World War IIWorld War II

By Chris AndersonBy Chris Anderson

Italy’s Early Military AttemptsItaly’s Early Military Attempts

1935:1935: Benito Mussolini wanted to test his Benito Mussolini wanted to test his powerspowers

He “flexed his muscles” by invading Ethiopia He “flexed his muscles” by invading Ethiopia (Africa)(Africa)

Ethiopian soldiers had no chance against Ethiopian soldiers had no chance against Mussolini’s mechanized militaryMussolini’s mechanized military Ethiopians were fighting on horseback with outdated Ethiopians were fighting on horseback with outdated

weaponsweapons By the Spring of 1936, Italy had control over EthiopiaBy the Spring of 1936, Italy had control over Ethiopia

Japan—Prime Minister Hideki TojoJapan—Prime Minister Hideki Tojo

Japan’s government shifted from a civilian Japan’s government shifted from a civilian controlled government to a military controlled controlled government to a military controlled government after the world wide depression government after the world wide depression struck in the 1920s and 1930sstruck in the 1920s and 1930s The military government was looking to create an The military government was looking to create an

empire for Japanempire for Japan

Japan’s growing population placed heavy strains Japan’s growing population placed heavy strains on the nation’s resourceson the nation’s resources Japan needed to find new places to get the resources Japan needed to find new places to get the resources

it needed—especially land and raw materialsit needed—especially land and raw materials

Japan was also tired of being dependent Japan was also tired of being dependent on other nations for much of the resources on other nations for much of the resources they neededthey needed

A Pacific Empire would make Japan more A Pacific Empire would make Japan more self-sufficient and less reliant on other self-sufficient and less reliant on other nationsnations

Japan started their quest for an empire Japan started their quest for an empire even before their involvement in World even before their involvement in World War IWar I

1895:1895: Japan had gained the island of Taiwan Japan had gained the island of Taiwan 1904-1905:1904-1905: Japan had gained land in Korea Japan had gained land in Korea

and parts of Manchuriaand parts of Manchuria Japan wanted the rest of ManchuriaJapan wanted the rest of Manchuria

1931:1931: Japan invaded Manchuria to get its iron Japan invaded Manchuria to get its iron and coaland coal Japan also wanted the land in Manchuria so that Japan also wanted the land in Manchuria so that

Japan could colonize the land to produce agricultural Japan could colonize the land to produce agricultural and industrial goodsand industrial goods

By 1932, Japan had control over ManchuriaBy 1932, Japan had control over Manchuria Japan installed a “puppet government” in ManchuriaJapan installed a “puppet government” in Manchuria

The League of Nations looked down on Japan The League of Nations looked down on Japan for Japan’s taking of Manchuriafor Japan’s taking of Manchuria Japan withdrew from the League of NationsJapan withdrew from the League of Nations

1937:1937: Japan moved its forces into Northern Japan moved its forces into Northern ChinaChina Japan executed over 200,000 Chinese citizens in Japan executed over 200,000 Chinese citizens in

their capture of the Chinese capital—called the “China their capture of the Chinese capital—called the “China Incident”Incident”

1940:1940: Japan signed the Japan signed the Tripartite PactTripartite Pact with with Italy and Germany—creating the Italy and Germany—creating the Axis PowersAxis Powers Each nation pledged to help one another if the U. S. Each nation pledged to help one another if the U. S.

attacked either Japan, Germany, or Italyattacked either Japan, Germany, or Italy

By the fall of By the fall of 19411941, Hideki Tojo had , Hideki Tojo had become Prime Minister of Japanbecome Prime Minister of Japan

The U. S. had become very upset at The U. S. had become very upset at Japan’s attacks on ChinaJapan’s attacks on China

FDR cut off all fuel and metal shipments to FDR cut off all fuel and metal shipments to JapanJapan

America’s Early ReactionsAmerica’s Early Reactions The U. S. was witnessing everything going on in The U. S. was witnessing everything going on in

the worldthe world The U. S. wanted to ensure its non-involvement if war The U. S. wanted to ensure its non-involvement if war

was to break out againwas to break out again Congress passed the Congress passed the Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

The acts prohibited the sale of American weapons to The acts prohibited the sale of American weapons to nations at warnations at war

American citizens were advised not to travel on ships American citizens were advised not to travel on ships of warring nationsof warring nations

Countries at war had to pay cash for non-military Countries at war had to pay cash for non-military goods purchased from the U. S.goods purchased from the U. S.

