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WP2. Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials
Results from the first year of the project
E. Alexopoulou CRES
Biomass Department
WP2. Adaptability and Productivity Trials
The main aim of this work package is to determine the sustainable yielding potential of kenaf as an energy crop, at different locations in Southern Europe.
WP2 consists of four tasks:• Task 2.1: Screening trial• Task 2.2: Effect of sowing dates and plant
populations on biomass yields• Task 2.3: Effect of irrigation and nitrogen
fertilisation on biomass yields• Task 2.4: Kenaf field trials with size of
2ha
Established trials in the first year of the project
Organization Country Kenaf trials
CRES Greece • Screening trial• Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
UTH Greece • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
University of Catania
Italy • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
University of Bologna
Italy • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
CETA Italy • 1 ha field trial
INIA Spain • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
UniNOVA Portugal • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
INRA France • Sowing dates and plant densities• Irrigation and fertilization trial
Site description (Task 2.1, Task 2.2 and Task 2.3)
Location: Aliartos (central Greece)
Site coordinates: Latitude 380 22’, longitude 230 10’ and altitude 114 m above the sea level
Climate: Dry, mean yearly precipitation less than 400 mm. An automatic weather station is established in the site of experiments recording temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, RAR)
Soil: SCL with relatively low organic matter (less than 1%)Soil analysis were carried out before sowing.
Monthly precipitation (mm) and temperature (0C) in Aliartos (long-term mean and 2003)
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Prec
ipita
tion
(mm
)
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
Tem
pera
ture
(0 C)
Precipitation (long-term)Precipitation 2003Temperature (long-term)Temperature 2003
From June to September the plants received from rainfalls 66.8 mm of water
Results from the soil analyses(Task 2.1)
Soil layers
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Soil type SCL SCL SCL SCL SC
Electrical conductivity(μMHOS/cm) 85 60 60 120 65
pH 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8
Total Ca (%) 8 9.2 12 36 6
Organic matter (%) 1.2 1.34 1.34 1.2 0.13
Total N (mgr/kg) 0.153 0.137 0.137 0.153 0.058
P2O5 (mgr/kg) 2.862 1.145 1.145 1.717 1.145
K2O (mgr/kg) 6.6 4.2 3.6 6 4.2
MgO (mgr/kg) 5.81 4.98 5.81 13.28 5.81
Na (mgr/kg) 4 2.5 2.5 14 3
Fe (mgr/kg) 1.25 1.25 1 1.25 1
Mn (mgr/kg) 1 1 1.25 3.75 1.5
Results from the soil analyses(Task 2.2 & 2.3)
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100Soil type SCL SCL SCL SL SLElectrical conductivity (μMHOS/cm) 55 60 70 90 65pH 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.8Total Ca (%) 2 2 1.2 1.2 .12Organic matter (%) 0.8 0.87 0.67 0.6 0.13Total N (mgr/kg) 0.102 0.106 0.093 0.089 0.058P2O5 (mgr/kg) 1.145 1.145 1.717 1.717 1.145K2O (mgr/kg) 4.2 5.4 6 6.6 6MgO (mgr/kg) 4.15 6.64 5.81 8.3 4.98Na (mgr/kg) 3 3.5 4.5 5 3Fe (mgr/kg) 1.25 1 1 1 0.5Mn (mgr/kg) 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75
Layers
Sowing date: 25/5/03 (by hand)
75 kg N/ha was applied through the drip system at the end of June
A drip irrigation system was used and apart from rainfalls the plants received a quantity of 410 mm of water.
5 marked plants/plot was used for height and stem diameter measurements
Harvest dates:20/7/03, 11/8/03,30/8/03, 21/9/03,
5/10/03, 26/10/03, 16/11/2003, 17/12/2003
The distances between the rows were 50 cm and within the rows 10 cm (200,000 pl/ha).
The six tested varieties were:Everglades 41late variety that produce reasonable fiber production and a cotton-like leaf shapeTainung 2late variety, with superior raw fiber production and palmate leaf shapeGreggis a new variety with slightly longer growing period that may contributes to greater fiber production and palmate leaf shapeDowlingnew variety, that may prove to be a very high fiber producer with non-palmate leaf shapeSF 459new variety that is favored for soils with nematode problem and palmate leaf shapeG4it is considered as a photoperiod-insensitive varietythat combines a short maturity cycle (100-130 days between emergence and flowering) and high productivity when grown in the Mediterranean region)
View of the screening trial (10/9/03)
Block IBlock IIBlock III
Task 2.1 – Plant height (cm) and basal stem diameter (mm)
22/11/2003
22/11/2003
380359 362
3 8 7
3 4 73 4 2 3 3 1 3 3 33 5 1
28 3
3 8 3
3 4 9
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
4 5 0
T ainung 2 E vergl ades41
G regg D ow l ing SF 459 G 4
V a rieties
Hei
ght
(cm
)
S t em height
St em height w it hout f l owers
17,514,6
18,716,5
18,115,9
3,5
2,9
3,2
2,9
3,7
2,6
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tainung 2 Everglades41
Gregg Dowling SF 459 G4
Varieties
Stem
dia
met
er (m
m)
Bark
Core
Task 2.1 – Evolution of dry matter yields (t/ha)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
mat
ter
yiel
ds (t
/ha)
Ta inung 2
Everglades 4 1
G regg
D owling
SF 459
G 4
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
ste
m yi
elds
(t/h
a)
Tainung 2
Everglades 41
Gregg
Dowling
SF 459
G4
Task 2.1 – Dry yields (t/ha) of the plant fractions (core, bark and leaf)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tainung 2 Everglades41
Gregg Dowling SF 459 G4
Varieties
Dry
matt
er y
ield
s (t
/ha)
LEAVES
BARK
CORE
13 ,0 911 ,7 3
13 ,1510 ,11 10 ,0 7
6 ,17
6 ,165 ,7 9
6 ,5 6
6 ,5 5 5 ,7 5
3 ,4 8
0
5
10
15
2 0
2 5
Ta in u n g 2 E verg la des 4 1 G reg g D o w lin g SF 4 5 9 G 4
Va ri eti es
Dry
ste
m y
ield
s (t
/ha)
C o re dry y i e lds (t/ ha )
B a rk dry y i e lds (t/ ha )
27/10/2003
17/12/2003
Fresh stem and dry yields (t/ha) at the two large harvests
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Tainung 2 Everglades 41 Gregg Dowling SF 459 G4
Varieties
Ste
m y
ield
s (t
/ha)
FSW - Harvest A FSW - Harvest BDSW - Harvest A DSW - Harvest B
Treatments:
S1:18/5/03, S2: 7/6/03
V1: Tainung 2, V2: Everglades 41
D1: 200,000 pl/ha, D2: 400,000 pl/ha
Date of thinning:
S1: 3/6/03
S2: 4/7/03
A quantity of 75 kg N/ha was applied through the drip irrigation system at the end of June
The plants received apart from the rainfalls a total quantity of 400 mm in S1 and 350 mm in S2 of water through a drip irrigation system
The flowering starting at the beginning of October for both varieties and sowing dates. At the moment all the plants had produced flowers.
