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By Dario Hidalgo, PhD. Director Research and Practice EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center for Sustainable Transport.Sustainable Transport Symposium 2011.Kocaeli, Turkey, April 6-8 2011.
Citation preview
W ld id BRT S A li biliWorldwide BRT Systems Applicability of BRT Systems in Turkey
Dario Hidalgo, PhDDirector Research and Practice
EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center forSustainable Transport
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 2011Kocaeli, Turkey, April 6-8 2011
Growing cities increased congestion, pollution, accidents, and reduced physical activity
Sao Paulo, Brasil
Problems
Possible Trajectories
Problems
Global Footprint
If everyone in the world lived like an average North American we wouldaverage North American, we would need five planets to live on…
Source: WWF, Living Planet Report, 2006
Cars and Light Duty Vehicles per Thousand Population
Not all the countriesreach the same levelof auto ownership
Source: Lee Schipper, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, 2009
Sustainable Transport Paradigm
Avoid Shift Improve
Reduce need to travel and TechnologiesReduce need to travel and number and length of the
trips
Use more efficient transport modes
Technologies, operations and management
• Dense and mixed land useW lki Biki
• Efficient vehicles, alternative clean
• Travel demand management
• Information and communications technologies
• Walking, Biking
• Transit and cool fuels
• Improved efficiencyy
See: Dalkmann and Sakamoto Transport in the GreenSee: Dalkmann and Sakamoto, Transport in the Green Economy Report, UNEP, 2011http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/GER_10_Transport.pdf
World Trend in Advanced CitiesAdvanced Cities
Pedestrian and BicyclesPublic TransportationTransit Oriented Development Disincentives to CarDisincentives to Car UseCleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG
1. Non motorised transport CARRERA 15, BOGOTAPhotos: IDUPhotos: IDU
ALAMEDA EL PORVENIR, BOGOTAPhotos: FPPQQ
2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car useC ti h iCongestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, SantiagoAdministrative measuresAdministrative measures (plate restrictions)Parking controlsTaxes (fuel property)Taxes (fuel, property)Citizens’ culture
London
Bogota Sunday Ciclovía
Bogota, no car day
Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Local scale:
Nodes around stationsJoint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainmentDense Housing (3-4 floors) withDense Housing (3 4 floors) with generous public space
Helsinki Photo J. Kenworthy
Vancouver ZurichPhoto J. KenworthyPhoto J. Kenworthy
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)
Urban and regional scale: General principles
Copenhagen map
Limits to urban expansion and generation of protected areas (zones that cannot be developed - ecological structure)structure)Obligatory consistency between local detailed plans and transport planProvision of public space in every new p p ydevelopment and renovationOccupation indexes favorable to public transport useI i d b f d lIncentives and bonuses for development of desired uses (instruments)Obligation to balance growth of employment and housingemployment and housing
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)3 a s t o e ted de e op e t ( O )
Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Curitiba BrazilCuritiba, Brazil
Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm
4. Bus Systems
4. Bus Systems
High qualityUser orientedFastReliableLow cost
Leeds, UK
Sao PauloCuritiba Sao PauloCuritiba
BRT key components
Centralized
Stations with prepayment and level access
Centralized control
Distinctive and level accessimage
Exclusive bus lanes
Large buses with gmultiple doors
16
BRT key components
CentralizedCentralized control
Distinctive
Stations with prepayment and level access
image
and level access
Large buses with multiple doors
