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PROJECT LEARNING TREE Global Connections: Forests of the World World Forest Tour 23 ©AMERICAN FOREST FOUNDATION ©WORLD FORESTRY CENTER World Forest Tour TEACHER PAGE Making a Living These cards show people who struggle to make their living from forests. The Forest Provides These cards offer examples of the countless things that people get from forests. Wildlife These cards describe some of the wildlife species that are threatened from forest habitat degradation or loss. People and the Forest These cards describe some of the complex interactions between human populations and forests. Using the World Forest Tour The following seven pages of this module contain 60 "World Forest Tour" cards that provide students with concrete examples of forests’ inherent values, the challenges they face, and what communities are doing to ensure their future. You may copy and laminate the cards to use with students in many ways. You may also download larger color versions (which include photographs) from the PLT website at http://www.plt.org/forests-of-the-world. How to Use the Cards The cards are an integral part of three different module activities: • In Activity 2: What is a Forest? (Part B, step 3), students look to the cards for ideas on how people in various regions view forests. • In Activity 4: Analyzing Patterns of Change (Part A, step 3), students use the cards to identify ways that humans change forests. • In Activity 9: Researching Forests Around the World (step 4), students review the cards to find and select a country or forest region to research. In addition, you might consider using the cards in other innovative ways: • Have each student pick a card to share within small groups. The group members can read their cards aloud, and then discuss what their group’s cards have in common. • Sort the cards by the four icons (located in the top right corner of each card). Have students look at all the cards with the same icon, and discern from the cards’ text what they think that icon means. The card categories below offer one description for each icon, but challenge students to come up with their own. • After doing Activity 5 or 6, give students each a card and ask them to write about the environmental, social, and economic elements involved in the scenario. Discuss which elements are the most and least prevalent across all the cards. • Hand out a card to each student, and have the class read and place their cards on the “Global Connections: Forests of the World” poster to see what patterns emerge by continent or region. Compare what you find in the stories to the data in Appendices E and F. Card Categories The cards are presented in the following four categories, differentiated from one another by the icons below. While each card is assigned only one icon, the topics highlighted are interrelated and often overlap. Source: Text of cards - adapted and reprinted with permission from the People and Forests exhibit at the World Forestry Center, Portland, Oregon, 2007. $ $

WorldForestTour - Project Learning Tree · • In Activity 2: What is a Forest ... watch birds in forests the world over. ... PROJECTLEARNINGTREE Global Connections: Forests of the

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PROJECT LEARNING TREE Global Connections: Forests of the World World Forest Tour 23

©AMERICAN FOREST FOUNDATION ©WORLD FORESTRY CENTER

World Forest TourTEACHERPAGE

Making a LivingThese cards show people who struggle to make their living from forests.

The Forest ProvidesThese cards offer examples of the countless things that people get from forests.

WildlifeThese cards describe some of the wildlife species that are threatened from forest habitatdegradation or loss.

People and the ForestThese cards describe some of the complex interactions between human populationsand forests.

Using the World Forest TourThe following seven pages of this module contain 60 "World Forest Tour" cards that provide students with concreteexamples of forests’ inherent values, the challenges they face, and what communities are doing to ensure theirfuture. You may copy and laminate the cards to use with students in many ways. You may also download largercolor versions (which include photographs) from the PLT website at http://www.plt.org/forests-of-the-world.

How to Use the CardsThe cards are an integral part of three different module activities:

• In Activity 2: What is a Forest? (Part B, step 3), students look to the cards for ideas on how people invarious regions view forests.

• In Activity 4: Analyzing Patterns of Change (Part A, step 3), students use the cards to identify waysthat humans change forests.

• In Activity 9: Researching Forests Around the World (step 4), students review the cards to find andselect a country or forest region to research.

In addition, you might consider using the cards in other innovative ways:

• Have each student pick a card to share within small groups. The group members can read their cardsaloud, and then discuss what their group’s cards have in common.

• Sort the cards by the four icons (located in the top right corner of each card). Have students look at allthe cards with the same icon, and discern from the cards’ text what they think that icon means. The cardcategories below offer one description for each icon, but challenge students to come up with their own.