FDR asked Congress for more $ to spend on the FDR asked Congress for more $ to spend on the development of tanks, planes, guns, etc.—in case the development of tanks, planes, guns, etc.—in case the U. S. had to go to warU. S. had to go to war

Rise of Germany and Rise of Germany and AppeasementAppeasement

1938:1938: Hitler marched into Austria and Hitler marched into Austria and proclaimed Austria part of Germanyproclaimed Austria part of GermanyHitler faced Hitler faced NONO opposition in gaining Austria opposition in gaining Austria

6 months later, Hitler’s troops marched 6 months later, Hitler’s troops marched into the Sudetenland region of into the Sudetenland region of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaThis region had a large German populationThis region had a large German population

No one in Europe was willing to stand up No one in Europe was willing to stand up to Hitler and challenge his taking over of to Hitler and challenge his taking over of EuropeEurope

France and Great Britain took on a policy France and Great Britain took on a policy of of appeasementappeasement toward Hitler toward HitlerFrance and Great Britain were trying to avoid France and Great Britain were trying to avoid

war with Hitler war with Hitler They would give into Hitler’s demands in an They would give into Hitler’s demands in an

attempt to keep peaceattempt to keep peace

September 1938:September 1938: a conference was held a conference was held in Munichin MunichBritish Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier agreed agreed NOTNOT to oppose Hitler’s advance into to oppose Hitler’s advance into the Sudetenlandthe Sudetenland

The 3 nations signed the The 3 nations signed the Munich PactMunich Pact—this —this allowed Hitler’s conquest of the Sudetenland allowed Hitler’s conquest of the Sudetenland to standto stand

Chamberlain believed war had been averted Chamberlain believed war had been averted by the Munich Pact—”We have secured by the Munich Pact—”We have secured peace in our time.”peace in our time.”

Non-Aggression Pact and the Non-Aggression Pact and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

5 months after the signing of the Munich 5 months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Hitler took the rest of Pact, Hitler took the rest of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

August 29, 1939:August 29, 1939: Hitler signed the Hitler signed the Non-Non-Aggression PactAggression Pact with Stalin and the with Stalin and the USSRUSSRThe Pact stated that neither nation would The Pact stated that neither nation would

attack the otherattack the otherHitler, could then, avoid a 2-front war—he Hitler, could then, avoid a 2-front war—he

could concentrate his efforts on the West and could concentrate his efforts on the West and FranceFrance

Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland Hitler and Stalin had divided Poland between Hitler and Stalin had divided Poland between

them in the Non-aggression Pactthem in the Non-aggression Pact With Stalin’s approval, Hitler’s mobile army With Stalin’s approval, Hitler’s mobile army

moved into Poland on moved into Poland on September 1, 1939September 1, 1939 Hitler’s Hitler’s LuftwaffeLuftwaffe (air force) bombed Polish cities (air force) bombed Polish cities His His PanzerPanzer tank divisions stormed into Poland tank divisions stormed into Poland This swift attack style is called This swift attack style is called Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg

(lightening) warfare(lightening) warfare September 3, 1939: France and Great Britain September 3, 1939: France and Great Britain

declared war on Germany—World War II had declared war on Germany—World War II had begunbegun

Invasion and Fall of FranceInvasion and Fall of France

France had prepared for a German France had prepared for a German invasioninvasion

Nearly 1-million French soldiers stood Nearly 1-million French soldiers stood along the French/German border in an along the French/German border in an attempt to protect Franceattempt to protect France

