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World War IIERUPTS
Describe the circumstances at home & abroad prior to U.S. involvement in WWII
Identify the significant military & political aspects of WWII
Analyze dimensions of the Holocaust & the Allies’ response to the Holocaust & war crimes
Evaluate the social, political, & economic impacts of WWII on the home front
Identify & evaluate the scientific & technological developments in America during & after WWII
I Can:
Europe after World War I
• World War I’s effects on Europe– Millions of deaths– Destruction of cities and farms– Economy in ruins– Many years to recover
Treaty of Versailles• Ended World
War I• Countries
dissatisfied – France—not
harsh enough on Germany
– Italy—wanted rewarded more territory
– Germany suffered the most
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Effects on Germany Forced to give up land including industrial
areas Heavy reparation payments Humiliated its people & military Caused severe inflation in early 1920s
Inflation—rising prices By 1923 the German Mark was almost
worthless
HYPERINFLATION IN GERMANY
German children playing with currency
WEIMAR REPUBLIC
Germany’s new democratic government
Not a very strong government
Faced opposition from Communists & from the far right
The German military was also unhappy with its reduced state
RISE OF TOTALITARIAN LEADERS
Type of leader emerged in Europe: Demagogue a person, esp. an orator or political leader,
who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions, and prejudices of the people.
Reflected & expressed the people’s bitterness & anger
Promised a return to greatness for their nations Appealing to people willing to trade basic
freedoms for future glory
BENITO MUSSOLINI—ITALIAN DICTATOR Founded the National Fascist Party after
Treaty of Versailles Fascism—system of government that
stressed the glory of the state Became leader of Italy’s govt. in 1922 Established a dictatorship
Government by a leader or group that holds unchallenged power & authority
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Allowed no other political parties Ruthlessly crushed opponents His government controlled newspapers,
schools, & businesses All power flowed through him Italians called him Il Duce (il Doo chay)
The leader
ADOLF HITLER
Austrian-born Joined German army during World War I Anger over Treaty of Versailles led him
into politics Joined National Socialists party (Nazis)
Attracted many soldiers & others upset with treaty
Discovered he had a talent for speaking Arrested in 1923 for an attempted
revolt
ADOLF HITLER
While in prison wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Outlined his political ideas
Nationalism & devotion to the state Uniting all Germans of Europe in a great empire Belief in racial superiority of Germanic peoples—
Aryans Blamed Jews for many of Germany’s problems
After prison he gradually gained support through speeches
1933 Nazis most powerful party Hitler named Chancellor
ADOLF HITLER
Used political skills & violence to eliminate opponents
Became totalitarian dictator Continued myth of Aryan greatness &
German empire Made himself glorified above all
Germans Secretly built up German armed forces
OTHER REGIMES
Francisco Franco Fascist dictator of Spain
Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of the Soviet
Union Crushed political opponents Created myth of own greatness
Japanese military leaders Used violence to gain control over the
govt. Inspired by nationalistic dreams of
Japanese greatness
JAPAN
1920s wanted to expand for wealth & resources
1930s became unhappy with Japan’s govt
1931 Japanese army invaded Manchuria without govt approval
Govt ordered them to end the action; army refused
People supported the army & it gained more power
League of Nations criticized Japan’s actions; Japan withdrew from the League
1935 ITALY INVADES ETHIOPIA
Italy had tried to est. a colony there in late 1800s but was defeated
Mussolini rekindled bitter feelings towards Ethiopia Used border dispute between Ethiopia & Italian
colony as excuse to invade Ethiopia was unable to resist Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie appealed to
the League of Nations which did nothing The US (FDR) protested but unwilling to do more
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
1930s Spain divided between Communists & Fascists (Nationalists)
1936 civil war Republicans vs. Nationalists led by
Francisco Franco Italy & Germany helped the Nationalists USSR supported Republicans Volunteers from US fought for Republicans
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Nationalists won & Spain led by Fascist dictator Francisco Franco
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
AMERICAN VOLUNTEERS ARRIVE IN BARCELONA, 1937
Lincoln Brigade volunteers salute.