• After doing Activity 5 or 6, give students each a card and ask them to write about the environmental,social, and economic elements involved in the scenario. Discuss which elements are the most and leastprevalent across all the cards.

• Hand out a card to each student, and have the class read and place their cards on the “Global Connections:Forests of the World” poster to see what patterns emerge by continent or region. Compare what youfind in the stories to the data in Appendices E and F.

Card CategoriesThe cards are presented in the following four categories, differentiated from one another by the icons below.While each card is assigned only one icon, the topics highlighted are interrelated and often overlap.

Source: Text of cards - adapted and reprinted with permission from the People and Forests exhibit at theWorld Forestry Center, Portland, Oregon, 2007.

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World Forest Tour (cont.)STU

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24 PROJECT LEARNING TREE Global Connections: Forests of the World World Forest Tour

©AMERICAN FOREST FOUNDATION ©WORLD FORESTRY CENTER

Papua NewGuineaIn many communities, womenprovide for their families by gath-ering food, water, wood, andother materials from the forest.Despite their interest in the healthof the forests, women are oftenleft out of forest managementdecisions. Programs in manycountries are exploring ways togive women a greater voice inforestry issues.

MaliVisit western Africa and you’ll seelocal markets filled with womenselling fruits, nuts, plants, andspices gathered from the forest.Many families depend on themoney earned from selling theseand other non-timber products.Economic development projectsare helping women improveaccess to market information andother resources to increase familyincome.

BoliviaMany countries have tried toimprove forest management bygiving local people more controlover the forests they depend on.The results have been mixed. InBolivia, some communities beganpatrols to prevent illegal farming,logging, and ranching. But othercommunities sold their timber tologging companies for short-termprofit, with little concern for thefuture.

TanzaniaIn Tanzania,some communities have succeed-ed in forest conservation wherethe government has failed. Withtheir new authority over localforests, several villages havereplanted degraded lands, rehabili-tated springs, repaired forestroads, closed off cattle tracks, andincreased income generated fromthe forests.

MexicoThirty-eight communities livealongside millions of migratingmonarch butterflies at theMonarch Butterfly Reserve in cen-tral Mexico. Illegal logging, farm-ing, and tourism are damaging thishabitat. Nongovernmental organi-zations and local people are learn-ing to build houses and cook withless wood, to improve farmingmethods, and to reduce the effectof tourists.

RussiaHundreds of native groups live byherding animals, hunting, andgathering. In the forest and tundraof Siberia, their traditional ways oflife are threatened by logging,mining, and pollution. Native peo-ples are joining forces to protecttheir cultures and rights to naturalresources.

NewZealandAbout 14 percent of NewZealand’s planted forests areowned by the country’s nativepeople, Maoris. They hope thatplantations and commercialforestry will play an important rolein their economic future, by pro-viding jobs and other benefits.

United StatesFerns and other greens fromPacific Northwest forests areshipped all over the world. Astimber harvests decline, thesefloral greens are an increasinglyimportant source of income forrural communities. Advocatesfor sustainable forestry say thatthis growing industry, if properlyregulated, can have bothenvironmental and economicpayoffs.

MexicoAncient Mayans chewed chicle,the sap of the sapodilla tree(Manilkara zapota). In the 19thcentury, a New Yorker addedsugar and flavoring to this natu-ral latex and created an instantcommercial success. Althoughmost chewing gum is nowmade with synthetic bases,chicle is still harvested on asmall scale.

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WOMEN’S

VOICES

GOINGTOMARKET

MORELOCALCONTROL

COMMUNITYFORESTRY

LIVINGWITHBUTTERFLIES

PROTECTINGAWAYOFLIFE

INVESTINGIN

FORESTS

FLORALGREENS

GUMS

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NewZealandAccording to oral tradition, thesacred art of wood carving wasgiven to the Maori people bythe sea god, Tangaroa. Artiststoday still carve indigenouswood with decorative, spiritualdesigns.

UnitedStatesDouglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) is one of the woodscommonly used for the polesthat carry electricity and tele-phone lines to homes andbusinesses throughout NorthAmerica. There are 88 millionutility poles along Americanhighways.

UnitedStatesThe world’sgreat railroads were literally builton wood. Durable woodencrossties, or “sleepers,” underthe rails easily bear hundreds ofthousands of pounds. Wood isstill the material of choice bymore than 90 percent of themarket.

UnitedStatesNew York City’s famously gooddrinking water is filtered natural-ly through the forested CatskillMountains watershed. In 1997,the city opted to spend US$1billion to restore the watershed,rather than the US$6-8 billion itwould have cost to build a filtra-tion plant.

UnitedStatesTrees filter the air we breathe,thus absorbing carbon dioxideand pollutants and releasingoxygen. In Washington, D.C.alone, urban trees and forestsabsorb 395,100 kg (878,000pounds) of pollutants a year.

CanadaNative Americans taught set-tlers to make sugar from maplesap in the early 1600s. NowCanada exports 28,000 tonnes(31,000 tons) of maple syrup tomore than 30 countries – 85percent of the world’s supply.A single sugar maple tree (Acersaccharum) produces enoughsap to make about one liter ofsyrup a year.

PeruNatural stands of Brazil nuttrees (Bertholletia excelsa) inAmazonian tropical forests pro-duce valuable commercial nuts.The Brazil nut market supportsforest conservation, as well ascreating revenue for local peo-ple. In Peru, the Brazil nut con-cessions are managed primarilyby local families.

BrazilIn addition to mitigating globalclimate change, forests canaffect local weather. In theAmazon, they retain moistureand regulate temperature. Treesrecycle half of the Amazon’srainfall - water that evaporatesfrom trees in the morningcomes back in the afternoonthunderstorms.

Burkina FasoThe nut of the shea tree(Vitellaria paradoxa) containsabout 50 percent fat, which haslong been used locally in cook-ing, cosmetics, ointments, andsoap. It has also become asource of income for thewomen who harvest it, thanksto growing demands fromcosmetic, international food,and pharmaceutical industries.

ART

UTILITYPOLES

RAILWAYTIES

PUREWATER

CLEANAIR

MAPLESYRUP

BRAZIL

NUTS

WEATHER

SHEANUTS

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FinlandFinland supplies 25 percent ofthe world’s printing paper,although it has only 0.5 percentof the world’s forests. Paper, andthe wood pulp used to make it,account for more than half theglobal trade in forest products.

FinlandPeople like to camp, fish, hike,hunt, pick berries, ride, walk, andwatch birds in forests the worldover. In some parts of Europe,even private lands must allowaccess for public recreationaluse. Finnish citizens enjoy anextensive public right of accessto all forests.

RussiaIn our global economy, Swedishdesigned furniture sold in theU.S. might be made in Chinafrom wood grown in Russia.Producers take advantage of thelowest labor and raw materialcosts around the world. InRussia, where forests cover 70percent of the land and span ninetime zones, logs can sell for afraction of the prices charged inother parts of the world.

MadagascarTrees and other vegetation holdsoil in place. With severe soil ero-sion - caused by slash-and-burnagriculture, heavy logging, andovergrazing - the native forests ofMadagascar are unable to regen-erate. Most of the animals andplants that depend on this habitatexist nowhere else on Earth.

ChinaFirst introduced to the Westernworld about 150 years ago, thisdistilled oil is used to treat a vari-ety of ailments, including coughsand muscle aches. It’s also a fla-voring, cleanser, and insect repel-lant. Although eucalyptus trees(Eucalyptus globulus) are nativeto Australia, China now producesabout half the world’s supply ofthe oil.

ChinaOften called the“poor man’s timber,” bamboo(Bambusoideae) is actually agrass. It plays a crucial role inrural economies throughout Asia.It grows up to three feet a day, athird faster than the fastest-grow-ing trees. Bamboo is used foreverything from food to buildingmaterials, furniture, and utensils.

