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WritingaDissertation/Thesis
[email protected],professeureHecULiege
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Plan
1. Goals/researchquestion/research-projetthesis2. Planofthethesis3. Litteraturereview4. Variablesandhypothesis5. Methodology
1. Sample2. Quantitativesurvey3. Qualitativesurvey
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1.Aimsofthethesis
• Carryingoutappliedorscientificresearchonasubjectrelatedtothemanagementofcompaniesandorganizations
• Researchprocess:– answeroneormorequestions– seektheanswerbasedonscientificliteratureandempiricaldata
• Managerialmotivation:givemanagerstoolsintermsofanalysisandaction.
• Criticalthinkingfromtheprescribedmodel,thedata
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1.Researchobjectives/typeofresearch/questions
Goals Typeofresearch Questions• Describe •Descriptiveresearch •What?• Understand •Comprehensiveresearch •How?• Explain •Explicativeresearch •Why?• Evaluate •Evaluativeresearch •Impacts?• Change •Actionresearch •Whattodo?
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1.Exemple• Subject:WorkingconditionsincompaniesinLuxembourg• Questions?
– Whichsectoristhemostinterestingtostudy?Why?– Whatdoweknowaboutworkingconditionsinthiscountry/sector?
(descriptive)– Howworkersmanageworklifeblance?– Whichfactorsinfluencehisworkingconditions(individual,
organizational,societal)?(explanatory)– Whataretheimpactsofworkingconditionsonstaffsatisfaction?
(evaluation)– Whatarethepracticestoimproveworkingconditions?– Whataboutimprovementproposals?
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1.Researchquestions
• Inadditiontothesubject,youmustanswerquestionsrelatedtoyoursubjectinyourthesis...questionsthatwillbecomeclearerasyoureviewyourliterature.
• Thequalitiesofrelevance:– innovative– scientific– precise– concisely– realistic
• Beyonddescription:– understand,explain,evaluate.
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1.Projectthesis(mémoire-projet)
• Seehttp://mythin.hec.ulg.ac.be/info.php• Startingpoint=missiondefinedbythecompany• Researchquestions:consensusbetweenstudent-school-company.• The"theory"isoftendilutedthroughoutthethesisandcomesto"feed"
eachstageofworkbyprovidingarigorousanalysistoavoidintuitionandstepslike"Ifeelthatthisiswhat’wehavetodo'withouttryingtoverifyit.
• Theaspects:scientificrigor,analyses,goingbeyond"simple"answersareessential.
• "WritingStandardsfortheProjectThesisMemoryReport"onLol@
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1.Evaluativeresearch–projectthesis
• start-upassessment:needsanalysis-feasibilitystudy
• evaluationduringimplementation:processanalysis
• evaluationafterintervention:impacts,expectedandunexpectedeffects
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1.ThesisProjectStudyofneedsandfeasibility
• What?– Needsstudy/Costanalysis– Assessmentofthenecessarymeans:financialbutalsohumanand
technological– Analysisofcontextualfactorsthatcanfacilitateorprevent
implementation(PHESTEL)– Identificationofstakeholders– Studyoftherealismoftheobjectives– Planninganalysis
• How?– Literaturereview:successesandfailures– Othercompaniesorplayerswithsimilarexperiences(benchmarking)– Interviews/questionnaire/etc.
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1.ThesisProjectEvaluationoftheprocess
• Process-centricanalysis– how?– Withwhom?– Withwhatresources?– Projectmanagementmethodology
• Withorwithouttheobjectiveofinteractingwiththisprocess(actionresearch),modifyingitaccordingtotheresultsoftheevaluation.
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1.ThesisProject:Evaluationposteriori
• Havetheobjectivesbeenreached(targetachievementscale)?• Whataretheresults(Effectiveness)/impactanalysis?
– Expected– Notexpected
• Arethemeansmobilizedeffective(efficiency):human,financial,technicalresources.
• Isthesupportsuccessful(changemanagement)?