Exclusive bus lanes
multiple doors
17
Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors
100
125
20
25
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang ‐ChinaJaipur ‐ India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata ‐ Indonesia
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang ‐ChinaJaipur ‐ India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata ‐ Indonesia
Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang ‐ChinaJaipur ‐ India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata ‐ Indonesia
13
1716
75
100
15
20 Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada
Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada
Bangkok ‐ Thailand; East London Transit ‐ UKJoão Pessoa ‐ Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga ‐ ColombiaEstado México ‐México; Lima ‐ Perú; Brampton ‐ Canada
878 8 8
13
5010
Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles MetrorapidBogotá TransMilenio
Los Angeles MetrorapidBogotá TransMilenio
Los Angeles Metrorapid
1 12
1 1 1 12
1 121 1
5
1 12
54
7
255
CuritibaCuritibaCuritiba
1 1 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors 4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses
114
, , ,26.8 million passengers per weekday
14
3
13
91
1116
5
1
131
411
51 11
4
16
1
2
1
1
11
1
1
830 km 6 km
Source: CTS Brasil EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database January 2011Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Curitiba, RIT, 72 km median busways2.3 million pax/dayInitial Corridor 1972
Curitiba – 35 years with a coordinated land use and transport plan with a BRT backboneand transport plan with a BRT backbone
Fuente: Arq. Antonio Juarez Nakamura, Presentación en IV Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura – Universidad Piloto de Colombia, Bogotá, Agosto de 2002
Amzaing Results in Urban Form in Externalities
Fuente: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm
Curitiba new BRT Corridor (2009-2010)Linha Verde “Now”
Rodovia BR116 “Before”Photo: URBS
Linha Verde NowPhoto: CTS Brasil
Linha Verde “Future”Image: URBSg
Quito, Metrobús-Q, 37 Km median busways, 440,000 pax/day
Initial corridor in 1995
Bogotá, TransMilenio, 84 Km median busways, 1,7 million pax/dayInitial Corridor 2000
Pho
toIT
DP
Bogotá TransMilenioEje Ambiental Avenida Jiménez
Expressway LanesExpressway LanesTransMilenio, Bogota
Main mode of transport 1998-2009co
m; Total Public
Transport
?” w
ww
.elti
empo
.c pTraditional Public TransportTransMilenio
tá ¿
Cóm
oV
amos
? TransMilenioBRTS
Private (Car,
esta
Anu
al“B
ogot Private (Car,
Two Wheeler)
Active
Fuen
tes:
Enc
ue
Transport (Walking, Bicycle)
Fatalities in Bogotá Over TimeFatalities in Bogotá Over Time
14001299
11651106
1200
1400
11061014
923
788
1171
800
1000
698 665
551511
564600
4001995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Source: Anuario Estadístico Ministerio de Transporte ColombiaSource: Anuario Estadístico, Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia
Fatalities Reduced (Baseline vs. Project)Av. Caracas BRT Corridor, TransMilenio, BogotáAv. Caracas BRT Corridor, TransMilenio, Bogotá
62 6060
70
60
47
40
50
60
es
38
29
23
30
40
Fata
lidad
e
18 18
10 96
14
26
25
1 3 14
10
20
2 2 1 3 101996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020
Total Corredor Asociadas a TransMilenioTendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin ProyectoTendencia con Proyecto Tendencia Sin Proyecto
Data: TRANSMILENIO S.A.
Sao Paulo, 104 Km median busways + preferential buslanes, 5,761,000 pax/day
Initial busways 1980, Reconstructed in 2003
León de Guanajuato, México, Optibús, 31 Km median busways (60% segregated)
Initial corridor 2003
México City, Metrobús, 66 Km median busways, 570,000 pax/day
Initial Corridor 2005
Pereira, Colombia, Megabús, 27 Km Busways, 155,000 pax/day
Initial Operation in 2006
Pereira, Colombiae e a, Co o b a
Photos courtesy of Megabus, P i C l biPereira, Colombia
Guayaquil, Ecuador, Metrovía,
16 Km Busways, 96,000 pax/day
