Worth of Water Unit 7

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THE WORTH OF WATER&

RUNNING WATER

M.Sc Environmental DesignAllama Iqbal University Open University

Muhammad Abid

February 8, 2014


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Learning the Worth of Water"When the well is dry,

we learn the worth of water Drought-affected areas will increase" by mid-century due to global warming. In last three decades, wehave seen a spring/summerwarming of 0.87C, springsnowmelt has led to longergrowing seasons and droughts."


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Learning the Worth of WaterUNs report states, that the effects of globalwarming are exacerbated by a growing humanpopulation.

As the population continues to grow, our waterconsumption rate is growing with it, andconsumption now exceeds the available water

resources.In semi or arid areas, where during normalyears with average precipitation, the water is

becoming scarce even.


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UNs Message for Water A Salutary message: Perhaps 2/5 th of the people in Asias cities do not have access to piped water. Many of the rest suffer from intermittent supplyand unsafe water. Globally, the provision of waterto cities is not keeping pace with urbanisation. A Message by UNs SG, Ban Ki-moon on March22, World Water Day claimed that in the pastdecade, the number of city-dwellers without a water tap in their home or immediate vicinity has

risen by 114m.


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Statistics - Worth of Water More than 2.5 billion people, including almost 1 billionchildren, live in areas without basic sanitation. Every 20seconds, a child dies as a result of poor sanitation andsadly, girls often have to drop out of school because of thelack of adequate facilities.In addition, without proper long-term water management,sufficient clean water will not be available to meet the

agricultural needs of millions of people.3.575 m people die every year due to water related diseases.2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation.47 % of the world population will be living in high waterstress by 2030 untill new policies are introduced


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Not a Rocket ScienceUNICEF, estimates that in Pakistan:60m people may not have access to cleandrinking water and that 100,000 child deaths a year can be blamed on unsafe water. A frequent estimate in India is that between1/2 and 2/3 rd of hospital beds are occupied bypeople suffering waterborne diseases. Throughthe methodical, single-minded pursuit of basiccommon sense.


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The Water Cycle Total World Water 1.386 billion m (100 %) Salt Water 1.350 billion m (97.5 %)Fresh Water 35 million m (2.5 %)

Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration =Runoff Groundwater outflow Change in Storage Water Stabilization Ponds

- The purification process

- Pond form and layout- Design features

Anaerobic ponds

Facultative pondsMaturation onds


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Rainwater Harvesting Ponds Collect water from small catchments: The Catchment may be Roof or Ground

Roof Catchment: Corrugated Iron Roofs Ground Catchments:


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What Can We Do?

Like many environmental problems, people, water utilities, and government can all helpmitigate the impacts of drought and watershortages?The effective adoption of water efficiencymeasures requires public education, businesscommitment, and government will. Another efficiency method is the treatment andreuse of wastewater in households. Treated wastewater isnt a liabilit , its an assest
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/magazine/21water-t.html?pagewanted=6&n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Droughthttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/magazine/21water-t.html?pagewanted=6&n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Drought


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What Can We Do?Protecting Springs alternate to spring boxesLow lift Irrigation Pumps:

Rower pump

Rope and Washer pumpTreadle pumpSuction pump

Ferro-cement Tanks cheaper, shock absorber, portableReuse of Waste Water treat to portable standardsUp-Grading traditional Wells

Maintaining Hand Pumps


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Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water tofresh water so it is suitable for human consumption orirrigation .Function of Desalination :

Desalination is the process of removing salts fromseawater to provide purified water for industry, irrigationand drinking

Types of Desalination Desalination membrane methods of desalinationinclude reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis. Membraneprocesses use selective permeability to separate salts and

water.

Desalination
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water


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Desalination Technologies There are two technologies or ways through which weremove the salts from the water.Distillation Desalination DistillationMajor Desalination Processes: used in commercial

desalination:Reverse Osmosis andElectro-dialysis

Desalination


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Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration areseparated by a semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move fromlow to high concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.To desalinate water, we must create a flow through a membrane, causing the waterto leave the salty side of the membrane, flowing into the unsalted side.

To achieve this, pressure must be created upon the water column on the salt side ofthe membrane; firstly, to remove the natural osmotic pressure and secondly, tocreate extra pressure on the water column, in order to push the water through themembrane. For the desalination of seawater, the pressure must be about 50-60 bars.Rain water collected from storm drains is purified with reverse osmosis water

processors and used for landscape irrigation and industrial cooling in many areas of world, as a solution to the problem of water shortages.Sand filters are used for Water Purification . There are three main types:

Rapid (gravity) Sand Filters Up-flow sand filters

Slow sand filters

Desalination
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter


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DesalinationDesalination Reverse OsmosisType of Water TDS (mg/l)

Sweet water 0-1,000Brackish water 1,000-5,000Moderately saline water 5,000-10,000Severely saline water 10,000-30,000Sea water > 30,000

Process TDS (mg/l)Ion exchange 500-1,000Electrolysis 5,00-3,000Reverse osmosis (STD Mem) 500-5,000

Reverse osmosis (High Mem) >5,000Distillation > 0 000


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Household Water Storage A family of 6 persons need 30 litres of water a day and1,000 litres for a month for: cooking, washing, bathing,drinking water, etc.

