WRITING DEVELOPMENT

“Children Language Acquisition”

LecturerTh. Laksmi Widyarini, S.Pd, MHum

Presented by :Susan Maria(11002117)Metik Linda Nata(11002128)Gelar Putri M(11002136)Nindy Puspita M(11002141)

Writing is a medium of communication that represents language through the inscription of signs and symbols.

In most languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language.

Writing is not a language but a form of technology. Within a language system, writing relies on many of the same structures as speech, such as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added dependency of a system of signs or symbols, usually in the form of a formal alphabet.

DEFINITION

• One conceptual approach to studying writing focuses mostly on the individual writer and concentrates on understanding the cognitive and the motivational processes involved in composing (Graham, 2006).

WRITING THEORIES AND MODELS

• This cognitive or cognitive/motivational approach is exemplified in an influential model of writing developed by Hayes (1996).

Stages of Writing

Level 1:  Emerging/Scribble

This is the beginning level at which your child scribbles.  You may not be able to tell what the picture is about, but it's important to praise your child's beginning drawing.

Level 2:  Pictorial

At this level, your child begins to draw a somewhat recognizable picture and may tell about it.  He or she may also imitate writing.

Stages of Writing

The flower is growing

Level 3:  Precommunicative

Your child may now be printing his or her own name or an occasional known word and may be writing strings of letter like forms or a series of random letters.  Sometimes he or she may attempt to read the message back, but you probably can't read it.

Stages of Writing

There are webs in Spidertown.

Level 4:  Semiphonetic

At this level, your child begins to use some letters to match sounds, often using one beginning letter to write a word.  He or she usually writes from left to right but may reverse some letters.

Stages of Writing

I have a goldfish called Arielle.

Level 5:  Phonetic

Now your child writes most words using beginning and ending consonant sounds and spells some frequently used words correctly.  He or she may begin to add vowel sounds, but they are often not the correct ones.  At this level, your child may begin to leave spaces between words.  It's getting easier to read your child's writing.

Stages of Writing

I found a lamp and a genie came out.

Level 6:  Transitional

At this level, your child is writing words the way they sound, representing most syllables in words.  He or she may sometimes be adding an extra silent e at the end of a word or doubling letters when they're not needed while trying visually to remember how spelling works.  Now your child usually leaves spaces between words and is spelling many words correctly as he or she writes more than one sentence.

Stages of Writing

Once upon a time, there was (were) four butterflies.  They went on an adventure in

the woods.

Level 7:  Conventional

At this level, your child spells most words correctly, although he or she may use phonics-based spelling for advanced words.  Remember, we can only expect children to correctly spell words they have already learned!  Now your child is usually using capital and lowercase letters and periods and question marks correctly. 

Stages of Writing

Dear Blue Ranger,Why do you fight?  I see you on TV.  You are the best.  Why do you go to

the command center?  Why are you on Fox Kids?  I like your show.  Are you

my friend? Love, Alex

Level 8:  Traditional

Advanced writers use a rich, varied body of written vocabulary.  They may still use phonics-based spelling for advanced words, but have mastered the spelling of commonly used words.  At this level, your child uses quotation marks, commas, and apostrophes correctly and usually organizes writing into appropriate paragraphs. 

Stages of Writing

Water play Puzzles

Self-help skills

Finger plays

Suggested Activities

• Stationery• Note pads• Order forms• Receipts• Calendars• Chalk boards• Dry erase boards• Theme-shaped paper• Post-it notes• Unlined paper

• Variety of paper• Clipboard with paper• Ready-made books• Paper plates• Old forms• Junk mail• Etch-a-sketch• Magnadoodle• Textured paper• Lined paper

Things to Write On:

• Chubby markers• Thin markers• Pencils• Colored pencils• Crayons• Ball point pens

• Chalk• Sidewalk chalk• Dry erase markers• Alphabet stamps• Paint• Gel pens

Things to Write With:

Activities include :

• Message boards• Letters, cards• Lists• Write the room• Response to literature• Dictation

Kinds of Writing

REFERENCE

• Ranweiler, Linda 2005. Preschool Readers and Writers: Early Literacy Strategies for Teachers. Ypsilanti, Michigan: High/Scope Press.

• Schickendanz, Judith and Casbergue, Renee 2004. Writing in Preschool: Learning to Orchestrate Meanings and Marks. Newark, Delaware: IRA.

• Center for Improving the Readiness of Children for Learning and Education 2002. National Head Start S.T.E.P. Trainer’s Manual. Houston, TX: National Head Start/CIRCLE.

• http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/21885/• http://www.readingrockets.org/article/22026