following questions:

A. B. C. 1. Identify receptor “A”: 2. Identify receptor “C”: 3. In what region of the inner would you find “B” inside: 4. What does “B” detect:

Olfaction & Gustation: With a partner you will test the relationship between smell and taste in a blind taste experiment. Both smell and taste operate in similar ways as they are chemoreceptors which means they detect chemicals in the surrounding environment to determine a particular condition/state (here to determine a smell or taste). One partner will be the person sampling the foods/candy, while the other serves the partner the item. Beforehand you should wash your hands if serving the food, if tasting rinse out your mouth before starting the experiment. The taster will close both nose and eyes until instructed otherwise. The other partner will drop a food/candy item into the mouth of the taster. The taster is not to open eyes and nose until the instructor has said to do such. The goal is for the taster to manipulate the item with their tongue to try to figure out what the item is. Once instructed to open your nose and eyes the taster should then be able evaluate if the choice they had originally made about the item was correct or not. 1. Which is stronger: taste or smell, explain how you know this from performing the above experiment:

I. Olfaction: a. Answer the following questions: 1. Olfaction is the ability to do what task: 2. Structurally what kind of neurons are olfactory receptor cells: b. Identify the following:

II. Gustation: a. Answer the following questions: 1. Gustation is the ability to do what task: 2. Umami is responsible for the detection of what:

1.

2. 3.

3. Identify the location of each taste on the tongue as done by the traditional taste zone map: - Example: sour: lateral - Sweet: - Bitter: b. Identify the following:

Anatomy of the Heart: I. External Anatomy: a. Answer the following questions: 1. The outer most membrane wrapping the heart: 2. Large fleshy projections that sit atop atrium of the heart:

4.

5. [Taste Zone Found Here]

b. Identify the following:

II. Internal Anatomy: a. Answer the following questions: 1. Valves that prevent backflow of blood into atria: 2. Circulation involving the lungs and right side of the heart: 3. Number of chambers found in the human heart: 4. This structure divides the heart into right and left segments:

3.

4.

5.

6. [Vein]

b. Identify the following:

III. Blood Flow through the Heart: a. Complete the following: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava>>1. __________________>>Tricuspid Valve>>Right Ventricle>> 2. __________________>>Pulmonary Valve>>Pulmonary Trunk/Arteries>>3. __________________>> Pulmonary Veins>>Left Atrium>>4. __________________>>Left Ventricle>>Aortic Valve>> 5. __________________>>Systemic Circulation in Body Tissues.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Blood Vessels: I. Types of Blood Vessels: a. Identify the following:

b. Answer the following questions: 4. What three features contribute to the “thickness” of an artery: 5. Which vessel takes blood into the heart:

1.

2.

A. B. C.

3. Which vessel (A-C) is a vein?

III. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels: a. Identify the following arteries:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

b. Identify the following veins:

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.