World War II

China

• Nationalistic forces in 1920’s winning against warlords

• Kuomintang [Nationalists] led by Chiang Kai Shek

• Japan fears growing strength of China

5 Powers Treaty1921-22

• France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, United States.

• Established a ratio for the size of each navy

• Ten-year ban on the building of warships

• Restrictions on submarine warfare

• Outlawed poisonous gas.

Locarno Pact1925

• Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

• Collectively agreed to common boundaries specified in Treaty of Versailles of 1919

• Defense pacts with France and Poland and France and Czechoslovakia

• Germany promised entry into League of Nations

Kellogg-Briand Pact1930

• Aristide Briand – Foreign Minister of France

• Kellogg – US Secretary of State, Calvin Coolidge

• Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy

• Signed outside of League of Nations so did not perish with League

Japan“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

• 1930’s military buildup

• Manchuria- September 1931

• Lytton Commission

• Japan withdraws from League of Nations

China Proper

• July 7, 1937• Chinese and Japanese

troops in minor squirmish

• Punitive expedition by Japan followed

• Bombing of cities• By 1945 - 20 million

dead

Nanking• December 1937• Atrocities• 40,000 slaughtered

Italy and Ethiopia• October 1935• Haile Selassie— “It is

us today, it will be you tomorrow.”

• Italy leaves League of Nations

• Attacks against civilians– Bombing cities– Poison gas

Spain and Civil War1936-1939

• 1931-King Alfonso abdicates—Republic created

• Falange—Franco and Nationalists

• Republic supporters Loyalists

• International Brigades• Fifth Column

Training ground for German/Italian air forces

Bombing of civilian towns – Guernica

Franco refuses to join Axis powers during war and is dictator for decades

Light of God

Mother

and

Child

Brutality

People

Germany

• Beer Hall Putsch—Munich

• Hitler arrested for treason where he writes “My Struggle”

Rhineland• 1926 Germany joins League of

Nations• 1930 end of Allied occupation• October 1933 Germany withdraws

from League of Nations• First concentration camps built for

political prisoners 1933• Einstein leaves Germany 1933• March 1936 Hitler seizes

Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles

• German military ready to withdraw at signs of resistance

Rome-Berlin Axis• October 1936• Japan later joins Axis

powers

United States RoleNeutrality Act 1937

Isolationists

1935 Nuremberg Laws

Anschluss• March 1938• League of Nations

does nothing• 6 million Germans

added to Reich

German “Police” Enter Austria

Czechoslovakia

• Only democratic nation in central Europe - prosperous

• Sudetenland annexed September 1938

• Adds 3 million Germans and many minorities to Reich

• Munich Conference 1938• Britain convinces France to

abandon alliance with Czechoslovakia

• Chamberlain “Peace in our Time”

KristallnachtNovember 9-10, 1938

30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps

• Mussolini takes Albania – April 1939

• Britain and France pledge to protect Poland

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact• August 1939• Secret negotiations• Days later Germans

invade Poland

Polish Corridor• September 1, 1939• Annexed Danzig• Attack Poland• September 3—war

declared by Britain and France

• Blitzkrieg• Within one month

Poland is partitioned

Blitzkrieg

France and Britain dig in behind Maginot Line expecting a repeat of WWI

Phony War• Mobilization• Soviets invade Poland• Finland falls 1940• On to the Baltic States• Sitzkrieg• USSR expelled from

League of Nations

                                       

      

Heroic efforts to stop Germans

Invasion of Denmark and Norway Ends Phony War

April 1940 Quisling

Churchill replaces Chamberlain

May 10, 1940

Germany Continues

• May-June 1940 Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg fall

• Outflanks Maginot Line

Battle of Dunkirk

• May-June 1940• Massive evacuation of

over 300,000 from coast to England

Paris Falls• June 5, 1940• Maginot Line fails• Italy invades from the south• June 22, 1940 Henri Petain –

forms Vichy [puppet] government

• France divided into Occupied France and Vichy France

• Free French Government-De Gaulle

• June 10, 1940 Italy enters war

Battle of BritainOperation Sea Lion

• August 1940 - Germany attacked all major cities and military installations for nearly two years

• Royal Air Force• “Radar" • Germans lost 2,375

planes compared to 800 British planes

Lend-Lease ActMarch 1941

Eastern Europe

• Italy – our sea• Germany – Romania,

Bulgaria, Hungary• Germany targets

Greece• Parachutes

                        

Russia• Russians demand

Bulgaria, Istanbul, Dardanelles and Bosporus as spheres of influence

• Hitler wants all of Europe

• Why not take Britain?• What does Russia

need?

