Wri$ngwithSourcesInyouressaysyoumayberequiredtofindtextualevidencetohelpyouproveyourthesis.Thismeansyouwillhavetoincorporatequotes,paraphrases,andsummariesofyoursourcesintoyourwri<ng.Usingtextualevidencehelpsyouproveyourpoints.Itputsyouinconversa<onwithotherscholarsonyourtopic,anditalsoputstheexper<seofotherscholarstoworkforyou.

Youmayusethreekindsoftextualevidenceinyouressays:summaries,paraphrases,anddirectquotes.Quota$onsmustbeiden<caltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.TheymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeaCributedtotheoriginalauthor.ParaphrasinginvolvespuDngapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.AparaphrasemustalsobeaCributedtotheoriginalsource.ParaphrasedmaterialisusuallyaliCleshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.SummarizinginvolvespuDngthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoaCributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.

HOWTOSUMMARIZE

Usesummariestodescribeworkyourreadershaven’treadsothattheywillunderstandyourargument.Summariescondenseanextendedideaorargumentintoasentenceormoreinyourownwords.Usesummariestoreportthegistofanauthor’sidea.

Exercise1.Prac$cesummarizinginonesentencethefollowingquota$onfromanofficialgovernmentreportonthe“digitaldivide”:Originalquota<on:Thefollowingexampleshighlightthebreadthofthedigitaldividetoday:•  Thosewithacollegedegreearemorethaneight<mesaslikelytohavea

computerathome,andnearlysixteen<mesaslikelytohavehomeInternetaccess,asthosewithanelementaryschooleduca<on.

•  Ahigh-incomehouseholdinanurbanareaismorethantwenty<mesaslikelyasarural,low-incomehouseholdtohaveInternetaccess.

•  Achildinalow-incomewhitefamilyisthree<mesaslikelytohaveInternetaccessasachildinacomparableblackfamily,andfour<mesaslikelytohaveaccessaschildreninacomparableHispanichousehold.

—USDepartmentofCommerce,FallingThroughtheNet:DefiningtheDigitalDivide,p.7

Exercise1.Doesyoursummarymatchtheonebelow?Inasummary,yourestateonlythemainideasoftheoriginalpassage,compressingseveralsentencesintoonlyafew.Originalquota<on:Thefollowingexampleshighlightthebreadthofthedigitaldividetoday:•  Thosewithacollegedegreearemorethaneight<mesaslikelytohavea

computerathome,andnearlysixteen<mesaslikelytohavehomeInternetaccess,asthosewithanelementaryschooleduca<on.

•  Ahigh-incomehouseholdinanurbanareaismorethantwenty<mesaslikelyasarural,low-incomehouseholdtohaveInternetaccess.

•  Achildinalow-incomewhitefamilyisthree<mesaslikelytohaveInternetaccessasachildinacomparableblackfamily,andfour<mesaslikelytohaveaccessaschildreninacomparableHispanichousehold.

Summary:AccordingtotheDepartmentofCommerce,collegeeducated,high-incomepeoplefromwhitefamiliesaremuchmorelikelytohaveacomputerandinternetaccessthanlesseducatedminori<esfromlowerincomehouseholds(7).

HOWTOQUOTEUsedirectquotesfromyourprimarytexttoillustrateandsupportyouranalysis.Usedirectquotesfromyoursecondarysourcesonlywhenthewordsofyourownparaphrasewouldnotbeaseffec<veormeaningful.Foryourfirstessay,youmustciteallofyoursourcesusingaformofdocumenta<oncalledMLA(ModernLanguageAssocia<on)documenta<onstyle.(WewillcoverAPAstyleinafutureclass.)Thismeansthatyouwillhavetociteyourquotesandparaphraseswithinyouressayaspecificway.Ifyouarewri<ngaresearchpaperforEnglish1102youwillalsohavetowritea“WorksCited”pageonaseparatepagea^eryouressay,inwhichyouwritebibliographicentriesforyoursourcesinaspecificway(moreonthislaterinthetermaswell….).

Here’showtoproperlydocumentyourquotes:Useparenthe$calcita$onstodocumentyourquotesandparaphrases.Attheendofeachquoteorparaphrase,writethesourceauthor’slastnameandthepagenumberthecitedpassageisfrom,asfollows.•  Incorporatequotesgramma<callywithinthebodyofyourparagraphs

(Davis123).

•  Ifaquoteisoverfourlineslong,thenyoumustle^-indenttheen<requotewithinyourparagraph.Eachlineofthequote“mustbele^-indentedtenspaces”(456).

•  Thefirst<methatyoucitefromasource,youmustcitetheauthor’snameeitherinthebodyofyourparagraphorintheparenthe<calcita<on(Smith1).

