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Europe before 1914
• No women voted
• Empires flourished
• Class distinctions were very important
• Servant class
Europe before 1914
• Women, foreigners, blacks seen as inferior
• Organized religion still powerful, especially among poor
• Industrialization had brought some examples of extreme wealth but poor working conditions
Europe/USA before 1914
• Life expectancy in cities half that in the shires
• However, labor was still very disorganized
• Workers still tended to vote for traditional parties through deference rather than nascent working class parties (e.g. Labour Party in GB)
• In America, Democrats incorporated organized labor – no new party emerging
• Huge amount of emigration to America
Harbingers of Change • Kaiser in Germany losing some power to
parliament
• Austria-Hungarian and Russian autocrats under increasing pressure to democratize
• Strikes more common
• Suffragette movement fighting for women to get the vote
• Old age pension in GB
• Freud
Consequences of the War
• End of Austria-Hungarian, Russian, Turkish and German empires
• Emergence of smaller, self-governing states
• Power with people rather than crowns and churches
Consequences of War – Working Class Solidarity
• Why didn’t the soldiers mutiny?
• Loyalty to each other
• Led to rise of trade unionism
• Start of support for w/c parties – why vote for the people that led you into the war?
Consequences of War
• Newspaper reading up
• Women at work
• Women and the vote
• Fairer taxation
• End of servant class