HITLER TAKES ACTION
Hitler openly stated plan to re-arm Germany Violation of Treaty of Versailles Britain & France tolerated Hitler’s actions
Hitler claimed it was to resist spread of communism
1936, Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland Violation of Versailles Treaty France alarmed, but unwilling to fight Britain unwilling to fight Germany as well Hitler grew bolder
HITLER OCCUPIES THE RHINELAND
THE ANSCHLUSS
1938 Hitler tried to get Austria to agree to Anschluss Union with Germany
Austria refused Hitler sent troops into Austria
Violation of Versailles Treaty Anschluss popular with Austrian people Germany’s neighbors protested but did
nothing
CHEERING CROWDS GREET THE GERMANS IN VIENNA
THE SUDETENLAND
Hitler’s success in Austria gave him more confidence no one would stop him
Began planning control of German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia—Sudetenland Encouraged Germans in Sudetenland to
protest Czech rule Then threatened military attack
MUNICH AGREEMENT
British prime minister Neville Chamberlain & French premier met with Hitler Agreed to allow Hitler to annex
Sudetenland Czechoslovakia had no representatives
there Protested the agreement
Chamberlain—we have achieved “peace for our time”
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: CHAMBERLAIN, DALADIER, HITLER, MUSSOLINI, AND CIANO PICTURED BEFORE SIGNING THE MUNICH AGREEMENT.
HITLER OCCUPIES THE SUDETENLAND
1930S-ERA SOVIET POSTER BY KUKRYNIKSY SHOWING WESTERN POWERS GIVING HITLER CZECHOSLOVAKIA ON A DISH. INSCRIPTION ON THE FLAG: "ON TOWARDS THE EAST!"
NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN HOLDING THE PAPER CONTAINING THE RESOLUTION TO COMMIT TO PEACEFUL METHODS SIGNED BY BOTH HITLER AND HIMSELF ON HIS RETURN FROM MUNICH. HE IS SHOWING THE PIECE OF PAPER TO A CROWD AT HESTON AERODROME ON 30 SEPTEMBER 1938.
APPEASEMENT
Giving in to aggressive demands to maintain peace
British PM Chamberlain believed using this policy towards Hitler had prevented a needless war
Critics believed Hitler would not keep his promise of stopping at the Sudetenland Winston Churchill condemned Chamberlain’s
actions as cowardly & would lead to war later
A woman in the Sudetenland greets incoming German troops with tears and a Nazi salute.
WINSTON CHURCHILLChamberlain With Mussolini at the Munich Conference
HITLER’S EARLY MOVES
March 1939 Hitler’s troops captured the rest of Czechoslovakia
Hitler then formed alliances Pact with Italy Nonaggression pact with the USSR
Hitler promised not to attack the USSR if they wouldn’t interfere with German aggression
Europeans were shocked; they believed the USSR would be a check on Hitler’s aggression
Angry Czechs watch German troops enter Prague after Czechoslovakia capitulates, March 15, 1939.
Hitler attacks Poland
Within days of the Nazi-Soviet agreement—Hitler was ready to invade Poland
Disguised a German criminal in a Polish army uniform & shot him at the border
September 1, 1939—Germany claimed Poland had attacked & used the dead criminal as proof
Germany began massive invasion of Poland
German “Lightning war”
Overwhelming combination of air attack and fast-moving armored strikes to drive deep into enemy territory
Nazis used it to devastating effect in PolandPolish army was no match against NazisPolish cavalry on horseback Poland was in German hands by the end of
the month
Blitzkrieg
September 3, 1939
Great Britain & France declared war on Germany Became known as the Allies
Could do little to stop Hitler in PolandAllies strategy was to wait for Hitler’s next
moveHoped that Hitler would attempt to invade
France’s strong defense line Maginot Line—string of bunkers & fortresses that
lined part of the French-German border
Map of the principal fortified
section of the Maginot line
Pill Box on Maginot Line
Sitzkrieg
Allied leaders were surprised when Germany did not attack during the winter of 1939-1940
Known as the sitzkrieg or phony warHitler was actually making plans to attack
France, & other countriesApril 1940—Operation Weserübung
Hitler invaded Denmark & Norway to improve Germany’s access to Atlantic Ocean
Surprised Allies could not stop him Hitler turned to France
The German landing sites
during the initial phase of
Operation Weserübung.
France
May 1940—Hitler invaded FranceGermans avoided the Maginot Line &
attacked through the Ardennes Forest French believed the forest was too dense for an army
to pass throughBy June hundreds of thousands of Allied
forces were trapped at French port of Dunkirk Allied ships & civilian boats heroically rescued about
340,000 troops from there & carried them to Britain
British fisherman giving a hand to an Allied soldier while a Stuka's bomb explodes a few meters ahead.