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2.Planofthesis• Introduction(researchobjectivesandquestions,explanationoftheinterestof
themanagerialandscientificsubject,planandmethodology,mainresults)• Thetheoreticalpart=constructionoftheproblem(1/2ofthedissertation):
– Whatdoweknowaboutthesubject(literaturereview):– Managerial/scientific– Definitionsofconcepts– Whatmoredoyouproposetobring?– Refinedresearchquestionswithliteraturereviewandhypotheses– Analysisgrid,modelsandtheoriestobeused
• Theempiricalpart(1/2ofthethesis)– Presentationofthemethodology(sample,datacollectionandanalysis
method)– Presentationoftheresults
• Discussion=datacomparedwithlitteraturereview• Conclusionsandactionplan
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3. Constructtheproblematic
• Explainwhatyouaretryingtoexplainandwhatmanagerialandscientificchallenges
• Comparisonofdifferenttheoriesandresearchresults• Identifydifferentpointsofview,differentcurrents
– Ex:researchonAfrica:universalist/culturalism• Identifytheconcepts:
– Ex:organizationalculture(Hosfestde,Schein)• Identifythedifferentpresuppositions
– Ex:HRMwhoreliesonthefactthatthemanwantstowork/versusthemanislazyanditisthecontrolthatwillmakehimwork
• Choiceofitstheoreticalmodel– Ex:Pichault'stheoryofchange(2016)/SWOT(Porter)/organizational
configuration(Mintzberg)/HRMmodelintheDRC(Sem,Mbayo,Cornet,2016)
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3. Epistemology
• Aimstoclarifytheconceptofknowledgeonwhichtheresearchworkwillbebasedandtheexpectedvalueoftheknowledgethatwillbedeveloped.
• 3mainoptions:– Positivism:explainingrealityfromfacts,lawsofcauseandeffect,
measurableandobjectifiable.– Interpretativism/contextualism:analyzethegameofactors/power
anddominationrelationship– Constructivism:understandingthemeaningthatactorsgivetotheir
actions-processofconstructionanddeconstructionofreality
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3. LiteratureReview
• Drawupastateofknowledgeonthesubjectusingthemostrecentreferences
• Identifytheauthors,theoriesandkeyconcepts• How?
– Identificationandreading:• Managerialbookandreading(whatwemustdo!)• Scientificarticlesandbooks(whatpeoplearedoing!)
• Synthesis(seeWatsonarticle):notapatchworkbutcompare,synthesize• Definitionoftheconceptsthatwillbeusedinthethesis• Bewareoftotalorpartialplagia!-referencesofanydocumentused
(authorname,date)andpagenumberifusingasentenceorapieceofasentence
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3. Scientific/managerialliterature
• Forthescientificpart(fromdatabaselikeEbsco/Cairn–cfLibrarywebsite):– Books(veryfew)– MostlyscientificarticlesinFrenchandEnglish– Workingpaper,researchreports(grayliterature),conference
proceedings– Yourcoursesandreferencesgiveninthesecourses.
• Managerialliterature="whattodo"-becautious– Itmaybeastartingpointbutformulatedintheformofthe
conditional-"accordingtoX.,theentrepreneurshould..."– Butitmustquicklybeputintoperspectiveinlightofthescientific
studiesthathavebeendoneonthesamesubject"X.whostudiedthebehaviorofentrepreneurs,showthat..."
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3. Ascientificarticle
• Ascientificarticleisanarticlewrittenby(a)scientist(s)(professors,researchers,...)inascientificjournal.Alistofscientificjournalsinmanagementisavailableonthewebsiteofhecandonthelibrarywebsite.
• Ascientificarticlegenerallyreportsonresearchwork:
– aliteraturereview:ananalysisascomprehensiveaspossibleofknowledgeonasubjectthroughacomprehensiveanalysisofpublishedworkonthesubject.
– anempiricalarticle:theauthorsreporttheresultsoftheirresearchinthefieldi.e.theirmethodofwork,theresultsoftheirresearch(s),anddiscusstheresults.
• Alwayswithabibliography!