England had also sent supplies and troops England had also sent supplies and troops to help aid the French in a possible to help aid the French in a possible German attackGerman attack

May 1940:May 1940: German tanks stormed across German tanks stormed across the French border from Belgiumthe French border from BelgiumThe Germans went north and swept in behind The Germans went north and swept in behind

the French troops defending the borderthe French troops defending the borderThe fortified guns of the Maginot Line were The fortified guns of the Maginot Line were

nevernever fired firedThe failure of the Maginot Line to defend The failure of the Maginot Line to defend

France sucked the life out of many in FranceFrance sucked the life out of many in FranceThe massive tank attacks and constant The massive tank attacks and constant

bombardment by the bombardment by the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe caused the caused the French and British to retreatFrench and British to retreat

By the end of the month, many French By the end of the month, many French soldiers had given up the fightsoldiers had given up the fight

The British had retreated all the way to The British had retreated all the way to DunkirkDunkirk—a port on the English Channel—a port on the English Channel

The British were saved by boarding private The British were saved by boarding private ships that took them back to Englandships that took them back to England

The evacuation of the British left the The evacuation of the British left the French to fight aloneFrench to fight alone

June 3:June 3: Paris was bombed Paris was bombedOne week later, Italy declared war on France One week later, Italy declared war on France

and attacked Southern Franceand attacked Southern FranceJune 14:June 14: Germans marched into Paris Germans marched into ParisJune 22:June 22: France surrendered to Hitler France surrendered to Hitler

Hitler could now focus on Great BritainHitler could now focus on Great Britain

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Hitler now set out to conquer Great BritainHitler now set out to conquer Great BritainGreat Britain was now led by Prime Great Britain was now led by Prime

Minister Winston ChurchillMinister Winston ChurchillHitler attempted to use his Hitler attempted to use his LuftwaffeLuftwaffe to to

bomb the Britishbomb the BritishThe British conquered with their Royal Air The British conquered with their Royal Air

ForceForceThe RAF had better planes and pilotsThe RAF had better planes and pilotsThe RAF shot down hundreds of German The RAF shot down hundreds of German

planesplanes

Hitler put a ban on the daytime bombing of Hitler put a ban on the daytime bombing of Great BritainGreat Britain

Hitler started attacked Great Britain at Hitler started attacked Great Britain at night from Sept. 1940 until May 1941night from Sept. 1940 until May 1941

Hitler also started using his V-2 rockets to Hitler also started using his V-2 rockets to bomb Great Britainbomb Great Britain

Churchill pleaded for the Americans to Churchill pleaded for the Americans to give the British some aid against the give the British some aid against the GermansGermans

America’s ResponseAmerica’s Response

Many in the U. S. felt that the nation Many in the U. S. felt that the nation should have stayed out of WWI and were should have stayed out of WWI and were in favor of the Neutrality Actsin favor of the Neutrality ActsThese people were isolationistsThese people were isolationists

Others believed in interventionism and Others believed in interventionism and believed the U. S. should give all possible believed the U. S. should give all possible support to Great Britain—except a full support to Great Britain—except a full scale declaration of warscale declaration of war

FDR remained cautious as not to offend any FDR remained cautious as not to offend any groups within the United Statesgroups within the United States

After the French fell to Germany in 1940, FDR After the French fell to Germany in 1940, FDR began sending aid to the Britishbegan sending aid to the British September 1940:September 1940: FDR sent 50 American destroyers FDR sent 50 American destroyers

to Britain in return for the right to establish U. S. naval to Britain in return for the right to establish U. S. naval bases on British held landsbases on British held lands

FDR also singed into law the FDR also singed into law the Selective Training and Selective Training and Service ActService Act—the 1—the 1stst peacetime draft in history peacetime draft in history