•  Ifyouhavealreadymen<onedtheauthor’snameinyourparagraphorinapreviousparenthe<calcita<on,thenyouneedwriteonlythepagenumberinparentheses,nottheauthor’salreadymen<onedname(100).

HOWTOQUOTEForexample,hereisaquotefromanessaybyTedChiangusedinasentence:Likemanymodernauthors,TedChianghasaverysternviewofhumanaffairs,claimingthat“modernlifeisseriouslydistorted”(225).Andhereisthesamequoteinasentencethatdoesnotmen<onthenameofChiang:Manymodernauthorshaveaverysternviewofhumanaffairs,claimingthat“modernlifeisseriouslydistorted”(Chiang225).

HOWTOQUOTEWhenusingdirectquotesfromyoursourcesyoumustincorporatethemintothegramma<calflowofyourownwri<ng.Youdothisbyusingsignalphrasesthato^enincludehelpingverbs:Onecommonerroralotofpeoplemakewhentheyincludeaquoteisthattheytendtoputthequoteinasentencebyitself.Thisiscalled“dumpingyourquote.”Unfortunately,wecannotdothisbecausewearethengivingthequotewithoutaspecificanaly<calcontext.Weneedtouseasignalphrasetointroducethequoteandgiveourreadersacontextforthequotethatexplainswhywearetakingthe<metoincludeitinouressay.

HOWTOQUOTETake,forexample,thissec<onfromapaperonFrederickDouglass’sslavenarra<ve,Narra5veoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,AnAmericanSlave,Wri@enbyHimself:WecanseeDouglass'marriageasanasser$onofhisownershipofhimself."WhatDouglass'scer$ficateofmarriage,whichistranscribedinfullinchapter11,signifiesisthattheblackmanhasrepossessedhimself"(Baker170).Intheaboveexample,thequotefromanessaybythecri<cHoustonA.Baker,Jr.thrustsitselfintotheflowofthepaper,disturbingreadersbecausethereisnowarningthatthequoteiscoming.

HOWTOQUOTEYet,withasignalphrase,wecanmaketheuseofthequoteseemmorenaturaltoreaders:WecanseeDouglass'marriageasanasser$onofhisownershipofhimself,asthecri$cHoustonA.Baker,Jr.arguesinhisessay"TheEconomicofDouglass'sNarra$ve":"WhatDouglass'scer$ficateofmarriage,whichistranscribedinfullinchapter11,signifiesisthattheblackmanhasrepossessedhimself"(170).ByincludingareferencetoBakerandhisessayinthesentencebeforegivingthequote,weletthereaderknowthatweareusingsomeone'sopiniontosupportourown,givingthequoteacontextthatthereaderfindsrelevanttoouroverallpoint.

HOWTOQUOTEWhenyouarequo<ngfromaworkoffic<onsuchasChaing’sstory,yous<llneedtouseasignalphrase,o^entoputthequoteinitscontext.Belowwehaveanimproperlydumpedquotethatconfusesthereader,leavingherunsureaboutbothitsconnec<ontothefirstsentenceanditsplaceinthestory:Louiseini$allyworriesthatshewillnotbeabletocommunicateatall.“Oneoftheheptapodspointedtoitselfwithonelimb,thefourterminaldigitspressedtogether.Thatwaslucky.Insomeculturesapersonpointedwithhischin;iftheheptapodhadn’tusedoneofitslimbs,Iwouldn’thaveknownwhatgesturetolookfor”(Chiang98).

Withoutasignalphrase,thereaderdoesnotknowwherethisquotefitsintoChiang’sshortstory,whatisbeingcommunicatedwith,andhowthequoterelatestothefirstsentence.

HOWTOQUOTE

Byincludingatransi<on(“however”),thename“heptapod,”andaliCleplotsummary,welinkthequotetothefirstsentence:

Louiseini$allyworriesthatshewillnotbeabletocommunicateatall.However,whenshefirstmeetstheheptapods,sheexplainsthatsheimmediatelyno$cedafamiliarmodeofcommunica$on:“Oneoftheheptapodspointedtoitselfwithonelimb,thefourterminaldigitspressedtogether.Thatwaslucky.Insomeculturesapersonpointedwithhischin;iftheheptapodhadn’tusedoneofitslimbs,Iwouldn’thaveknownwhatgesturetolookfor”(Chiang98).

Therearethreemainwaystosetupasignalingphrase:

1.   Withacompletesentencefollowedbyacolon.

TheeffectsofAuld'sprohibi<onagainstteachingDouglasstoreadwerequiteprofoundforDouglass:"Itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).

2.Withapar$alsentenceendinginahelpingverb,followedbyacomma.

DouglassexplainsthatAuld'sprohibi<onagainstliteracyforhimwasaprofoundexperience,no<ng,"Itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).

3.Withastatementthatendsin“that.”

TheimportanceofAuld’sprohibi<ontoDouglassisclearwhenDouglassstatesthat"itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).