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3. Howtomakealiteraturereview
• Identifythemainconcept,collectdifferentdefinitonswithgoodreferences• Choosethemostrecentarticles• Lookattheoriesandauthorswhoareoftencited• Lookatandreadit–gotothesources• Identifythedifferenttheoriesandthenatureofthearguments• Compareandcontrastthem• Synthesis(cfarticleWatson):notapatchworkbutcompare,synthesize–
createtables– Vertical:authorbyauthor,whateachauthorsaysonasubject(notvery
interesting)– Horizontal:whateachauthorsaysaboutadimensionofthethemeand/or
concept– Compareittootherstoseesimilarities,oppositionsanddifferent
opinions.– Evaluatestrengthsandweakness
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3. Literaturereview
• Drawupastateofknowledgeonthesubjectusingthemostrecentreferences– Ifconnectingoutsidetheuniversity–usehttps://vpn.gw.ulg.ac.be/– UsethedatabasesofULiege(Graulich Library Website):Cairn
(Français)/Ebsco–businesspremier(English)– Madeatestbeforetheexamwithyouresarchsubject– ListofdatabaseHec–seelolawebsite(moreaboutdatathanreview)
• Identifymainauthors,theoriesandkeyconcepts(definition)• Voir http://mythin.hec.ulg.ac.be/docs/InformationLiteracyFR.pdf
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3. Bibligraphydatabase
• Lookforthemanualofdatabases(onwebsiteoflibraryorgoogle)• /toviewthemfromhome-downloadVPNsoftwarefromtheSEGI
website.• Payingaccessifyoudon’tuseyourIPuniversity• Contentofbibliographicdatabases
– completereferences– abstract(abstract)– keywords(keyword)– sometimesthefulltext(notalways)– Youcansaveonyourcomputerthefulltextandsummary
• LookatthereferentielofgoodreviewinmanagementofHec–athteendofthereportp.70
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3. Usesearchfieldsaskeywordsortopic
• SubjectTerms:– Femaleemployees– Careeradvancement– Parity– Humanresourcemanagement– Manycompanies– Corporateculture– Humanresourcemanagement– Sexdiscrimination– Executives– Employeepromotions– Compensation– Women
• Codes:– 9190:US– 6100:Humanresourceplanning
• GeographicNames:– USAbstract
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3. Concepts,conceptualframeworkandtheory
• Identifykeyconcepts–source+page«»andtheindicators– Ex: culture / performance / satisfaction / stress / audit interne
• Identifyoneortwotheoriesyouwillusetoanalysethedata.• Atheoryisamodelproposedinlitteraturetoexplainrelationsbetween
variables– Theoryoforganisationalconfigurations(Mintzberg)– Theoryofdemand,moneyandinterestrate(ineconomics)– Theoryoftransactioncosts– Maslowmotivationtheory
• Important:mathematicalanalysismodelsusedinarticlestoanalysedataarenottheories!Thesearedataanalysistools.
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3. Synthesisofliterature
• Identifythekeyconcepts,thedifferentdefinitionsproposed,theircommonpointsandspecificitiesandchoosethegooddefinitionoftheconcept(ex: performance, KPY, audit , e-commerce, etc.)
• Maketables:authorname,articletitle,references– eachline=anarticlenameauthor,date– Eachcolumn:thecontributionofthearticle
• Theoriesused-Referenceauthors• Methodology(sample-size-country,collectiontools,analysistool)
• Assumptions,variables,indicators• KeyFindings
– Forexample:seearticleWatsononlolawebsiteWebster, J, Watson R., Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. (2002). MIS Quarterly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii.
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3. Bibliography(voirsitebiblio)
• Books-Tartempion,J.(2012).Lesfondementsdelapsychologiescientifique(A.Durand&B.Dupont,Trans.).Liège,Belgique:PressesdePsychologieUniversitaire.(Originalworkpublished2010)
• Chapterofbook:Posner,M.,&Snyder,C.R.R.(1975).Facilitationandinhibitionintheprocessingofsignals.InP.M.A.Rabbit&S.Dornic(Eds.),Attentionandperformance:Vol.5.Biologicalaspects(pp.669-682).NewYork,NY:AcademicPress.
• Articles:Brackenbury,T.,Burroughs,E.,&Hewitt,L.E.(2008).Aqualitativeexaminationofcurrentguidelinesforevidence-basedpracticeinchildlanguageintervention.Language,Speech,andHearingServicesinSchools,39,78-88.doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2008/008)
• Proceedings:Thumin,F.J.,Craddick,R.A.,&Barclay,A.G.(1973).Meaningandcompatibilityofaproposedcorporatenameandsymbol.Proceedingsofthe81stAnnualConventionoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,8,835-836.