All men between the ages of 21 and 35 were eligible All men between the ages of 21 and 35 were eligible Over 1 million men served 1-year terms, but they only served Over 1 million men served 1-year terms, but they only served

in the Western Hemispherein the Western Hemisphere FDR was trying to build an American military in case the U.S. FDR was trying to build an American military in case the U.S.

got involved in the wargot involved in the war

In 1941, after his re-election—FDR In 1941, after his re-election—FDR created the created the Lend-Lease BillLend-Lease BillThis was open support for the AlliesThis was open support for the AlliesThe president had the right to sell, lend, or The president had the right to sell, lend, or

lease military supplies to any nations deemed lease military supplies to any nations deemed vital to the defense of the U. S. vital to the defense of the U. S.

Most Americans supported the Lend-Lease Most Americans supported the Lend-Lease BillBill

The U. S. was not physically at war with The U. S. was not physically at war with Germany, but was in an economic war with Germany, but was in an economic war with GermanyGermany

March 1941: Congress approved the March 1941: Congress approved the Lend-Lease billLend-Lease bill

Summer 1941: German subs sank many Summer 1941: German subs sank many American and British ships carrying American and British ships carrying supplies to Great Britainsupplies to Great BritainFDR ordered the US navy to help track FDR ordered the US navy to help track

German subsGerman subsThe Navy was ordered to escort British ships The Navy was ordered to escort British ships

and destroy any subs trying to sink the shipsand destroy any subs trying to sink the ships

Fall 1941: a German sub sank an Fall 1941: a German sub sank an American destroyerAmerican destroyerFDR ordered the navy to shoot Axis ships on FDR ordered the navy to shoot Axis ships on

sightsightOctober 1941: German subs sank 2 October 1941: German subs sank 2

American destroyers killing 100 American American destroyers killing 100 American sailorssailorsCongress responded by repealing the Congress responded by repealing the

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

FDR and Churchill met to talk about what FDR and Churchill met to talk about what would happen in the world when and if the would happen in the world when and if the war endedwar ended

The 2 created the The 2 created the Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter——becomes the basis for the United Nationsbecomes the basis for the United Nations

German Invasion of the Soviet German Invasion of the Soviet UnionUnion

1939:1939: Germany and the USSR signed the Germany and the USSR signed the Non-aggression PactNon-aggression Pact

Stalin still did not fully trust HitlerStalin still did not fully trust HitlerJune 22, 1941:June 22, 1941: Germany invaded the Germany invaded the

Soviet UnionSoviet UnionThe invasion took Stalin and the Soviets by The invasion took Stalin and the Soviets by

surprisesurpriseGerman troops used German troops used BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg warfare to take warfare to take

Leningrad and the Crimean PeninsulaLeningrad and the Crimean Peninsula

By November 1941, Germany had the capital of By November 1941, Germany had the capital of Moscow surroundedMoscow surrounded

The harsh Soviet winter helped the Soviet The harsh Soviet winter helped the Soviet military push the Germans backmilitary push the Germans back

Spring 1942:Spring 1942: Germans attacked Soviet oil fields Germans attacked Soviet oil fields in SW Russiain SW Russia

September 1942:September 1942: 300,000 German soldiers 300,000 German soldiers were attacking Stalingradwere attacking Stalingrad the Battle of Stalingrad lasted 5 months until the the Battle of Stalingrad lasted 5 months until the

Germans surrendered in 1943Germans surrendered in 1943 The surrender stopped the German’s advance The surrender stopped the German’s advance

eastwardeastward Stalin never forgave the Allies for failing to Stalin never forgave the Allies for failing to

support the Soviet’s defense—one reason for the support the Soviet’s defense—one reason for the Cold WarCold War

United States Enters the WarUnited States Enters the War

Although the US had gone a long ways to Although the US had gone a long ways to help Great Britain, the US had not officially help Great Britain, the US had not officially entered the warentered the war

Japan had started taking steps that made Japan had started taking steps that made FDR upsetFDR upset

