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8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Lesson 9
Writing the body of the essay - paragraphs
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Writing Process
Descriptive
Essay Narrative Essay
ExemplificationEssay Personal Essay
Common
WritingMistakes
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Writers Prompt
Write a description of your very favoriteseason. What makes it so special to you? What
are the smells, sounds, sights and feelings
associated with this season? Show us.
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Assignment
Read the very short story handout, Listing.
Answer the questions on the handout about the story.
Descriptive Essay
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Assignment Review:
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Great Writing The Kitchen on page 45.
Meaning and Idea
#3
Language, Form, Structure
#2
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Alfred Kazin
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Alfred Kazin belonged to another
America, to a wonderful generation
of writers and critics, known now
as the New York intellectuals.
Their influence extended from the1930's to the late 1960's.
Literary and social critic social
history of New York as he was
growing up most famous forNew
York Jew
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What did you think?
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Meaning and Idea
#3
Language, Form, Structure
#2
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Writing the Body of the Essay
The Paragraph
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Why a paragraph?
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
A paragraph is a group of related sentences
set off by a beginning indention or, sometimes,
by extra spaces. For you and your readers,paragraphs provide breathers from long
stretches of text and indicate key changes in the
development of your thesis. They help to
organize and clarify ideas.
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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The Attributes of a Well
Made Paragraph
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Attributes
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
1. Unity explores a single idea
2. Development enough evidence to support this
idea3. Coherence all details support that single idea
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Unity
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Readers generally expect a paragraph to
explore a single idea.
The topic sentence, like the thesis, alerts
readers as to what the main idea is. Subsequent sentences within the paragraph are
only there for one reason to support the main
idea of the topic sentence.
When a paragraph does this, it is said to haveunity.
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Development
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Is the paragraph developed?
Is the general idea of the paragraph well
supported with specific evidence such asdetails, facts, examples, and reasons?
Is there enough information in the paragraph,
enough meat to support the central idea
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Coherence
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
A paragraph is unified if it holds together if allof its details and examples support the central
idea.
A
paragraph is coherent if readers can see howthe paragraph holds together how the
sentences relate to each other without having
to stop and reread.
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Ways to Achieve Paragraph Coherence
Organize effectively.
Repeat or restate key words and word
groups.
Use parallel structures.
Use pronouns.
Be consistent in nouns, pronouns, and
verbs. Use transitional expressions.
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Ways to Organize a Paragraph
Space and Time
P. 80 (LBH)
General to Specific/ Specific to General P. 81 (LBH)
Problem/Solution
P. 82 (LBH)
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Repeating Key Words
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Binds the sentences together
Keeps the paragraphs topic uppermost in the
readers mind See example paragraph in Little, Brown
page 83 Chinese and English
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Using Parallel Structure
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
The use of similar grammatical structures for
similar elements of meaning within a sentence
or among sentences P. 84
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Using Pronouns
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Pronouns such as she, he, it, they, and who
refer to and function as nouns.
Pronouns naturally help sentences relate to oneanother
P. 84
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Using Transitional Expressions
Copyright 19952007 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers
Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook,Tenth Edition
Connect sentences whose relationships may
not be instantly clearto readers
P. 85
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A Checklist forRevising Paragraphs
Is the paragraph unified? Does it adhereto one general idea that is either stated in a
topic sentence or otherwise apparent?
Is the paragraph coherent? Do the
sentences follow a clear sequence? Are thesentences linked as needed by parallelism,
repetition or restatement, pronouns,
consistency, and transitional expressions?
Is the paragraph developed? Is the
general idea of the paragraph well
supported with specific evidence such as
details, facts, examples, and reasons?
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Strategies for Paragraph Openings
Create a visual image
Make a historical comparison or contrast.
Outline a problem or dilemma.
Define a word central to your subject.
Startle the reader
Use humor
Use satire I wouldnt say she was tall, buthave you seen the redwoods in California?
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The dog sat.
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The big dog sat down.
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The big, brown dog sat down with a thud.
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The big, brown, mangy lab sat down with a loud
thud, looking like a big old bear, and slobbered on
his ragged yellow tennis ball.
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The big, brown, mangy lab sat down with a loud
thud, looking like a big old bear, and slobbered on
his ragged yellow tennis ball.T
he dog was worncompletely out, having spent the last thirty minutes
playing nonstop fetch with his eleven year old owner
on the sloppy soccer field behind his home.
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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Writing a descriptive paragraph
The big, brown, mangy lab sat down with a loud
thud, looking like a big old bear, and slobbered on
his ragged yellow tennis ball.T
he dog was worncompletely out, having spent the last thirty minutes
playing nonstop fetch with his eleven year old owner
on the sloppy soccer field behind his home. The
exhausted lab was ready to call it quits, but hisyoung, energetic owner had other ideas.
8/9/2019 Writing the Body of the Essay - Paragraphs - Use This
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EXERCISE - Handout
Eliminating inconsistencies
in paragraphs
Identify the inconsistencies and revise the
paragraph on your handout
Give it coherence.
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The Hopi tihu, or kachina likeness, is often called a doll, but
its owner, usually a girl or woman, does not regard it as a plaything.
Instead, she treats it as a valued possession and hangs it out of the
way on a wall. For its owner the tihu represents a connection with
the kachinas spirit. It is considered part of the kachina, carrying a
portion of the kachinas power.
Answer