ChinaFruit can be an important sourceof food and income from forests.Jujubes, or Chinese dates(Ziziphus jujuba), are high invitamin C and have been usedmedicinally for centuries. Today,because the trees grow well indegraded soil, they are beingplanted to combat desertificationand to supplement rural incomes.

ThailandSampans are common on therivers, lakes, canals, and protect-ed bays of Southeast Asia.Those flat-bottomed, paddle-powered wooden boats areused for transportation, fishing,and even housing.

TaiwanOne cancer-fighting fungus,Antrodia camphorate, is foundonly in Taiwan and is insideendangered camphor trees.Because of its medicinal proper-ties and rarity, this fungus sellsfor thousands of dollars a pound.Biotechnology companies areworking to develop culturedforms of the fungus that are aspotent as the natural form.

PAPER

RECREATION

FURNITURE

SOIL

EUCALYPTUSOIL

BAMBOO

JUJUBES

BOATS

MUSHROOMS

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NepalLocal people harvest thousandsof tons of medicinal and aromat-ic herbs annually fromHimalayan forests and mead-ows. Much of the harvest is forexport. This trade generatesopportunities for economicdevelopment, as well as con-cerns about overharvesting.

IndiaTrees figure in spiritual andreligious life around the world.According to Buddhist tradition,the Buddha was sitting under atree, meditating, when heachieved enlightenment (bodhi).The bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa),sacred to Hindus as well asBuddhists, is a species of fig.

IndiaMany women earn income col-lecting the leaves of sal trees(Shorea robusta) and stitchingthem together to make plates.The disposable and biodegrad-able dishes are finding a grow-ing international market. In thestate of Orissa, nontimber for-est products such as these con-tribute as much as 40 percentof rural household income.

ThailandIn the mountain forests ofnorthern Thailand, one villagecommunity harvests and sellsgreen tea from natural stands oftea trees (Thea sinensis) thatthey enrich with new plantings.The “miang” (green) tea gar-dens support the whole villagecommunity.

MalaysiaNatural rubber, or latex, istapped from the Heveabrasiliensis tree. Although rub-ber trees are native to Brazil, 85percent of the world’s produc-tion now comes from Asia,where large-scale plantationswere introduced in the 1800s.Synthetics are now available,but natural rubber supplies athird of the market.

IndonesiaMany spices are derived fromthe bark, sap, fruit, stems,leaves, roots, flowers, or seedsof tropical forest trees. Nutmeg(Myristica fragrans) is the seedof an evergreen tree native tothe East Indian “Spice Islands.”Another spice, mace, is theseed’s bright red coating. Thespice trade generally flows fromthe tropics to the rest of theworld.

PhilippinesAlmaciga resin, or Manila copal(Agathis philippensis), which isan ingredient in lacquer,linoleum, paint, plastics, printingink, soap, and varnish, is a majorsource of export income. Newsustainable tapping methods arereplacing traditional methodsthat can damage and ultimatelykill the trees.

JapanMedieval weapons were oftenmade of wood, and modernmartial arts practitioners stilluse a variety of woodenswords, sticks, and spears. InKendo, the art of Japanesefencing, the bokken, or bokuto,is a solid wood sword made ofoak or other hardwoods.

AustraliaMany of Australia’s plants andanimals are found nowhere elseon Earth. Over half of Australia’sastounding biodiversity is in itsforests and woodlands.Biodiversity is important forensuring the health of the natu-ral environment, cleaning the airand water, and maintaining fer-tile soils.

MEDICINALHERBS

SACREDTREES

SALLEAVES

TEA

RUBBER

SPICES

RESIN

WEAPONS

BIODIVERSITY$

$

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Armenia andGeorgiaIsolated by steepterrain, mountainforest ecosys-tems often contain species foundnowhere else. Forests in mountain-ous areas play an important role inprotecting water resources and pre-venting soil erosion and flooding. Yetsome of the most densely populat-ed forests of the world are in moun-tain zones, where demands for crop-land, fuelwood, and constructionmaterials exert high pressure on theforest. Georgia and Armenia havedeveloped national action plans toconserve those habitats.