FDR placed further embargoes on Japan FDR placed further embargoes on Japan after Japan made an alliance with after Japan made an alliance with Germany and Italy—Germany and Italy—Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Rome-Tokyo-Berlin AxisAxis

The US continued to use negotiation to deal with The US continued to use negotiation to deal with the Japanese instead of taking hostile actionthe Japanese instead of taking hostile action The US would only reopen trade with Japan if Japan The US would only reopen trade with Japan if Japan

pulled out of China and Indochinapulled out of China and Indochina

By By November 1941November 1941: war with Japan was just : war with Japan was just about inevitable—everyone knew itabout inevitable—everyone knew it

Japan decided it was time to actJapan decided it was time to act Most Americans believed the attack would come Most Americans believed the attack would come

in Malaysia or the Philippinesin Malaysia or the Philippines The Japanese planned to attack the Americans The Japanese planned to attack the Americans

at Pearl Harbor, Hawaiiat Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

December 7, 1941:December 7, 1941: the Japanese bomb the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor destroying many American Pearl Harbor destroying many American ships and killing thousands of American ships and killing thousands of American sailorssailorsThe attack only lasted 3 hoursThe attack only lasted 3 hours19 ships were destroyed19 ships were destroyed188 planes were destroyed188 planes were destroyed2400 men were killed2400 men were killed

December 8, 1941:December 8, 1941: FDR asked Congress FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japanfor a declaration of war against JapanA few days later, Germany and Italy declared A few days later, Germany and Italy declared

war on the United Stateswar on the United StatesThe US had officially entered WWIIThe US had officially entered WWII

The US had to prepare for war on 2 frontsThe US had to prepare for war on 2 frontsOne in EuropeOne in EuropeOne in the PacificOne in the Pacific

As soon as war was declared, the draft As soon as war was declared, the draft was increased in the United Stateswas increased in the United States

Thousands of men and women voluntarily Thousands of men and women voluntarily enlisted in the militaryenlisted in the military

By 1945, the US had 12 million people in By 1945, the US had 12 million people in the militarythe military

About 1 million soldiers were African-About 1 million soldiers were African-AmericansAmericans

The military was segregated into black and The military was segregated into black and white unitswhite unitsMost black units were commanded by whitesMost black units were commanded by whitesMany black soldiers were put into cooking or Many black soldiers were put into cooking or

laboring jobslaboring jobsRacial discrimination existed on most military Racial discrimination existed on most military

basesbasesSome African-Americans did get to see some Some African-Americans did get to see some

battle actionbattle action

Hispanic-Americans and Japanese-Hispanic-Americans and Japanese-Americans also fought for the US in WWIIAmericans also fought for the US in WWII

Japanese-Americans were the most Japanese-Americans were the most decorated war heroes in World War IIdecorated war heroes in World War II

The War @ Home in the United States:The War @ Home in the United States:Conflict between the different races was Conflict between the different races was

going on in the US while the US was going on in the US while the US was fighting in WWIIfighting in WWII

Segregation was the norm in the southern Segregation was the norm in the southern statesstates

1.) African Americans:1.) African Americans: Segregation was legal in the 1940sSegregation was legal in the 1940s The war gave many civil rights groups a reason The war gave many civil rights groups a reason

to protest against segregationto protest against segregation A. Philip RandolphA. Philip Randolph led the movement for black led the movement for black

equalityequality Randolph was upset that minorities were excluded Randolph was upset that minorities were excluded

from the high paying industrial jobs in many wartime from the high paying industrial jobs in many wartime plantsplants

Randolph organized the March on Washington Randolph organized the March on Washington Movement (MOWM)Movement (MOWM)

““We loyal American citizens demand the right to work We loyal American citizens demand the right to work and fight for our country.”—A. Philip Randolphand fight for our country.”—A. Philip Randolph

A. Philip Randolph

1943:1943: riots broke out in Detroit riots broke out in DetroitBlacks attacked white workersBlacks attacked white workersThe next day, a mob of whites roamed the The next day, a mob of whites roamed the

streets looking for any blacks they could streets looking for any blacks they could findfind

