WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth

PIs: Clemmesen, Catriona, IFM-GEOMAR

Piatkowski, Uwe, IFM-GEOMAR

Pörtner, Hans, AWI

Sommer, Frank, IFM-GEOMAR

Widdicombe, Steve, PML

EPOCA WP 6

• Objectives:• Identify critical stages in the life cycle (e.g. eggs, larvae) of functionally important

marine organisms based on performance measures as indicators of sensitivity to ocean acidification

• Analyse physiological mechanisms defining performance levels and sensitivity • Estimate acclimation capacity (gene expression capacity) for that mechanism as the

background of physiological plasticity• Quantify impact and tolerance thresholds (tipping points) • Assess interaction between ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming • Compare responses and mechanisms in different populations of a species (e.g. in a

climate gradient) reflecting potential for evolutionary adaptation (genetic differences)

WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth

…..as an integrating programme

Available funding EPOCA (PhD student equ.): - 1 PhD student AWI- 1 PhD student IFM GEOMAR- 1 PhD student PML

Application for complementary national funding underway: e.g. Bioacid, NERC

Tasks

• T1: Sensitivity of critical and early life stages to OA will be assessed through analyses of rates and normality of development, growth, reproductive success, integrity of calcified structures, metabolic and acid-base regulation

• T2: pH regulation capacity in different body compartments of the animal will be assessed as a potential mechanism shaping sensitivity

• T3: Regulation capacity will be related to changes in gene expression

• T4: Impact and tolerance thresholds will be quantified.

• T5: CO2 effects on tolerance to temperature will be analysed.

• T6: Responses to CO2 of different populations, e.g. in a latitudinal cline, will

be compared to investigate potential evolutionary adaptation.

Work has started at various levels, EPOCA and additional funding.

…..as an integrating programme

WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth

Kiel CO2 Manipulationsystem

Time

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

pH V

alue

s7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8.0

8.2

380 ppm 560 ppm 870 ppm 1120 ppm 1400 ppm

EPOCA WP 6

Experiments will be conducted with the Kiel CO2 manipulation

system and during the 2009 Arctic experiment to determine the

impact of high CO2 on fish and cephalopods eggs, larvae and juveniles.

Impact of high CO2 on Early life Stages of fish and cephalopods

Preliminary results

(days)

C. Clemmesen, U. Piatkowski et al.

Homogenate

SL

Otolith micro-

structure

RNA/DNA ratio

DW, Growth

Performance Indicators

Histology

(PML)

IFM-GEOMAR

EPOCA WP 6

pH regulation

capacity (AWI)

0 500 100 0 1 500 2000 2500 300 0 3 500 4000 4500 5000

pC O 2 [ µa tm ]

0 ,0

0 ,5

1 ,0

1 ,5

2 ,0

2 ,5

3 ,0

3 ,5

4 ,0

4 ,5

5 ,0

RN

A/D

NA

r2 = 0 ,4 7 ; p < 0 , 01 ; y = 3 ,42 - 0 , 00019* x

RNA/

DN

A ra

tio

Decrease in condition and protein synthesis capacity with increase in pCO2

Clemmesen & Franke in prep.

Impact of high CO2 on early life stages of fish and cephalopods

C. Clemmesen, U. Piatkowski et al.

Impact of high CO2 on the physiology of key benthic bioturbators.

EPOCA WP 6

Amphiura filiformis is an important benthic organism in terms of nutrient cycling and benthic-pelagic coupling.

Recent work at PML has shown significant impacts of high CO2 on this species (Wood et al., 2008 Proc Roy Soc B).

Exposure to low pH seawater causes:

increase in respiratory rate

increased growth

increased calcification

BUT at the cost of muscle wastage

Experiments will be conducted in the PML seawater acidification facility and during the 2009 Arctic experiment to determine the impact of high CO2 on other key benthic species.

A whole organism approach will be adopted to assess both the responses and the costs.

S. Widdicombe et al.

Hyas araneus,North Sea vsSvalbard

n=171-322

extension

acceleration

EPOCA WP 6 PhD project Kathleen Walther H. Pörtner et al.

Antragsskizze BIOACID – Biological Impact of Ocean ACIDification Bonn, 10. Dezember 2007

GoalsI.I. Develop a mechanistic understanding of the combined effects of ocean Develop a mechanistic understanding of the combined effects of ocean

warming and acidification (OA) on biomineralization/ calcification in high warming and acidification (OA) on biomineralization/ calcification in high latitude bivalves via whole organism physiologylatitude bivalves via whole organism physiology..

I.I. To To evaluate the impact of simultaneous temperature rise and OA on evaluate the impact of simultaneous temperature rise and OA on “biorecording” properties of bivalve shells, i.e. growth increment formation and “biorecording” properties of bivalve shells, i.e. growth increment formation and biogeochemical parametersbiogeochemical parameters

Field work - Spitzbergen (AWIPEV station, Ny-Alesund)

• current status: individuals marked with calcein in 2006, 2007• perspectives: 2008 - recapture specimens from 2006, 2007; mark new animals

2009 - mesocosm experiments (EPOCA) EPOCA WP 6

Greenland smoothcockle

(Serripes groenlandicus)

NN, O. Heilmayer et al.