• Website:BentonFoundation.(1988,July7).Barrierstoclosingthegap:InLosinggroundbitbybit:Low-incomecommunitiesintheinformationage(chap2).Retrievedfromhttp://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.htmlConsulteddate(23/12/2919)
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3. Bibliographie(attentionplagiat)
• Inideasoftheauthors(auteurs,date)• Iftextoftheauthors(auteurs,date,page)• Attheendofyourthesisbibliographyinalphabeticalorder,youcan
do:– Books– Articles– Proceedings– Website
• Softwaretomanagethebiblio– voirlogicielgratuitZoteroouMendeley
• Manuelhttp://www.bsv.ulg.ac.be/formulaires/bibliographie/Mendeley.v1.3.pdf
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4.Variables-hypothèses
• Definethekeyconceptsusedandhowtheywillbeoperationalizedandmeasured:– E.g.corporateculture/performance/success/satisfaction/stress
• Definethevariables:– Dependent(VD)=whatwewanttoexplain– Independent(VI)=whatissupposedtoinfluencethedependent
variable.• Hypotheses:supposedlinkbetweentwoormorevariablesthatwillbe
tested– E.g.bankruptcy(DV)ishigherforwomenthanformen(VI=sex)inthe
restaurantsector– E.g.theexistenceofregulationsonwasterecycling(VI)willincrease
therecyclingrateofhouseholdappliancecompanies(VD)
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Variablesandindicators
• Dependentvariable=variabletoexplain• Independentvariables=explanatoryvariables
• Eachvariableismeasuredwithindicatorsthatdefinethecategoriesofvariables(e.g.genderH/Fcategory)
• Youmustexplainwhatareyourindicators=elementsusedtomeasurethevariable
• Inahypothesisweanticipatearelationofcauseandeffect(increases,decreases,etc.)Ex:sexinfluencethegradeofthestudent
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VI-1
VI-2 VD
VI-3
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Hypothesis
• Thehypothesisconsistsinpredictingtheeffectofthefactor(s)(independentvariables)(VI)onthestudiedvariable(DV)bytheresearcher.
• Itisapredictionofconnectingtwovariables.• Itwillalwaysbeexpressedintheform"suchvariablehassuch
effectonsuchvariable».• Thispredictioncanbebornfromobservation,frompreviously
collecteddata,orfromatheorythatitwillattempttovalidate.
• Hypothesesthataretoovagueortoogeneralwillobviouslynotbeabletogenerateoperationalassumptions.
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4.Indicators
• Thesocialoriginofentrepreneurs(VI)
– Category1-workingclass– Category2-middleclass– Category3-upperclass
• Indicators:father'sprofession
• Influencetheperformanceofthefirm(VD)• C1–lowperformance• C2–middleperformance• C3–highperformance
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Empiricalpart
• AnybrieforTFEmustbebasedonempiricaldata(=whatisreallyhappeninginthefield).
• Observationsmustreflectthediversityofreality(generalizationofthesampleandprincipleofdiversificationofthesample)
• Youmustexplain:– Theempiricaldata(thefacts!)Thatwewillneedtodealwiththe
problem(populationandsample)– Howyouwillbringthemtogether(datacollectiontechniques)– Whichanalysisandinterpretationtechniqueswillbethemost
relevant?– Thelimitsofyourstudy/samplesizeetc.
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Deductive/Inductive
• Thededuction,startingfromatheoryestablishedapriori,formulateshypothesesonwhatonethinkstofindonthegroundandonechecksthattheeventsconfirmorinvalidateouranticipations.Deductionispossibleonlywhenthetheoreticalcorpusisalreadyfairlywellstructuredinafieldofresearch.
• Inductionstartsfromtheempiricalobservationoffactsoreventsinordertoidentifytheregularitiesthatwillservetoestablishstatementsthatcanbetransformedintolaws.Oftentheinductiveapproachisusedtodocumentanddescribephenomenaandrelationshipsbetweencertainvariableswhenwedonothaveatheorythatcanguideus.