New OrderAryan Race

Final Solution

• 1941• Extermination of all Jews

in Europe• Dachau• Holocaust

                                       

                           

Operation Barbarossa• June 22, 1941• “Scorched Earth” • Winter Approaches

Atlantic Charter

• Secret meeting August 1941

Provisions of Charter• Sought no territorial gains• People would have to consent to territorial

change• Respect right to choose form of government• All nations should have equal rights to trade

and raw material• economic cooperation to ensure decent

standard of living

Charter Continued

• Right for all people to be free from want and fear

• Freedom of the seas should be guaranteed• Need to international organization so that

nations could abolish use of force and ensure general security

Siege of Leningrad900 Days beginning in 1941

US Enters War

• Pearl Harbor bombed

December 7, 1941• Philippines and

Guam attacked same day

• US declares war December 8

• Germany and Italy declare war December 10

North Africa• General Rommel - Afrika

Korps• Goal – Suez Canal and sever

Britain’s ties to its Asian empire

• Advances towards Alexandria• Hitler also fighting Russia

El Alamein• German forces

stopped at El Alamein• General Montgomery

pushes Germans west• General Eisenhower

pushes Germans east• Germans retreat to

Tunisia October 1942• May 1943 German

and Italian troops surrender

Stalingrad• Winter 1942-3• Turning Point • What did Hitler want?

– Oil rich Caucasus– Industrialized

Stalingrad

• 1943 Germany surrenders to Soviets

Allies AttackOperation Torch

• July 1943 Sicily• Mussolini’s government

collapses• Germany takes 2/3 of

country• Italy surrenders

September 3, 1943• Mussolini killed April

1945

June 6, 1944D-Day Operation Overlord

• Normandy• July 20, 1944 Assassination

attempt on Hitler• August 1944- Paris freed • December 1944 - Battle of

the Bulge--Ardennes Forest• April 30, 1945 Hitler

Suicide • May 7, 1945 Germany

Surrenders V-E Day

Japan/United States• Japan expands taking

British and French territory

• Japan joins Axis powers September 1940

• US protests– Aid to Chiang Kai

Shek– Embargo on oil and

scrap iron

Philippines• General MacArthur

recalled July 1941• Ignores plan to

withdraw to Bataan Peninsula

• Bataan Death March December 10, 1941

• Independence July 4, 1946“I will return” –MacArthur

Japanese Internment Camps

• February 19, 1942• 2/3 are US citizens• 110,000 Japanese-

Americans • Governor Earl Warren

Pacific Battles

• April 1942 “Doolittle’s Raid” - morale boost

• Battle of Coral Sea May 1942• Battle of Midway

June 1942

Pacific Continued

• Code Talkers• US begins Island

Hopping campaign 1942-1943

• Guadalcanal August 1942

• October 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf

• Iwo Jima• Burma-to help

Chinese Nationalists

Pacific Continued• Battle of Okinawa

April-June 1945• Kamikaze• Hiroshima August 6,

1945 - Enola Gay• Nagasaki August 9,

1945• Soviet Union declares

war on Japan August 9, 1945

Japanese Surrender

• August 14, 1945• VJ Day• Hirohito must keep

throne• Signing of treaty

aboard USS Missouri

Results of War

Social-Most destructive war22 million dead, 34 million woundedKilling civilians acceptableMillions of refugees

Results of War

EconomicMost costlyEurope and Asia land ravagedSpread of communism

Results of War

PoliticalTotalitarian regimes overthrownUS and USSR become superpowersCold WarEventual downfall of Western imperialismDecline of France and Great BritainAtomic AgeCreation of United Nations

Conferences

• Casablanca - January 1943 – Roosevelt and Churchill– Demand of unconditional surrender of Axis

powers– Agreed to invade Sicily and then Italy

Conferences

• Teheran November 12, 1943– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin– A second front is needed– Stalin makes his goal of Eastern European

domination known

Conferences• Yalta February 1945

– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin– Stalin agrees to open a second front within three

months of defeat of Germany in return for Pacific territory including occupation of Northern Korea

– Discussion of occupation of Germany post-war– Discussion of voting procedures in United Nations– Stalin promises free elections in Poland– Agreement that post-war Europe can determine own

governments

Conferences

• Potsdam August 1945– April 12, 1945 Roosevelt dies– Truman, Stalin, Churchill [replaced during

conference by new Prime Minister Clement Attlee

– Allied Control Council established to govern occupied Germany