By avoiding the Maginot Line, Hitler’s army moved quickly through France
By end of June, France surrendered to Germany & Italy (who had joined the war)
Vichy France—unoccupied parts of France that were under the control of French officials who cooperated with the Nazis July 1940-August 1944 General Charles de Gaulle & other French leaders fled
to Great Britain Organized a resistance movement against Vichy France &
the Nazis
Vichy France
Hitler shakes hands with Marshall Petain the Prime Minister of Vichy France
Marshall Petain Adolf Hitler
Great Britain now stood alone against Germany
Winston Churchill was now Prime Minister “We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France,
we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender…”
Hitler makes plans to invade Great Britain
Battle of Britain
1st Phase: Destroy the British Royal Air Force (RAF) Germans failed RAF used radar (new technology) to detect German planes
& inflicted heavy damage on themGerman air force—Luftwaffe then began bombing
London To terrorize the public & take their will to fight Thousands died in the raids, but Britain did not surrender
Americans followed the Battle of Britain Radio reports of Edward R. Murrow
Late 1940, Battle of Britain was over
Battle of Britain
Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in London
St. Paul's Cathedral is pictured during the great fire raid of Sunday December 29th."
1940.
Total war knows no bounds. Almshouse bombed Feb. 10, Newbury, Berks., England." Naccarata, February
11, 1943.
"Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting
outside the wreckage of what was their home."
Tensions in East Asia 1934-Japan began expanding naval
forces 1936-Japan signed anticommunism
pact with Germany 1937-Japan began war against China
› Brutal—200,000 – 300,000 Chinese massacred at Nanjing
1940 –Japan formed military alliance with Germany & Italy› Axis powers
Tensions in East Asia 1941-Japan took control of French
Indochina with agreement of Vichy France
French Indochina
Tensions in East Asia
Japan’s takeover of French Indochina was seen as a threat to US interests in the region
FDR placed economic sanctions against Japan & cut off oil supplies
Representatives from Japan were meeting with the US to resolve differences
Tensions in East Asia
Japanese Minister of War Hideki Tojo› Pushed Japanese government not to
accept compromise› Strong nationalist› Willing to go to war to build Japanese
empire October 1941-Tojo forced Japan’s
government to resign & he took control of the country
Hideki Tojo
American IsolationismAmericans questioned what involvement
in WWI had actually achievedIsolationism—desire to avoid
involvement in foreign wars◦Not all isolationists were pacifists
Pacifists—people who do not believe in the use of military force
Neutrality Acts, 1935-1939—a series of laws passed by Congress to keep the US from being dragged into war in Europe
American IsolationismIsolationists wanted the US to
remain neutral◦Neutral—not sending aid to either
side of a conflictCharles Lindbergh
◦Spoke out for isolationism◦ Believed that helping the Allies
would end up costing Americans many lives
Quarantine Speech
FDR was not isolationist He could do little because of
isolationist public opinion 1937 after Japan invaded China FDR
gave Quarantine Speech Urged US to work with other countries to
quarantine aggressive nations & prevent spread of war
Hitler’s actions strengthened FDR’s position
Cash and Carry
When Germany invaded Poland in 1939 FDR got Congress to change Neutrality Act Cash and Carry—countries at war were
allowed to purchase American goods as long as they paid cash & picked up their orders in US ports▪ FDR hoped it would help Allies▪ Hitler was not slowed down
FDR traded 50 US warships for 8 British bases
1940 Election
FDR decided to seek a third term as president
He defeated Republican opponent Wendell Wilkie
First time US president elected for 3rd term
FDRWendell Wilkie
Arsenal of democracy
After reelection FDR pushed to aid Allies more
Wanted the US to be the “arsenal of democracy”
March 1941, Lend-Lease Act—allowed the US to send to weapons to Great Britain regardless of its ability to pay
Atlantic CharterAugust 1941FDR & Churchill
secretly met on a ship off the coast of Canada
Atlantic Charter—proclaimed the shared goals of the US & Britain in opposing Hitler & the Axis Powers
FDR & Churchill attend church services on board the HMS Prince of Wales
Isolationists oppose FDRSpoke out against FDR’s actionsAmerica First Committee
Charles LindberghUS was already involved in armed conflict
German U-boats attacking US ships delivering goods to Britain USS Kearny
11 Americans killed USS Reuben James
Over 100 sailors killed
Pearl Harbor
Fall of 1941-American leaders convinced there would be war between US & Japan How & Where?
Philippines ? US continued to negotiate to prevent
war Japanese military leaders planned
the attack on Pearl Harbor for months
Captured Japanese photograph taken aboard a Japanese carrier before the attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl HarborSunday, December 7, 19418:00 a.m.