Initial Corridor 2006
Photos by D. Hidalgo
Santiago, Chile, 19 Km busways + 63 Km of road improvements, Integrated Network for 5 Million Trips/day
Initial Operation in 2007
Pesu
la)
Sapf
an(J
an P
Pho
to: S
Guatemala City, February 2007
Met
roca
liP
hoto
: M
Cali, Colombia 27 Km busways130,000 pax/day
Initial Operation in 2009
Macrobús, Guadalajara, México
Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus C id i 2010 i ll i d l i itiCorridors in 2010, specially in developing cities
16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia (2), India, Thailand, Brazil, México, Perú, UK, Canada
21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2 047 buses21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses
1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)
7 cities expanded corridors in 2010 125 km7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km49 new cities with corridors under construction16 iti di th i id16 cities expanding their corridors31 new cities in planning stages
Guahazhou BRT, China
•Opened February 10, 2010•22.5 km dedicated busway•26 stations (prepayment, level boarding – some buses passing lane up tobuses, passing lane, up to six platforms)•Peak supply: 340 buses/hr/direction•40 routes (in and out the system, no transfers)•Peak demand: 26,900 passengers/hr/direction•Daily demand: 800,000 pax/per weekday
Photo by Benjamin
Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/guangzhou.aspx#p g g g p
Hefei BRT, China• Operations started 18 Jan 2010
• 2 Corridors• 2 Corridors• 12.7 km busway (15 km total)
• 14 stations14 stations• Peak supply: 60 buses/hr
• Commerical Speed 16 pkm/h
• Fleet: 65 buses (estimated, conventionalbuses 12 m)
• Ridership: 65,250 pax/day (estimated)
Photo: Karl Fjlestrom, ITDPSource: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/hefei.aspx#
Yancheng BRT, Chinag ,
• Operations startedMay 1 2010May 1, 2010
• 1 corridor• 8 km dedicated
busway (15 km total)busway (15 km total)• 21 stations• 20 BRT buses (12 m)• 30 feeder buses• Estimated ridership
20,000 pax/day
Photos and Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/yancheng.aspx#
Zaozhuang BRT, China
•Started Operations August1 2010 (Commercial1, 2010 (Commercialoperation September 1, 2010)
•1 Corridor 33 km•1 Corridor, 33 km•24 stations•2 terminals•20 buses (estimated)•27 buses/hour•700 pax/hour/direction•20,000 pax/day•30 km/h commercial speed
Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/zaozhuang.aspx#
Jaipur Bus, Jaipur, India• Operations started 31 July 2010• Route reorganization• Route reorganization• 10 routes• 352 line-km• 497 bus stops• 497 bus stops• 200 buses • 150,000 pax/day
•Busway•Busway• Length 7.1 km • 10 stations• 20 buses• 20 buses• 2,000 pax/day
• Busways plan 42 km
Photos: http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69Info: EMBARQ India and http://www.jaipurbus.com/route_map.html
Bangkok BRT, ThailandBangkok BRT, Thailand
• Free operations startedMay 15, 2010y
• Commercial operationsstarted September 1, 2010
• 15.9 km median busway(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)(Sathorn-Ratchaphruek)
• 12 stations• 20 buses, conventionalhigh floor, 1 wide door
• Peak ridership 1,000 pax/hr• Peak buses 14/hour• Daily ridership 10,000 pax/daypax/day
• Fare 10 baht (USD 0.33)Photo and information source: http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bangkok-brt.htmlAdditional source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx#
East London Transit, UKFebruary 2010. Two Routes (EL1, EL2)12 buses per hour47 min trip timepApproximate 20 Km, 40 stops, About 18 buses, 9,000 pax/day
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/2123.aspx
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirewiping/4382063978/sizes/m/in/photostream/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit
Corredor de Ônibus de João Pessoa, Brasil
•Started operations in 20102010
•1 corridor•2.5 km•5 stations5 stations•111 buses•100,000 passengers per weekdayy