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Method
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Qualitative Quantitative
Looking Observationoflimitedsituation(exemplarity)
Observationofagreatnumberofsituations(statisticalrepresentativity)
Asking Interview/focusgroup survey
Contentanalysis Siteweb/press/PVmeeting Documents-statisticaldataandreport/database
Participate Observation-participante/recherche-action/mémoireprojet
Actionresearch/evaluativeresearch
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Quantitativeorqualitative
• Thequantitativeapproachusesquestionnaires,databaseanalysisanddocumentanalysisandrequiressufficientobservationstobeabletoperformstatisticalprocessingtoestablishthevalidityandreliabilityoftheresults.
• Thequalitativeapproachusesdatacollectiontechniquesthatincludeinterview,casestudy,participantornon-participantobservation,lifehistory(biographicalmethod),textanalysis.
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Factors influencing the choice for information gathering tools
• Previous research done in the field • Objectives of the research (understand, describe...)
• Choice of variables
• Opinions or authorizations of persons concerned by the proposed investigation
• Time, budget and staffing constraints
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Formel rules
• Give number to all table, figure, graph • If you put % give also the N (= population) • Put always title of lign/ colom/ absiss of graph • Give a title for all tables, figure, graph • Give always a comment after tables, figure, graph
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Advise
• Triangulationofmethods:combiningquestionnairesurveyswithinterviewsorinterviewsandobservations
• Diversificationofinformationcollected:– Notjustjudgmentsandopinions:"whatdoyouthinkof?(Favorable,unfavorable/agree,disagree)"
– Butalsoandaboveallfactsandbehaviors(actions).• Donotforgetthatdatacollectionalwaystakesalotoftime
includingnegotiatingaccesstodata-includeitintheplanning!
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Validityofresearch
• Internalvalidity=relevanceofindicatorsandmeasuresinrelationtothestudiedconcept– Ex:qualityandrelevanceoftheindicatorschosentoevaluatethe
performanceofacompany,toassessunderemployment,toassessentrepreneurship,jobsatisfaction
• Externalvalidity:specifytowhichpopulationandunderwhatconditionstheresultscanbegeneralized.– statisticalgeneralization(quantitativeresearch)– analyticalgeneralization(qualitativeresearch)
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• Reliability/reproducibility– Ensurethattherepetitionoftheresearchprocedureswouldproducethe
sameresultsandconclusions(recordinterviewsandtranscribeinfull,keeptrackofallstagesofthestatisticalanalysis,workwithothersontheanalysisoftheresults,etc.)
– Minimizeerrorsandbiasesthatmayarisethroughoutthecollection,analysis,interpretation
– Giveallthenecessaryinformationtoseeiftherearecomparableresults• Objectivity/controlledsubjectivity
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Validityofresearch
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BDDdataHec
• CapitalIQistheresearchdivisionofStandardandPoor’s.Itprovidesdetailedresearchandanalysisofthestockmarkettoavarietyofinvestingstakeholders.Itcombinesdeepandbroadglobalfinancialintelligencewithanarrayoftoolsforanalysis,ideation,andefficiency.
Accessonlypossibleonsomecomputers@room233(tradingroom).Link:http://www.capitaliq.comContact:[email protected]• ThomsonReutersEikoncombinesinformation,analyticsandnewsonallmajorfinancial
markets,includingeconomictimeseriesandmacroforecasts,pricingdata,globalfinancialnewsandcommentary,companydataandanalysis,financialestimates,M&Atransactionsandvaluationratios.AccessincludeThomsonReuters’DataStream(world’smostcomprehensivefinancialtimeseriesdatabase),ESG(qualityenvironmental,social,andgovernancedataoncompaniesworldwideforscoringandranking),I/B/E/S(globalviewofanalystforecastsoncompanyperformance)andLipper(fundperformancedata).
Accesspossibleviawebsite(seebelow).Desktopaccess@room233(tradingroom).UserID:[email protected]:ek.s2_2019Link:http://eikon.thomsonreuters.comContact:[email protected]
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BDDdataHec
• Preqinprovidesaccesstotheindustry’smostcomprehensiveprivatecapitalandhedgefunddatasetsandtools.Alternativeassetprofessionalsrelyonittomakedata-drivendecisionsthroughouttheentireinvestmentlifecycle.HECaccessisrestrictedtotheprivateequitydataset,widelyusedacrossliteratureonprivateequity.