In situ enclosures

modified after Ambrose et. al 2006

Long term acclimation via gene expression of pH – regulation mechanisms in fish gills

Expression (Real-time PCR) of essential gill transport proteins

NaNa++KK++-ATPase-ATPase

NaNa++HCOHCO33----

CotransporterCotransporter

K. Deigweiher, M. K. Deigweiher, M. Lucassen, H.O. Pörtner, Lucassen, H.O. Pörtner, unpubl.unpubl.

Eelpout (Z. viviparus)

6 weeks

EPOCA WP 6

Impact of high CO2 and temperature on development and reproduction of mesozooplankton (copepods)

To date, the sensitivity of juvenile stages to OA has not been assessed.

In the lab we will assess :

- growth and development

- egg hatching success

- respiratory costs and/or gene expression

2 temperatures 6 pCO2 levels (~380-4000 ppm)

Results will be compared with experiments using constant pCO2 and variable

food quality (microalgae grown under different CO2 levels; WP8)

In the 2009 Arctic mesocosm we will assess :

-copepod egg production, hatching success and naupliar survival

EPOCA WP 6F. Sommer et al.

0

% oxygen limitedaerobicscope

Tc

Tp Tp : Pejus T‘s: Limitation of aerobic performance

Tc : critical T‘s:

COCO22 and the concept of oxygen and capacity limited and the concept of oxygen and capacity limited

thermal tolerance thermal tolerance

Shifts inShifts in: : • geographical distributiongeographical distribution• Species interactionsSpecies interactions• …….food web .food web

structurestructure

Anaerobic metabolism

Pörtner et al, 2005, Metzger et al. 2007, Pörtner and Knust, Science 2007

100

rate of aerobicperfor-mance

0Temperature

COCO2,2,

hypoxiahypoxia

COCO2,2,

hypoxiahypoxia

Effects onEffects onbehaviour, behaviour, growth, growth, reproduction,reproduction,….fitness….fitness

EPOCA WP 6

• D6.1: Methodologies used in long term CO2 incubations, presented at meeting (month 9; O, PU)

• D6.2-3: Internal reports on sensitivities of life stages in individual species (months 12 and 24; R, PP)

• D6.4: Concept of sensitivity in the life cycles of various groups of marine animals (invertebrates and fish), dissemination as a viewpoint article (month 36; O, PU)

• D6.5: Conceptual model of mechanisms causing sensitivity and linking organismic responses to ecosystem change (linking to WP 7, 9), dissemination as a viewpoint article (month 36; R, PU)

• D6.6: Conceptual model of mechanisms and potential for acclimation and adaptation (month 48; R; PU)

• D6.7: Contribution to mechanism-based model of OA effects at ecosystem level (linking to WP7 and 9) (month 48; R; PU)

• D6.8: Potentially dangerous thresholds in relevant species, naming uncertainties and probabilities and perspectives on new ecosystem states to PP, PU (linking to WP 13)

Addressing CO2 effects and sensitivities in warming oceans

First lines of COFirst lines of CO22 sensitivity sensitivity (with ecological relevance) likely (with ecological relevance) likely depend ondepend on• COCO2 2 effects on temperature dependent performance in rel. to effects on temperature dependent performance in rel. to

compensation capacity for extracellular acid-base status.compensation capacity for extracellular acid-base status.• This includes disturbance of calcification through extracellular This includes disturbance of calcification through extracellular

acidification.acidification.

Implications to be considered:Implications to be considered:• seasonal shifts in performance windowsseasonal shifts in performance windows• climate dependent functional specializationclimate dependent functional specialization• temperature dependent biogeography temperature dependent biogeography • climate dependent growth, fecundityclimate dependent growth, fecundity• synergistic interactions with factors in addition to synergistic interactions with factors in addition to temperature (hypoxia, pollutants, …)temperature (hypoxia, pollutants, …)

Germany United Kingdom

Principle considerations: Role of time scales and levels for lethal effects of CO2 exposure

Incipient lethalCO2 level

(long term critical threshold)

arbitraryunits

Mortality independent

of exposure time

Zone of resistance

Mortality dependent

on CO2 level and exposure time

Zone of tolerance

Up

per

med

ian

leth

al C

O2

leve

l (L

D50

)

log exposure time (days, weeks, months, years) →

No such complete data set exists

Tolerable organism and ecosystem (?) responses

Critical level and mechanism unknown?

†Acute asphyxiation: squid, fish

Pörtner et al., 2005

Antragsskizze BIOACID – Biological Impact of Ocean ACIDification Bonn, 10. Dezember 2007 EPOCA WP 6

Impact of high CO2 on Early life Stages of fish and cephalopods

Kiel CO2 Manipulation system

Alarm system Valves and flowmetersfor constant pCO2 air mixtures

Control system

Impact of high CO2 and temperature on development

and reproduction of mesozooplankton

Timetable: 2008 2009 2010

0-3 4-6 7-9 10-12

11-15

16-18

19-21

22-24

25-27 28-30

Growth & development

Egg hatching

respiration

food quality

(different microalgae)

Arctic mesocosm

CO2 impact on calcification in marine bivalves:

a key to understand past, present and future climate records of polar ecosystem

Funding: DFG SPP 1158 (HE5753/1-1: 2008 - 2010)

Objectives:

• to develop a mechanistic understanding of the combined effects of temperature rise and ocean acidification (OA) on biomineralization/ calcification in high latitude bivalves

• to evaluate the impact of simultaneous temperature rise and OA on “biorecording” properties of bivalve shells, i.e. growth increment formation and biogeochemical parameters

Greenland smoothcockle (Serripes groenlandicus)• circum-arctic distribution• subtidal down to 100m• 80 - 100 mm within ten years

EPOCA WP 6