htt // f t ti i b / i h ? 3&idhttp://www.afonteenoticia.com.br/pagina.php?pg=3&id_noticia=1278
Transmetro, Barranquilla, Colombia
• Opened 10 July 2010• 13.4 km dedicated busway13.4 km dedicated busway• 15 Stations (prepayment,
level boarding)• 1 intermediate station, • 1 terminal 32.7 km
auxiliary corridors (62 km planned)
• Buses:• 92 articulated (18m)• 85 large conventional (15m)• 107 conventional feeder (12m)
• Daily demandDaily demand• 32,000 pax (305,000 expected
when fully implemented) Photo via transmetro.gov.co
Sources: http://transmetro.gov.co/web2010/Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit Group, Oct 2010
Metrolínea Bucaramanga ColombiaMetrolínea, Bucaramanga, Colombia•Opened 21 December 2009•Commercial operation 22Commercial operation 22 January 2010•8.9 km trunk corridor•7.7 auxiliary corridors (25.2 km plan )km plan.)• 24 stations (level boarding, prepayment)•80.1 km feeder lines•Buses• 15 Articulated• 47 Large Conventional 15m
(203 plan.)(203 plan.)• 69 Conventional feeder (150
plan.)• Ridership: 75,000 pax/day
Photo: http://www.metrolinea.gov.co/
Source: Ministry of Transport, Mass Transit G O t 2010Group, Oct 2010
Mexibús, Estado México, MéxicoMexibús, Estado México, México
• Initial operation Nov 30, 20102010
• 16 km exclusive busway(Ciudad Azteca-Tecamac)
• 21 stations• 3 terminals• 130,000 pax/day
(expected)• Proyected expansions
201121 k (L h í L• 21 km (Lechería-Las Américas)
• 14 km (Chinalhucán-Pantitlán)
Photo: http://transeunte.org/tag/mexibus/
Source: http://transporteinformativo.com/pasaje/inicia-operaciones-mexibus-con-63-autobuses-articulados-volvo
Metropolitano, Lima, Perup , ,
• Initial Operation, May 2010• First high capacity bus• First high capacity bus
system with CNG only• 27 km busways, 80% with
overtaking at stationsg• 35 stations, one large
central underground station, two terminals
• 308 articulated buses• 319 feeder buses• 82,000 pax/day south
ti (854 000 /dsection (854,000 pax/day expected)
• 21 km/hour commercial speed
Photo: Protransporte, Lima, May 2010
Source: Menckhoff, G., Ochoa, C., Ardila, A. “El Metropolitanode Lima: Implementación y Primeros Resultados de un Nuevo speed Sistema BRT” CLATPU, Octubre 2010
Züm Brampton Ontario CanadaZüm, Brampton, Ontario, Canada•Operations StartedSeptember 20, 2010September 20, 2010
•28.5 km busway•17 stations•25 buses, low floor, 25 m25 buses, low floor, 25 m• Two additional corridorsplanned for 2011-2012
Sources: http://www brampton ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome aspx
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brampton_Zum_1074b.JPG
http://www.brampton.ca/en/residents/transit/zum/Pages/welcome.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCm
Systems expansions 2010Systems expansions 2010Name City Expansion (growth)Transjakarta Jakarta Indonesia +48 km (34%)Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia +48 km (34%)BRT Teheran Teheran, Iran +21km (31%)Janmarg Ahmedabad, India +20 km (105%)Select Bus New York City +14 km (121%)Xiamen BRT Xiamen, China +11 km (28%)Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou China +6 km (46%)Hangzhou BRT Hangzhou, China +6 km (46%)Optibús León, México +5 km (19%)
125 km 3% increase over existing km in 2009 Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation
Varied throughput(2009)
Commercial speed (2009)
Capital Cost(2009)
What Went WrongCommon problemsWhat Went Wrong• Rushed implementation
• Very tight financial planning• Very tight financial planning
• Very high occupancy levels
• Early deterioration of infrastructure
• Issues with technological components
• Insufficient user education
Filename/RPS Number
Latin American Association of Integrated Bus Systems and
BRT AgenciesBRT Agencies
BRT: Lessons for TurkeyBRT: Lessons for Turkey
Good performanceGood performance High capacityL tLow costRapid implementationHigh positive impact
Travel time, emissions, accidentsTravel time, emissions, accidents
BRT is a feature or an aspiration of most cities
¡Muchas Gracias!