Accesspossibleviawebsite(https://www.preqin.com/signin/homepage).UserID:[email protected]:pq.s2_2019Link:http://www.preqin.comContact:[email protected]• Eurekahedgeistheworld'slargestglobalhedgefunddatabase,coveringapproximately
25,000livehedgefunds(includingapproximately12,500NorthAmericanfundsand12,250Europeanfunds,aswellasAsian,LatinAmericanandemergingmarketfunds)withmorethan130datapointsperfund.
• Accessonlypossibleonmaincomputer@room233(tradingroom).• Link:http://www.eurekahedge.comContact:[email protected]
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BDDdataHec
• BoardExcontainsmorethan1.8millionprofilesofpublic,privateandnon-for-profitorganizationsandmorethan1.2millionpeople.Datadetailsincludecurrentandhistoricroles(withstartandenddates)forboardpositions,employmentandeducation.HECaccessisrestrictedtotheUS.
Accessnotpossibleviawebsite.Pleasesendarequesttothecontactperson(seebelow).Link:http://www.boardex.comContact:[email protected]
• OptionMetricsistheindustry'sleaderinhistoricaloptionpricedata.Commonapplicationsofthedataincluderesearchingcorrelationsinvolatilityacrossunderlyingstocks,computingstatisticalpropertiesofthevolatilitysurface,calculatingskewandtermstructures,anddispersionandvarianceswapstrading,forexample.HECaccessisrestrictedtotheUS.
Accessnotpossibleviawebsite.Pleasesendarequesttothecontactperson(seebelow).
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BDDdataHec
• Morningstarisaleadinginvestmentresearchfirmthatcompilesandanalyzesfund,stock,andgeneralmarketdata.Theircomprehensive,one-pagemutualandexchange-tradedfund(ETF)reportsarewidelyusedbyinvestorstodeterminetheinvestmentqualityofthemorethan2,000funds.
• Accessonlypossibleonmaincomputer@room233(tradingroom).• Link:http://www.morningstar.comContact:[email protected]
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Sample=externalvaliditytopresentandjustifyinthethesis
• Itisaquestionofselectingsourcesofinformationwhiletakingcareofcollectingdata:– relevantandrepresentative– fortheentiresituationobserved.
• Whatwillbetheunitofanalysis:– People– Facts,behaviors...
• Howtochoose?Howmuch?– Quantitativesample/qualitativesample(notjustifiedinthesameway!)
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Where,When
• Setgeographicandspatialboundaries– E.g.computercompany(=sector)oflessthan50people(=size)ofLiège(=geographicalcoverage)
• Delimitthetimelimitsoftheperiodtobecovered
– E.g.analysisofthebenefitsoverthelast5years
• Thequalityof the research, the relevanceof the resultsandtheirsignificancedependlargelyonthequalityofthesample-importanttochoosetherightsampleandjustifyit.
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Exploratory phase
• Meet some people who know you subject; • Become familiar with the research subject (read press
articles);
• Become familiar with the survey environment (vocabulary, code, etc.);
• Build your sample (representativeness);
• Negotiate access and maintenance procedures;
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Quantitatifsample
Ifwedoaquantitativestudy,ideallyatleast100answers!• Hazardsample:
– simple=randomdrawfromalistofelementsofthepopulation.– stratified=wedividethepopulationbeforehandaccordingto
characteristicsidentifiedasimportant(e.g.sex,age,etc.)anddrawlotsfromthesecategories.
• Clusteredsample=agroupingofindividualsorunitsinto"clusters"(school,class,factories,etc.).Theclustersarerandomlyselectedandthenalltheindividualsintheclusterareinterviewed.
• Samplebyquota=samplewhereweidentifythecharacteristicsidentifiedasimportant(e.g.sex,age,etc.)andthenumberofpeoplewewanttomeetandwechoosepeopleweknowwhohavethesecharacteristics.
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Howmuch,ifquantitativesample?
• Standardizedcalculationmethod(notproportionaltothesizeofthepopulation)– Fisher,C.(2010).Researchingandwritingadissertation,anessentialguideforbusinessstudents.PearsonEducationLimited,pp.173_176
• Haveasizethatallowsforstatisticalanalysis(atleast100individuals)!