25 blacks and 6 whites were killed25 blacks and 6 whites were killed

2.) Mexican-Americans:2.) Mexican-Americans: Thousands of farm workers form Mexico illegally Thousands of farm workers form Mexico illegally

entered the US to work—American Southwestentered the US to work—American Southwest Many of these workers had children in the USMany of these workers had children in the US

Those born in American were called Those born in American were called ChicanosChicanos

The Chicanos began getting jobs in industry—The Chicanos began getting jobs in industry—willing to work for less than poor whites and willing to work for less than poor whites and blacksblacks

In Los Angeles, the discrimination against the In Los Angeles, the discrimination against the Chicanos and Hispanic-Americans turned into Chicanos and Hispanic-Americans turned into hatredhatred

Many Hispanic teenagers wore “Zoot Suits”—a Many Hispanic teenagers wore “Zoot Suits”—a long jacket with padded shoulders and pleated long jacket with padded shoulders and pleated pantspants

The Zoot Suiters and white sailors squard off in The Zoot Suiters and white sailors squard off in LALA

The sailors blamed Zoot Suiters for stabbing and The sailors blamed Zoot Suiters for stabbing and robbing a group of white sailorsrobbing a group of white sailors

The sailors roamed the Hispanic neighborhoods, The sailors roamed the Hispanic neighborhoods, beating up any one in a zoot suitbeating up any one in a zoot suit

The police arrested the zoot suiters, The police arrested the zoot suiters, NOTNOT the the sailorssailors

3.) Japanese Americans:3.) Japanese Americans:1942:1942: many Japanese Americans were many Japanese Americans were

taken from their homes and placed in taken from their homes and placed in internment campsinternment campsMany in the US government feared the Many in the US government feared the

Japanese Americans were going to try to Japanese Americans were going to try to sabotage the US from within—helping Japan sabotage the US from within—helping Japan win the warwin the war

Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps even though placed in internment camps even though they showed they showed NONO signs of disloyalty signs of disloyalty

The people were eventually released and The people were eventually released and a public apology was given to them by the a public apology was given to them by the US governmentUS government

Ironically, Japanese American soldiers Ironically, Japanese American soldiers were the most decorated of all American were the most decorated of all American soldiers in WWIIsoldiers in WWII

How the War Changed Home Life:How the War Changed Home Life:As soon as the US officially entered the As soon as the US officially entered the

war, the US began to changewar, the US began to changeFactories were converted over to produce Factories were converted over to produce

materials for warmaterials for warPlanesPlanesTanksTanksWeaponsWeaponsUniformsUniforms

The The War Production BoardWar Production Board (WPB) was (WPB) was created to oversee the transformationcreated to oversee the transformation

Production of non-essential materials was Production of non-essential materials was cut backcut back

The government paid businesses to build The government paid businesses to build new plants and factories to produce war new plants and factories to produce war materialsmaterials

Industrial production nearly Industrial production nearly doubleddoubled——helping the economyhelping the economy

The war and its need for materials caused The war and its need for materials caused the American economy to growthe American economy to grow

The nations GNP (Gross National Product) The nations GNP (Gross National Product) rose from $90 billion to $211 billion in rose from $90 billion to $211 billion in 19451945

17 million new jobs were created17 million new jobs were createdCrop prices doubled between 1940 and Crop prices doubled between 1940 and

19451945With more money, people looked to spend With more money, people looked to spend

$ on stuff$ on stuffThis need to spend caused prices on This need to spend caused prices on

consumer goods to inflateconsumer goods to inflateFDR wanted to stop the inflation in pricesFDR wanted to stop the inflation in pricesFDR began freezing people’s wagesFDR began freezing people’s wagesFDR created the FDR created the National War Labor National War Labor

Board (NWLB)Board (NWLB) to control wages and to control wages and monitor inflationmonitor inflation