United StatesThe jaguar is endangered inmuch of its natural range, whichextends through North, Central,and South America. North of theMexican border, it is particularlyrare. Loss of forest habitat,human encroachment, and ille-gal hunting are primary factorsin its decline. Jaguars are killedfor their prized fur and to pre-vent their preying on livestock.

BrazilAlthough macaws are amongthe most endangered species ofthe parrot family, the hyacinthmacaw is a relative successstory. Thanks to an artificialnesting program and to publiceducation countering the illegalpet trade, the macaw’s numbersare growing in some areas. Butit is still threatened by loss of itsforest habitat to logging andagriculture.

Spain andPortugalThe Iberianlynx is themost endangered of all cats,and is likely to become extinctin the wild in 10-20 years. Withloss and fragmentation of itswoodland and scrub habitat andwith depletion of prey popula-tions, only about 200 survive.Governments, private landown-ers, and conservation organiza-tions are working to establishhabitat management agree-ments and captive breedingprograms.

DemocraticRepublic ofthe CongoHunting wildanimals - particularly duikers,pigs, porcupines, and primates -for bushmeat is a long-estab-lished tradition and source ofincome. But the growingdemand, increasing forestaccess, and growing sales ofbushmeat threaten biodiversity.Wildlife conservationists areworking to improve protectionof species and habitats and tocreate economic alternatives forlocal communities.

Indonesiaand MalaysiaOrang-utan means “person ofthe forest.” This great ape’s 90percent population decline islargely the result of destructionof its forest habitat. Logging,agriculture, and plantations aremajor threats, along with hunt-ing. Protecting the orang-utanfrom extinction will requirecreating and expanding protect-ed areas and restricting thetrade in meat and wild animals.

CanadaThese “greyghosts” of theboreal forestneed largetracts of mature forest for protec-tion from predators and for theslow-growing lichens they eat.Once widely distributed acrossCanada - from the Yukon toNewfoundland - populations aredwindling as development, roads,agriculture, logging, mining, and oiland gas exploration encroach ontheir habitat. In Alberta, wherewoodland caribou are on theendangered wildlife list, fewerthan 7,000 remain.

TuvaluBy some esti-mates, Tuvaluand other low-lying islandcountries could disappear within50 years, as global warmingcontributes to sea level rise.Deforestation is part of thecause. Clearing forests decreas-es the absorption of carbonthrough photosynthesis. Burningfossil fuels increases emissionsof carbon gases that trap heat inthe atmosphere.

IndonesiaIndonesia hasnearly a quarterof the world’smangroveforests. Those trees and shrubs,growing along tropical and sub-tropical coastlines, support someof the world’s most productiveecosystems. Thousands ofcoastal communities rely onmangrove forests for fuelwood,fish, and other products. Butmangrove forests worldwide areshrinking as rivers are dammedand large tracts are converted torice fields and to fish and shrimpponds.

MOUNTAIN

FORESTS

JAGUAR

MACAWS

IBERIANLYNX

BUSHMEAT

ORANG-UTAN

WOODLANDCARIBOU

RISINGSEALEVEL

MANGROVESAND

COASTALCOMMUNITIES

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TaiwanAgricultureis the chiefcause ofdeforestation in both devel-oped and developing coun-tries. Farming, especially onsteep slopes, can be damag-ing to the ecosystembecause of excessive tilling,pesticide use, and soil ero-sion. An organic rice farm inTaiwan is part of a govern-ment effort to teach farmersto rotate crops, to use non-chemical pest control, and totill less.

GlobalRising global temperatures andsea levels are blamed on anincrease in carbon dioxide,methane, and other “green-house” gases that trap heat inthe atmosphere. Clearingforests and burning fossil fuelsare part of the problem.

BrazilEach year,thousands ofsquare kilome-ters ofAmazonianforests are burned for farmingand ranching, often by poor andlandless farmers. Forced to relo-cate to the forest frontier, theypractice destructive slash-and-burn agriculture. Facing complexpoverty and land rights issues,the Brazilian government isworking with local communitiesand nongovernmental organiza-tions to encourage sustainablefarming practices.