Rainwater can be collected from Roofs throughCollectors made of Wood or Metal and ultimatelystored in Vessels. Building un-reinforced mortar jars i.e. 250 litresImproving water quality by filtrationProtect a Spring i.e. Gravity and ArtesianLine a hand dug well


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Small Scale IrrigationSmall Scale Irrigation Design:

Control water from floodsStream flowPumping

Flood CroppingStream diversion - gravity supplyLift irrigation pump supply Water requirements and irrigable areaDesign command areaIrrigation canal lossesCanal designEvapo-transpiration factor (ET) Distribution Outlets


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Emergency Water SuppliesResponding to EmergencyPlanning what to do

Demand assessmentLocation and protection of water sources Water Treatment Water distributionCollection and storage


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Chlorination Why Disinfection?Methods of Disinfection When to Use Chlorine When not to Use ChlorineTesting for Chlorine Residual

Chlorinating Water Supplies A Chlorinating Checklist


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Improving Water PondsHealth Risks:

PathogensHarmful chemicalsOther contaminates

Reducing Contamination:Containments from many sourcesRestricting activities around the pondRestricting activities in the pond


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Water , Sanitation and HygienceFactors increasing Diseases:

Poor water poor sanitation,Poor knowledge and practice,Poor housing and drainage

Sanitation:

Excreta disposal,refuse disposal, vector control


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Water Source Selection

Rain waterSurface water

Ground water:Mountain springs

Shallow wellsDeep boreholes


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Groundwater Dams The Sub-Surface DamsThe Sand Storage Dam Advantages of Water Storage behind Groundwater Dams

Evaporation losses are LessRisk of Contamination is reducedClean and reliable water source

Sites for ConstructionMaterials for ConstructionEstimating Small Stream flows


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Water ConservationNeed for Constructing Dams:Groundwater RechargeFlood controlIrrigationMunicipal water supplies

Water conservation to support wildlifeSustain the ecology of the area


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Earthen Dams For a Dam we require: Feasibilities Studies of the AreaPreliminary selection of alternate dam sitesMinimum data input required for dam sites

Topographic mapsLanduse mapsHistorical floods flowsClimatic record precipitation

Available construction material


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Earthen DamsSmall Earth Dams: Feasibilities Studies of the AreaPreliminary selection of alternate dam sites

Minimum data input required for damsitesTopographic mapsLanduse maps

Historical f loods flowsClimatic record precipitation Available construction material

Site Reconnaissance


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Earthen DamTypes of Dams:

Homogeneous dam

Rockfill dam Zoned dam Random fill dam Stone masonry dam Stone gabion dams


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Earthen Dam DesignHeight, Free board , Slopes, Crest, Settlement,Runoff estimates, Effective Life of dam Reservoir capacity, Catchment Characteristics Flood Hydrograph, Sediment Load, Seepage Coffer dams and Check dams

OutletsSpillwaysLayout, size and type

Dams Construction


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Small Dams in Sindh


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Small Dams in Sindh


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Small Dams in Sindh


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Small Dams in Baluchistan


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Small Dams in Punjab


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Small Dams in Punjab


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Small Dams in KPK


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An Ounce of PreventionThe potential for future droughts and water shortages will only grow overcoming decades due to global warming. Like many

environmental problems, people, water utilities, andgovernment can all help mitigate the impacts of drought and water shortages? Pakistan Government projects that many districts will facesevere water shortages in next 5 to 10 years, due to;Combination of rising temperatures, drought, populationgrowth, suburban sprawl, and waste. As we have an exploding human population, and have ashrinkin clean-water su l .


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World Water Day, March 22, 2013 Water Theme for 2013: Water Cooperation Aims to raise awareness, both on the potential for increasedcooperation and on the challenges facing water management inlight of the increase in demand for water access, allocation andservices. Water is a precious resource, regularize reliable clean supply of water for ensuring safe, secure and prosperous future of ourcountry people. As still many are deprived for an access to this

natural gift of life - every day.In World, about 1.5 million children die each year frompreventable diarrheal diseases, most often related to conditionsof poor hygiene, sanitation, and compromised water supply


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The Worth of Water


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THANKS

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Worth of Water Unit 7