Volvo Research andVolvo Research and Educational Foundations
Cities with the most used BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010Networks 2010
Name Corridors Km Pax/day Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3 6,843,664 p , , , ,Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0 2,260,000 TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0 1,700,000 Busways, Taipei, China Taiwan 10 30.3 1,680,000 Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0 1,440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Porto Alegre, Brazil 10 57.2 1,170,000 Guangzhou BRT, China 1 22.5 800,000 Optibus, Leon, Mexico 4 31.0 700,000 Metrobus, Istanbul, Turkey 2 43.0 700,000 Metrobus, Mexico City, Mexico 2 66.0 570,000
d lMetrorapid, Los Angeles, USA 21 390.2 464,600 Metrobus‐Q, Quito, Ecuador 3 42.2 440,000 Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
2 23.7 435,000 Brazil
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment
Cities with the Longest BRT/Bus Corridors Networks 2010Networks 2010
Name Corridors KmMetrorapid, Los Angeles, California 21 390.2Prioridade Transporte Colectivo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 10 301.3SmartBus, Melbourne, Australia 4 233.0MIO, Cali, Colombia 6 179.0Trans Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 10 172.2LINK, Phoenix, USA 4 128.0Metrobus, Monterrey, Mexico 3 101.0T h BRT I 5 91 0Tehran BRT, Iran 5 91.0Trans Hulonthanlangi, Indonesia 3 90.0Trans Jogja, Indonesia 3 90.0TransMilenio Bogota Colombia 7 84 0TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 7 84.0TransMetro, Pekanbaru, Indonesia 2 74.0Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba, Brazil 6 72.0
Dark color strong segregation stations with prepaymentSource: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Dark color strong segregation, stations with prepayment
Region Country 49 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under Construction Dec 2010Africa(3)
Ghana (1) Accra (Ghana),
South Africa (2) Cape Town, Nelson Mandela Bay( )
Asia(12)
India (6) Surat, Indore, Bhopal, Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Rajkot
Jordan (1) Amman
Korea, Republic (1) Changwon
Turkey (1) Kocaeli (Izmit)
Europe(23)
France (20) Annenasse, Antibes-Sophia Antipolis, Cannes, La Rochelle, Lille, Lyon, Metz, Nancy, Nice, Nimes, Perpignan, Rennes, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Etienne, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Pierre-de la-Reunion, Sait-Paul-de-la-Reunion, Toulouse Tours ValenciennesToulouse, Tours, Valenciennes
Italy (1) Bologna,
UK (2) Cambridge, Leigh-Salford-Manchester
Latin Argentina (1) Buenos AiresLatin America and the Caribbean(10)
Argentina (1)
Colombia (3) Cartagena, Medellín, Soacha
México (1) Monterrey
Panamá (1) Panamá City
Paraguay (1) Asunción
Perú (1) Arequipa
Puerto Rico (1) San Juan
Venezuela (1) Barquisimeto
USA and Canada (9)
USA (9) Albany (NY), Austin (TX), Berkeley (CA), Fort Collins (CO), Grand Rapids (MI), Roaring Forks Valley (CO), San Bernardino (CA), San Francisco (CA), Seattle (WA)
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Region Country 16 Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors under ExpansionDecember 2010
Africa (1) South Africa (1) JohannesburgAsia(4)
India (3) Ahmedabad, Jaipur, PuneIran (1) Teheran
Latin Brasil (5) Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife, SalvadorAmerica and the Caribbean(10)
( ) gColombia (2) Bogotá, CaliGuatemala (1) Guatemala CityMéxico (2) León, México City( ) , y
USA and Canada (1)
USA (1) New York City (NY)
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011
Region Country 31 Cities Planning BRT/Bus CorridorsDecember 2010
Africa(11)
Ethiopia (1) Addis AbebaKenia (1) NairobiSouth Africa (7) Tshwane (Pretoria), Bloemfontein, Durban (eThekwini),
E L d Ek h l i P l k R bEast London, Ekurhuleni, Polokwane, RustemburgTanzania (1) Dar es SalaamUganda (1) Kampala
Asia(4)
China (5) Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Wuxi, Xi'anMongolia (1) Ulan Bator
Europe (2) UK (2) Bath-Sommerset, GlasgowLatin America and the Caribbean
Brasil (3) Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, UberlandiaColombia (1) CúcutaEcuador (1) Cuenca
(12) El Salvador (1) San SalvadorMéxico (6) Chihuahua, Chimalhuacan, Guadalajara, Mexicali,
Oaxaca, TijuanaOceania Australia Brisbane (expansion)USA and Canada (2)
USA (2) Chicago, IL; Santa Clara, CA
Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011