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1 WPI Precision Personnel Location System: Automatic Antenna Geometry Estimation Benjamin Woodacre Electrical and Computer Engineering Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, Massachusetts funded by US Department of Justice National Institute of Justice March 19, 2008

WPI Precision Personnel Location System: Automatic Antenna

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Page 1: WPI Precision Personnel Location System: Automatic Antenna

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WPI Precision Personnel Location System: Automatic Antenna Geometry Estimation

Benjamin WoodacreElectrical and Computer Engineering

Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, Massachusetts

funded byUS Department of Justice

National Institute of Justice

March 19, 2008

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The PPL Team

Research Assistants Jack Coyne* Hauke Daempfling* Jason Farmer* Jason Huang* Shashank Kulkarni* Hemish Parikh Ben Woodacre Vincent Amendolare David Holl* Vivek Varshney Jorge Alejandro Tahsin Hassan Ishrak Khair Tanvir Madan David Hubelbank

Faculty David Cyganski R. James Duckworth Sergey Makarov William Michalson John OrrTechnician Bob Boisse

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Outline

PPL System Overview Background System hardware Transmitter location results

Geometric Auto Configuration (GAC) Ranging technique Antenna geometry estimation Results: outdoor, indoor, around bldg.

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Position­Finding Technology for Emergency Personnel is a Critical Need

12/3/99:  Six firefighters died in a warehouse fire literally within a few feet of safety in Worcester, MA.

9/11/01:  A disaster of far greater magnitude, with some deaths in circumstances similar to the Worcester warehouse fire

NFPA: lost/trapped 3rd ranking cause of fatalitiesCurrent emergency responder escape technology:

Audio alarms which sound upon lack of motion Homing devices (Ultrasonic, RF)  becoming available

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WPI PPL Goal

A location and tracking system which  displays locations, paths, and landmarks 

(exits, waypoints, etc.)  for multiple responders  in 3 dimensions,  requiring no pre­installed infrastructure  and minimal setup

Must be transparent to usersSolution: geometric auto configuration (GAC)

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Apply new WPI multi­carrier approach to achieve the necessary precision with low bandwidth, flexible spectral footprint 

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System Overview

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System Overview

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Locator Operational/Physical Specs

Transmit ranging signal  Up to 150 MHz bandwidth 

• programmable waveform Support 100 locators Updates each second

Low power, long battery life, automatic on/off Monitor and report environmental status data

Temperature, movement, diagnostics Provide distress button Small size, lightweight Provide support for Physiological data

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Current Locator Hardware

Distress Button

Acceler­ometer

Transceiver Module

PC Interface

Temperature Sensor

Micro­processor

RF Hardware Interface

PC Interface

Acceler­ometer

Temp. Sensor

Distress Button

Micro­processor

Interfaceto RF 

Hardware

RF Data Channels

Heart Rate 

Monitor

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Custom FPGA based Software Radios

FPGA Digital Controller board

Analog to Digital board

RF Front End board

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Antenna Design and Testing

Several innovations have been introduced in small, wideband, near­omni directional, multi­polarization patch and base antennas

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Antenna Concept for Fire Trucks

Patch Antennas

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System Hardware

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Videos

Live system operationReal­time tracking displayNew display integrating tracking and 

physiological status monitoring/reporting

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System Concept and Display

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Location System Performance Review

Different Scenarios Outdoor to Indoor Indoor to Indoor Around Building

Our system has demonstrated sub­meter accuracy in location estimation in all these configurations

The location performance sets the bar for the performance of GAC

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2005: Outdoor 2D TDOA results 

Our new multicarrier (MC) signal structure and processing approach theoretically provides high accuracy ranging data with low bandwidth and spectral flexibility

Outdoor tests proved that our approach could achieve high precision results with low bandwidth

Only classic radio location algorithms were applied to the new ranging data

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New end­to­end method developed

­Previous papers document results from a new location method developed by WPI­Location system does not use TDOA or other classic triangulation­inspired technique

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Through­wall/High Multipath DemoAntennas on 3 sides WPI Civil Eng. Building – poor geometry

Antennas facing directly into brick walls

No system training information or pre­sited devices

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Kaven Hall Geology lab test site2006 Live Demo site was WPI Civil Eng. Geology Lab.

Steel Frame and concrete block construction with heavy equipment and metal cabinets.