The plant height was measured on five marked plant per plot every two weeks, while on the same plants the basal stem diameter was measured every four weeks.
Harvest dates:21/7/0311/8/0331/8/0321/9/036/10/0329/10/0317/11/0317/12/03
View of the Task 2.2 trial(10/9/03)
Block I Block II
Task 2.2 – Final plant height (cm) and basal stem diameter (mm)
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
S 1 S 2 D 1 D 2 V 1 V 2
Paln
t hei
ght (
cm)
P la n t h e i g h t P la n t h e i g h t w i tho u t f lo w e rs
0
5
10
15
20
25
S1 S2 D1 D2 V1 V2Treatments
Ste
m d
iam
eter
(mm
)
Bark diameterCore diameter
Task 2.2 – Evolution of leaf area meter (LAI)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Days from emergence
Leaf
are
a in
dex
(LA
I)
S1: 17/5/03
S2: 7/6/03
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Days from emergence
Leaf
are
a m
eter
(LA
I)
D1: 200,000 pl/haD2: 400,000 pl/ha
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Days from emergece
Leaf
are
a in
dex
(LAI
)
V1: Tainung 2V2: Everglades 41
Task 2.2 – Evolution of total dry and stem yields (t/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
DMY-S1DMY-S2
DSY-S1
DSY-S2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
DMY-D1DMY-D2DSY-D1
DSY-D2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
DMY-V1
DMY-V2
DSY-V1
DSY-V2
Total dry and stem yields (t/ha) at the two large harvests
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
FPW-1est harvest FPW-2nd harvest DPW-1est harvest DPW-2nd harvest
S1: 17/5/03S2: 7/6/03
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FPW-1est harvest FPW-2nd harvest DPW-1est harvest DPW-2nd harvest
D1: 200,000 pl/ha
D2: 400,000 pl/ha
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
FPW-1est harvest FPW-2nd harvest DPW-1est harvest DPW-2nd harvest
V1: Tainung 2V2: Everglades 41
Date of sowing: 31/5/03
Date of thinning: 30/6/03
The different levels of nitrogen fertilization was applied through the drip irrigation system in the beginning of July (5/7/03)
The plants received apart from the rainfalls the following irrigation quantities:
I1: 120 mm
I2: 240 mm
I3: 480 mm
The flowering starting at the beginning of October (2/10/03) and at the moment the flowering is 100%.
The plant height was measured on five marked plant per plot every two weeks, while on the same plants the basal stem diameter was measured every four weeks.
Harvest dates:
21/7/03
11/8/03
31/8/03
21/9/03
5/10/03
29/10/03
17/11/03
17/12/03
View of the Task 2.3 trial (10/9/03)
Block I
Block II
Block III
Effect of the irrigation on plant growth (10/9/03)
no irrigation
25% of PET
Task 2.3 – Plant height (cm), basal stem diameter (mm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
no irrigation 25% 50% 100%
Plan
t hei
ght (
cm)
Plant heightPlant height without flowers
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 kg N/ha 75 kg N/ha 150 kg N/ha
Plan
t hei
ght (
cm)
Plant height
Plant height without flowers
0
5
10
15
20
25
no irrigation 25% 50% 100%
Dia
mete
r (m
m)
BarkCore
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 kg N/ha 75 kg N/ha 150 kg N/ha
Dia
met
er (m
m)
BarkCore
Task 2.3 Evolution of leaf area meter (LAI)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Days from emergence
Leaf
are
a me
ter
(LAI
)
0 kg N/ha
75 kg N/ha
150 kg N/ha
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Days from emergence
Leaf
are
a me
ter
(LAI
)
0 kg N/ha
75 kg N/ha
150 kg N/ha
Task 2.3 Dry matter yields (t/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
no irrigation
25%
50%
100%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Days from emergence
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
22
0 kg N/ha
75 kg N/ha150 kg N/ha
Task 2.3 – Dry matter yields (t/ha)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FPW - 1est harvest FPW - 2nd harvest DPW - 1est harvest DPW - 2nd harvest
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
no irrigation
25%
50%
100%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FPW - 1est harvest FPW - 2nd harvest DPW - 1est harvest DPW - 2nd harvest
Dry
yie
lds
(t/h
a)
0 kg N/ha75 kg N/ha
150 kg N/ha