HOWTOQUOTEYoucanbuildyourownsignalphrasesbymixingthesethreebasicstyleswithhelpingverbsthatdescribeyoursource'saDtudetowardsthesubjectofthequote.Hereisalistofsuchverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra$ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise2.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingquoteononeyourownsothatitfitsbeierwiththeflowofthewriter’ssentence:CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisviewand“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise2.Thesignalphrase“observingthat”workswelltointroducethequotebyLyman;similarly,theuseofacolonturns“agreeswiththisview”intoasignalphrase.CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisviewand“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisview,observingthat“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisview:“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).

Exercise3.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingquote(spokenbyJane)onaseparatesheetofpapersothatitfitsbeierwiththeflowofthewriter’ssentences:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise3.TherearemanywaysthatyoucansetupthatquotefromJanewithasignalphrase.Hereisone:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwomanbytellingMr.Rochesterthat“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).

Exercise3.Andherearetwomore.Notehowthesignalphrasealsohelpsthereaderinterpretthequote.Adeclara$onisdifferentfromscreaming,akerall.Besuretousethecorrectphrasingtohelpyourreaderbeierunderstandyourquotes:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.Janedeclares,“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman,screaming“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).

Exercise4.Oken,youmusttellyourreaderhowtointerpretyourquote.Revisethefollowingsentencessothatthequotedmaterialisn’tjust‘dumped’akerthefirstsentence.Youwillhavetoaddsignalphrasesandtransi$onalwordstodoso.Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.“True,authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear.However,agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(Lyman52).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise4.InordertohelpthereaderunderstandLyman’squote,wehavetoaddseveralsignalphrasestothisquote.WealsobrokethequoteupwithoursignalphrasestobeierhelpthereaderunderstandLyman’sposi$onhere.Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.“True,authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear.However,agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(Lyman52).Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.JerryLymanpartlyagreeswiththisview.Hegrantsthat“authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear,”yethes<llinsiststhat“agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(52).

Inthefirstessayyouwillcompose,youwillhavetoincorporatequotesfromTedChiang’sstoriesintoyourbodyparagraphsusingsignalwordsandphrases,andMLAparenthe$calcita$ons,likethis:Louiseisshockedwhenshefirstmeetsaheptapod,tellingherdaughterthat“Ijumpedwhenoneofthementered”(Chiang97).Despitetheheptapod’sstrangeappearance,whichincludes“apuckeredorificeatthetopofitsbody”thatservesasamouth(98),Louisesoonestablishesarapportwiththealienrace.Sheevengivesthemamusing,pet-likenames,“FlapperandRaspberry”(103).

Exercise5.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingdumpedquotefromthenovelsothatitsconnec$ontotheprecedingsentenceisclear:Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarth.“Theheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise5.Herearesomeeffec$vesignalphrasesandhelpingverbs:Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarth.Assheexplains,“[t]heheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarthbecause“[t]heheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).

Exercise6.Usingsignalphrasesandperhapsaliileplotsummary,revisethefollowingdumpedquotesfromthestorysothattheybecomepartthewriter’sownsentences:InTedChiang’sstory,“StoryofYourLife,”Louiselearnssomethingsabouttheheptapodsbutnotothers.“Weneverdidlearnwhytheheptapodsle^,anymorethanwelearnedwhatbroughtthemhere,orwhytheyactedthewaytheydid”(134).Themostimportantthingshedidlearnisanewwaytothinkingthatcauseshertorememberherfuture.“Eventually,manyyearsfromnow,I’llbewithoutyourfather,andwithoutyou.AllIwillhavele^fromthismomentistheheptapodlanguage”(135).KnowingherfutureteachesLouisetocherisheachmomentofherlife.Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)

Exercise6.Tohelpourreaderunderstandthesequotes,wehavehadtoaddnotonlysignalphrasesandhelpingverbsbutalsobriefsummariesthatexplainbothwhenthequotesappearinthestoryandalsowhatLouisewasgoingthroughassheherselfwrotethesequotes:InTedChiang’sstory,“StoryofYourLife,”Louiselearnssomethingsabouttheheptapodsbutnotothers.Asshereflectsatstory’send,“[w]eneverdidlearnwhytheheptapodsle^,anymorethanwelearnedwhatbroughtthemhere,orwhytheyactedthewaytheydid”(134).Themostimportantthingshedidlearnisanewwayofthinkingthatcauseshertorememberherfuture.Sheforeseesbothherdivorceandthedeathofherdaughter.“Eventually,”shetellsherdaughter,“manyyearsfromnow,I’llbewithoutyourfather,andwithoutyou.AllIwillhavele^fromthismomentistheheptapodlanguage”(135).KnowingherfutureteachesLouisetocherisheachmomentofherlife.