Workers said that if wages were to freeze, Workers said that if wages were to freeze, the prices on goods should also freezethe prices on goods should also freeze

1942:1942: Congress allowed the Congress allowed the Office of Office of Price Administration (OPA)Price Administration (OPA) to fix a to fix a maximum price on goodsmaximum price on goods the OPA instituted rationing—limiting how the OPA instituted rationing—limiting how

much of something the people could buymuch of something the people could buyLocal rationing boards were createdLocal rationing boards were createdEach family had a quota on their rationing Each family had a quota on their rationing

couponscoupons

Since most men were out fighting, women Since most men were out fighting, women were needed to work in the factorieswere needed to work in the factoriesWelding Welding CarpentryCarpentryHeavy constructionHeavy construction

The women had a job, but the job security The women had a job, but the job security was only temporarywas only temporary

The women were paid less than menThe women were paid less than menAfter the war, most of the women lost their After the war, most of the women lost their

jobs to the soldiers returning homejobs to the soldiers returning home

To help pay for the war, the government To help pay for the war, the government began selling war bondsbegan selling war bondsThe government was borrowing $ from the US The government was borrowing $ from the US

peoplepeoplePeople would buy a bond and, in a few People would buy a bond and, in a few

years, they buyer would get their $ back years, they buyer would get their $ back plus interestplus interest

The bonds also helped to control inflationThe bonds also helped to control inflation

European FrontEuropean Front

The Allies were in a jam early in the war The Allies were in a jam early in the war with France surrendering and Hitler with France surrendering and Hitler bombing Great Britainbombing Great Britain

The Allies decided they had to fight an The Allies decided they had to fight an offensive war to have any chance of offensive war to have any chance of defeating Hitlerdefeating Hitler

Allied Offenses:Allied Offenses: Nov. 1942:Nov. 1942: the US and Great Britain landed the US and Great Britain landed

troops in Northern Africatroops in Northern Africa Trying to get Africa so the Allies could enter Europe Trying to get Africa so the Allies could enter Europe

through the back door through the back door The Allies marched into Morocco and AlgeriaThe Allies marched into Morocco and Algeria The Allies faced the German tank commander The Allies faced the German tank commander

Erwin RommelErwin Rommel The British Field Marshall The British Field Marshall Bernard MontgomeryBernard Montgomery

defeated Rommel at defeated Rommel at El AlameinEl Alamein the Allied victory marked the turning point in the warthe Allied victory marked the turning point in the war The Allies had control over Northern Africa by 1943The Allies had control over Northern Africa by 1943

From North Africa, the Allied launched an From North Africa, the Allied launched an invasion of Southern Europeinvasion of Southern Europe

July 1943:July 1943: the Allies landed in Sicily the Allies landed in SicilyAugust 1943:August 1943: the Allies had driven the the Allies had driven the

Germans out of SicilyGermans out of SicilyMussolini’s fascist party fell out of power in Mussolini’s fascist party fell out of power in

ItalyItalyThe Allies invaded Italy from SicilyThe Allies invaded Italy from Sicily

September 8, 1943:September 8, 1943: Italy surrendered to Italy surrendered to the Alliesthe Allies

June 4, 1944:June 4, 1944: the Allies finally liberated the Allies finally liberated RomeRome

D-DAY:D-DAY: June 6, 1944:June 6, 1944: General Dwight D. Eisenhower General Dwight D. Eisenhower

launched the largest land-sea-air attack in launched the largest land-sea-air attack in history—Operation Overlordhistory—Operation Overlord

175,000 Allied soldiers came ashore on the 175,000 Allied soldiers came ashore on the coast of Normandy, Francecoast of Normandy, France The Allies were trying to gain a foothold in Hitler’s The Allies were trying to gain a foothold in Hitler’s

EuropeEurope The Allies established a beach head, but The Allies established a beach head, but

suffered heavy casualtiessuffered heavy casualties 2245 killed2245 killed 1670 wounded1670 wounded