2006 test achieved 1 m average abs. error using 30 MHz signal.

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Effects of Increased Bandwidth

410­470MHz Middle Slice

Mean Error 20MHz: 2.32m 30MHz: 1.00m 40MHz: 0.87m 50MHz: 0.58m 60MHz: 0.5m,  improved SP: 

0.37m

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Another Building Test – AK­317 (Harsh Indoor RF Environment) !

Metal ceilingMetal benches 

and cabinetsMesh WindowsMetal backed 

black/white boardsFire DoorsMetal studded 

walls – 16 inch spacing!

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Building Test ­ Error Plots

Approx 40ft by 50ft

60MHz BWMean Error

0.71m

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Residential Building ­ Tests

16 by 14 m coverage

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New TV band ­ 150 MHz/3D antennas

2nd floor error: 0.3m 1st floor error: 0.72m

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Results Summary

Test Location Error BandwidthKaven Hall 0.37m 60 MHzAtwater Kent, indoor 0.71m 60 MHzAtwater Kent 1.08m 60 MHzCampus Ministry 1st fl. 0.59m 60 MHzCampus Ministry 2nd fl. 0.72m 60 MHzCampus Ministry 1st fl. 0.72m* 150 MHzCampus Ministry 2nd fl. 0.30m 150 MHz

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Geometric Auto Configuration

Prerequisite to any location solutions

Multicarrier range estimationMultidimensional scalingExperimental results

Outdoor Indoor, unobstructed line of 

sight Around­building

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Ranging Signal

Multi­carrier ranging signal

Typically 50 carriers Bandwidths of about 

25­150 MHz Multipath­resistant Processed by custom 

algorithms Generated digitally Spectrally friendly

Band Lower Freq. (MHz)

Upper Freq. (MHz)

1 410 4702 512 6083 614 698

WPI Software Radio Capability

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Range Estmation

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φ=Aej2π t+td f k

Every signal path contributes a sinusoid of a different period to the channel response

Multipath easily separable

Achieves the Cramer­Rao bound  frequency est.

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Target antenna geometry scenario

Antenna spatial diversity primarily in two dimensions

30x30 meter areaAssume knowledge 

of antennas on the same firetruck

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Range distortionAntenna transfer function angle dependence causes 

distortion of range estimatesMeasured in two configurations for UHF Antennas:

Bowtie (wideband dipole) Conformal Patch suited for firetrucks

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Bowtie Range Distortion

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Bowtie antennas show very little range distortion for a wide variety of angles

Not conformal

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Patch Range Distortion

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First­order effects of antenna pattern distortion

Likely contributing source of error for range estimation with patch antennas

SNR drop at extreme angles make results there less trustworthy

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Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)

Used to reduce dimensionality of data while preserving original relationships

Classic example: Distances between citiesDirect MDS relates the inner product of the 

true coordinates to the centered square of the distance matrix via an eigen­ (or singular­) value decomposition: 

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Our Implementation of MDS

MATLAB’s mdscale() routine implements an iterative MDS solver

Allows weighting and missing dataSpecification of initial solution guessConvergence to a solution may occur with 

as little as 26% of data availableAbility for missing data convergence 

allows plotting errors with respect to a “difficulty factor”

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GAC Performance Measurement

Antennas placed along perimeter of area of operations, some hard to range to

Evaluate performance wrt ranging difficulty

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Outdoor Testing without multipath

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Indoor test, unobstructed line­of­sight

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Indoor, unobstructed line­of­sight

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Around Building Test

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Coming Soon...

Paper documenting our new approach to precision location

Different approaches to GAC Manual: 0.13m, novel GAC: 0.41m

WPI hosting 3rd annual workshop on Precision Indoor Personnel Location and Tracking for Emergency Responders in August 2008 in Worcester, Mass.

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WPI Workshop ­ 2007

Over 100 attendees Presentations, demos, 

working sessions 2008 – workshop

August 4,5 

Workshop Participants

Industry49%

Fire Service12%

Academ ia22%

Governm ent17%

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WPI PPL Website

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WPI PPL Website

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WPI Precision Personnel Locator

Acknowledgments The rest of the WPI team  Worcester Fire Department The support of the National Institute of 

Justice of DOJ

Thank you! Benjamin Woodacre, [email protected] www.ece.wpi.edu/Research/PPL