New ZealandPlantations - mainly in Asia,Oceania, and South America -supply about a fifth of the globaldemand for wood. In NewZealand, plantations of fast-growing softwoods provide99 percent of the annual forestharvest, with most remainingnatural forests set aside aspreserves.

MaliNearly twoand half billionpeople - usual-ly the ruralpoor - rely on wood for cookingand heating. Fuelwood accountsfor more than half of the world’swood consumption. In placeswhere supplies are dwindling,fuelwood gathering can depletethe forest, leading to soil loss,landslides, and flooding.Reducing poverty, establishingproperty rights, and introducingalternative fuels can promotesustainable use of this impor-tant resource.

DenmarkOne of themost impor-tant speciesin Danish forestry is the Norwayspruce (Picea abies). When itwas introduced to Denmark 200years ago, Norway spruce wasoften planted in single-speciesstands. Those forests proved tobe vulnerable to insect attacksand to blowing over in the wind.Today, Denmark is plantingNorway spruce with a mix ofother tree species to minimizedamage from wind, insects, anddiseases.

IndiaIndia boasts1,800 medici-nal plants.The Ashokatree (Saraca asoca) is one ofhundreds that are threatened byover-harvesting, wasteful pro-cessing, and increasing humanencroachment into forest habi-tats. Some cultivation programshave begun on degraded lands.A proposed nationwide biodiver-sity information network wouldinventory those plant species,which are a major source ofexport income.

BangladeshIn the naturalflood plain ofBangladesh, for-est loss, urban-ization, and rising sea levels area devastating combination.Natural river channels - silted upwith topsoil eroded from defor-ested slopes or filled in to devel-op housing and roads - cannotcontain the annual monsoondeluges. Government-built riverembankments and drainage sys-tems provide some relief, butimproved forest managementpractices and flood warningsystems are critically needed.

ChinaBlowing sand chokes agricultur-al land, and Beijing is oftenpounded with sandstorms.Stripped of vegetation and top-soil, 2,500 square kilometers(950 square miles) a year turn todesert. This change is the resultof clearing forests, grazing, andcollecting firewood. To stem theencroaching desert, China haslaunched the world’s largesttree replanting effort.

CONVERSIONOFFORESTS

TOAGRICULTURE

CLIM

ATECHANGE

POVERTY&DEFORESTATION

PLANTATIONS

FUELWOOD

MONOCULTUREFORESTRY

ENDANGEREDPLANTS

FLOODING

DESERTIFICATION

30 PROJECT LEARNING TREE Global Connections: Forests of the World World Forest Tour

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World Forest Tour (cont.)FIRES

LANDSLIDES

SALINITY

LANDTENURE

IndonesiaMassive forest fires in 1997-98captured the world’s attention.The fires were intended to clearland for subsistence farmingand commercial tree planta-tions. Severe environmentalconditions and a lack of monitor-ing allowed the fires to burn outof control, thereby polluting theair for months and destroyingthe wildlife habitat.

TaiwanIn this mountainous landscape,deforestation multiplies theeffects of frequent earthquakesand storms. Massive mudslidescan bury a village in minutes. Tobetter manage water drainage,the Taiwanese government isestablishing a major forest plant-ing initiative, a flood warningsystem, and a program for stabi-lizing hillsides.

AustraliaMillions ofhectares of farmland haveturned to patches of salt desertas the water table rises, bring-ing with it salt that has beenstored deep in the ground forthousands of years. The prob-lem stems from clearing nativevegetation for agriculture. Tocombat the problem, Australiansare looking to replant native treeand shrub species, which havedeeper root systems.

PolandEasternEuropean coun-tries are returningforests to privateownership - with mixed results.Although private ownership canimprove local income and controland can encourage forest planting,small and fragmented landholdingsmay not be economically viable. InPoland, 1.4 million forest ownersaverage less than five hectares perhousehold. Hopes for better forestconservation are challenged by alack of environmental awarenessand financial resources and by aweak institutional framework.

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