Japanese aircraft carriers approached Hawaii from the north
Japanese planes loaded with bombs & torpedoes attacked from the carriers intention of destroying American ships &
planes Complete surprise attack
Few US planes got off of the ground
Pearl Harbor
U. S. Forces Japanese Forces 9 Battleships 10 3 Carriers 10 13 Heavy Cruisers 18 11 Light Cruisers 17 80 Destroyers 111 55 Submarines 64 Source: Comparative fleet strengths
(Pacific & Asiatic Fleets), December 1, 1941.
Pearl Harbor
Attack lasted about two hours All 8 US battleships were damaged
Four were sunk Nearly 200 aircraft completely
destroyed 2400 Americans were killed Japan losses were light
Fewer than 30 aircraft Handful of submarines
American Reaction
Americans reacted with anger & fearRumors that Japan would invade California
Barb wire on California beachesFDR expected a Japanese attack but with a
formal declaration of warJapanese officials delivered the war message
after the attack had begun
American Reaction
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this..., the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.”
FDR on December 8, 1941to Congress
Mobilizing for War
• The US had increased military spending in 1940– ended the Great Depression
• Draft was also reinstated in 1940– Millions volunteered
• General George C. Marshall– Led mobilization effort– Worked closely with FDR– Also played important role in developing US strategy
Army Chief of Staff, General
George C. Marshall
Women & the Armed Forces• Not permitted in combat roles– Filled positions that allowed more men in combat
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES)
Navy
WAVES
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
• Tested & delivered aircraft
• Nearly 40 lost their lives
WASPs
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
• Largest women’s unit: 150,000 served
• Worked with army– Repaired equipment,
electricians, etc.– Led by Oveta Culp
Hobby who was given rank of colonel
NEW MILITARY BASES
Millions of new soldiers required new bases
Military preferred rural areas California more bases than any state Florida good location for training bases
Camp Blanding 55,000 soldiers 4th largest city 1.2 million trained in Texas
Fort Hood Randolph Air Force Base
MOBILIZING INDUSTRY & SCIENCE American industry converted for mobilization
Henry Ford—Willow Run US spent tens of billions on weapons & supplies
American ships targeted by German submarines
US factories built 5500 ships during war Henry Kaiser built “liberty ships”
Oregon Governor Charles Sprague, Henry Kaiser & FDR attending the launch of the first Liberty ship built in just 10 days.
NEW GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Regulated what products factories produced, prices, & raw materials
Office of Production Management William Kaudsen Sidney Hillman
War Production Board Donald Nelson
ROSIE THE RIVETER
ROSIE THE RIVETER
Rosie the Riveter was most closely associated with a real woman, Rose Will Monroe, who was born in Pulaski County, Kentucky in 1920 and moved to Michigan during World War II. She worked as a riveter at the Willow Run Aircraft Factory in Ypsilanti, Michigan, building B-29 and B-24 bombers for the U.S. Army Air Forces
ROSIE THE RIVETER
Women filled the factory jobs left vacant by men joining the military
6.5 million industrial jobs that had never been open to women before
A REAL-LIFE "ROSIE" WORKING ON THE A-31 VENGEANCE BOMBER IN NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE (1943)
LABOR IN WORLD WAR II
Millions of jobs created by WWII Government concerned strikes might
hamper war effort National War Labor Board
Help settle labor disputes Smith-Connally Act
Gave president power to take over vital industries in the event of strikes
Helped reduce labor disputes during the war
MANHATTAN PROJECT
Top secret American program to build an atomic bomb Powerful weapon that used energy released
by the splitting of atoms Laboratories in Los Alamos, New Mexico Research began in 1939
Albert Einstein warned that Hitler was working on developing an atomic bomb
Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
NUCLEAR PHYSICIST ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, LEFT, WITH MAJOR GENERAL LESLIE GROVES, BY THE REMAINS OF THE TOWER FROM WHICH AN ATOM TEST BOMB WAS IGNITED.
African Americans in the military
Hundreds of thousands served First black marines First black commissioned naval officers Discrimination still existed
› Forced to serve in segregated units› None received Medal of Honor
7 received it 50 years later
African Americans in the workforce
Filled the factory jobs that opened Often forced to take the lowest-paying
jobs A. Phillip Randolph
› Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
› Called for a march on Washington to protest
› FDR ordered discrimination to cease in government & defense jobs
Hispanic Americans
Bracero Program› Established in 1942 by US & Mexican
governments› Because of demand for farm labor› Gave some Mexican workers the chance to
work temporarily in the US Increased ethnic tensions Zoot suit riots
› June 1943, white sailors fought with Mexican youths in L.A.
› Lasted about a week
Sailors with wooden clubs during the 1943 "zoot suit" riots in Los Angeles.