• Haveagoodrepresentationofindividualsbycategoriesofanalysis
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Qualitativesample
Samplewithalittleofpeoplemeet(around20).– Samplebyquota=samplewhereweidentifythecharacteristicsidentifiedasimportant(e.g.sex,age,etc.)andthenumberofpeoplewewanttomeet(ideallyatleast20)
– The"snowball"sample="referralfromonepersontoanother",suitablefor"secret"problems,specificsubpopulation
– Thesampleofvolunteers=announcementinthenewspapers,ontheradio,byamessageleftwithanintermediary,etc.
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Qualitative:diversification et saturation
• Findacompromisebetweenacertainhomogeneityanddiversity(specifictoeachtheme)– E.g.entrepreneursinaspecificsectorofactivitybutdiversified
accordingtoageorlevelofqualification• Eachadditionalunitisselectedtoaddinformation,toobtaincontrasting
information,tofillgapsortoclarifyinformationalreadycollected(principleofdiversification)
• Saturationphenomenon:"thecollectionofinformationbringsnomoreideasornewinformationcomparedwiththosewhichhavebeenfound"(cfBardin,1980).
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Generalisation
• Differentforquantitativeandqualitative:– Ifquantitative:Westartfromthesamplefiguresandweassumethat
itwillbethesameinthepopulation– Integratemarginoferror,seecalculationofthesample...– Ex:25%ofthestudentsinmysamplechosetheiruniversitystudies
basedontheopinionoftheirmother,Isupposethatitisbetween23and27%forthewholeuniversity
• Ifqualitative,wecannotextrapolateproportionsbutdimensionstoincludeintheunderstandingofaphenomenon(identificationofnewvariables,forexample):– Ex:listofskillsofaleader– Ex:listofskillsofentrepreneurs
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7.Survey
• Drawupafirstlistofthemestobeaddressed– Lookfromquestionnairescarriedoutonthesameorsimilarthemes
(literaturereview)-seeiftherearevalidatedquestionnairesintheliterature(e.g.WOCQstressmeasurement)
• checkthatthequestionnairecovers:– thedependentvariable(whatwewanttoexplain)
• (ex:practicesanddegreeofsatisfactionofinternetusebyentrepreneurs)
– independentvariables(whichisassumedtoinfluenceDV)• (e.g.age,gender,industry,reasonsforuse,priorknowledgeofcomputersandapplications,etc.)
• Getfacts(whathasbeendone),representations(whatdoyouthinkaboutthereliabilityofauditdata?),Scenarios(whatwouldyoudoif?),Opinionsandattitudes(favorable/unfavorable),values(good/bad),explications(why)
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7.Answersinsurvey
1. closedquestions:theanswersarepre-defined.– dichotomous– polytomous
2. openquestions:nopredefinedanswer3. semi-openquestions:
• anumberofpredefinedresponses• andanoption:“other”or“comments”
4. Opinionquestions– Stronglydisagreestronglyagree-4or5levels)– Notatallimportantatveryimportant-4or5levels)
5. limitresponsesifmultiplechoice(nomorethan4categories)6. Prioritize:thebest:onlyonechoice/ifmore,codingproblem7. avoidvagueexpressions:“often,rarely“8. specifythereferenceperiods(ex:thislastyear).
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Surveywithscenario/vignette
• Weproposecases/scenarioandweasktopropose-– ThenursinghomerecentlywelcomedtworesidentsoftheMuslimfaith.
TheyarebothpractitionersandwishtopracticeRamadanfasting.Thisimpliesthattheywillnotbeabletoeatuntilaftersunsetandthattheywillbeeatingallday.
• HowdoyouthinkManagementshouldreacttothisrequest?• Whatisyouropinionregardingthisrequest?• Howdoyouthinkyourcolleagueswillreact?• Doyouconsideritusefulthatthisscenariobeprovidedforintheresidents'regulationsorthatthesesituationsshouldbedealtwithonacase-by-casebasis?
• Shouldtheworkregulationsmentiontheobligationtorespectreligiouspractices?
• Hasthiseverhappened?Ifyeswhathappened?doyouthinkitwashandledsatisfactorily?
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7.Collectingqualitativedata
• Direct/semi-directive/freeinterview• Individual/Group:• Discussiongroup• Roundtable/Focusgroup• Creativitygroup• Nonimalgroup• Delphi• Observation• Documentanalysis
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7.Groupmethod
• Discussiongroup:discussoneormorebroadthemes/exploreasubjectforwhichtheresearcherhasnoframeofreference
• Roundtable/focus-group:exploretargetedsubjects,exploreperceptions,attitudesandbehaviors,identifythecollectiveandsocialprocessesatplay,bringoutnewknowledge
• Creativitygroup:proposingnewideas,improvements,solutionstoabrainstormingproblem
• Nominalgroup;proposeandclassifyideas,opinions,problems,solutions-bringoutaconsensus-formalprotocolroundtableandvote/personalopinion
• Delphiorthinkthankgroup:obtaintheopinionofexpertsonobjectives,solutions,strategies,forecast-collectiveprocess-searchforconsensusthroughsuccessivesummariessubmittedtothegroup
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8.Statisticalanalysis
• Codingofquestionnaires/numberingeachquestionnaire• Usedataprocessingsoftware• Performcompleteandrelevantstatisticalanalyzes:
– Xhi2– Regressionanalysis– Factoranalysis
• Numbergraphandtable,– putatitletothegraphandtothetable,– checkthedata(%,totals),– commentonwhatthegraphandtableshow
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Qualitativeanalysis-contentanalysis
• Coding:– Gatherinafilealltheextractsthatspeakofthesametheme
• Ex:work/lifebalance– Cutintosub-themes
• Ex:privatetime(leisure,…),domestictime,parentaltime,etc.– Identifythedimensionsofthesevariables– Ex:timespentoneachtask– Ex:peopleinvolvedinthetask:
• Singlefather• Singlemother• Parentstogether• Others:……
Individu ________ Thema
N°1 2 ….. ……. n
Characterististic (sexe, age, ….)
Thema 1
Sous Thema 1.1.
Sous Thema 1.1.
Thema 2
8. Traitement données qualitative = tableau
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8.Contentanalysis
• Topayattention:– Ifthereisathemeornotheme(thepersondidnottellyouabout...)
– Directionofasubjectand/oropinions(positive,negative,ambivalent)
– Intensityofasubjectortheme(perceivedbythepersonasimportantorunimportant)
– Beattentivetoco-occurrences(associationsoftermsorideas),associations,oppositions,equivalencesand/oranalogies
– Thesearchforactors(“we”/“they”-“them/us”)
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8. Presentation qualitative research
• Give a number or all people, make a table with presentation of the sample, one line for each people – Ex (1, F, 40 ans)
• Put part of the interview with the number
• « the students don’t work a lot » (N°4)
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9.Discussionoftheresults
• Themostimportantifyouwantagrade• Discussionoftheresults=comparisonoftheempirical
materialwiththeinitialhypotheses,thetheoreticalframeworkandtheliteraturereview
• Ifyoucan'tfindwhatyouexpected,givealternativeexplanations,extendtheexistingtheory.
• Reviewofthemethodsused(effectivenessandlimits)• Actiontracks
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10.Conclusions
• Summary of the thesis • Theorical implications • Managerial implications • Critical point of view • Limitations et suggestions future researchs • Ethics and sustainable development (voir http://
mythin.hec.ulg.ac.be)
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Last…..
• CovertpageseeSeehttp://mythin.hec.ulg.ac.be/info.php• Writetheintroduction• Bibliographicreferencesaccordingtothestandardspublished• Annexes(tolimitasmuchaspossible-questionnaireandinterview
grid,forexample)• Summary(inEnglishandFrench,1p.Each),• Preface(personalmotivation,thanks)• Contents• Revisethespelling• Preparetheoralpresentation(portfoliofororalcompentencies)• Regarder les consignes sur http://
mythin.hec.ulg.ac.be/info.php
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11.Evaluationcriteria
• Interestofthetheme• Relevanceandclarityoftheliteraturereview• Relevanceandqualityofresearchquestionsand/or
hypotheses• Adequacyandqualityofthemethodology• Qualityofpresentationandanalysisofresults• Qualityandrelevanceofrecommendationsandcoursesof
action• Readability(plan,structure,argumentation)• Formalqualities(style,grammar,syntax,bibliographicref)• Criticalmind
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