From Normandy, the Allies began to launch an From Normandy, the Allies began to launch an invasion into Europe to drive the Germans back invasion into Europe to drive the Germans back to Germanyto Germany

Near the End:Near the End: The Allies proved their superiority in the skies The Allies proved their superiority in the skies

over Europeover Europe With control over the skies, Allied ground troops With control over the skies, Allied ground troops

could move against the Germanscould move against the Germans August 25, 1945:August 25, 1945: Paris was liberated from the Paris was liberated from the

GermansGermans By the end of the summer other European By the end of the summer other European

nations had been freed from German controlnations had been freed from German control FranceFrance BelgiumBelgium LuxembourgLuxembourg

The Allied navy began using SONAR to The Allied navy began using SONAR to track and destroy German U-boatstrack and destroy German U-boats

The Allies also used naval convoys to help The Allies also used naval convoys to help transport goods across the Atlantictransport goods across the Atlantic

Battle of the Bulge:Battle of the Bulge: Hitler launched one last ditch effort to help him Hitler launched one last ditch effort to help him

win the warwin the war He launched a counter-offensive in the He launched a counter-offensive in the

Ardennes Forest of BelgiumArdennes Forest of Belgium German troops drove a bulge 80 miles long and German troops drove a bulge 80 miles long and

50 miles deep into the Allied lines50 miles deep into the Allied lines After a week of fighting, the Allies were able to After a week of fighting, the Allies were able to

drive the Germans backdrive the Germans back The Battle of the Bulge was the final German The Battle of the Bulge was the final German

offensive of the waroffensive of the war the Allies could now advance toward Germanythe Allies could now advance toward Germany

Yalta Conference :Yalta Conference :Just before the end of the war in Europe, Just before the end of the war in Europe,

the big three nations met at Yalta in the the big three nations met at Yalta in the Soviet UnionSoviet UnionGreat Britain—Winston ChurchillGreat Britain—Winston ChurchillUnited States—FDRUnited States—FDRSoviet Union—Joseph StalinSoviet Union—Joseph Stalin

These nations and their representatives These nations and their representatives became known as the “Big Three”became known as the “Big Three”

Churchill wanted to save the British empireChurchill wanted to save the British empireStalin wanted to protect his borders and Stalin wanted to protect his borders and

rebuild the USSRrebuild the USSRFDR wanted a worldwide spread of FDR wanted a worldwide spread of

democracy and free tradedemocracy and free tradeFDR wanted the Soviets to help him FDR wanted the Soviets to help him

defeat Japandefeat JapanThe Big Three met for a week in YaltaThe Big Three met for a week in Yalta

Stalin agreed to help the US against Japan, but Stalin agreed to help the US against Japan, but only after the war has been over for 2 or 3 only after the war has been over for 2 or 3 monthsmonths

For his help, Stalin would get some territory in For his help, Stalin would get some territory in AsiaAsia

All 3 disagreed on what should be done with All 3 disagreed on what should be done with Germany after the warGermany after the war Each nation agreed to divide up Germany once the Each nation agreed to divide up Germany once the

war was overwar was over Stalin wanted to have power inStalin wanted to have power in

RomaniaRomania PolandPoland BulgariaBulgaria AustriaAustria HungaryHungary CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Holocaust:Holocaust: After arriving in Germany, the Allies met with After arriving in Germany, the Allies met with

something they had never expectedsomething they had never expected The troops witnessed what Hitler was doing with the The troops witnessed what Hitler was doing with the

JewsJews

1942:1942: Hitler began to round up Jews, 1 Hitler began to round up Jews, 1stst in in Germany, then in the rest of EuropeGermany, then in the rest of Europe Jews were shipped to concentration camps to do Jews were shipped to concentration camps to do

slave labor or face medical experimentsslave labor or face medical experiments Many Jews were beaten or starved or killedMany Jews were beaten or starved or killed The bodies were burned or buried in mass gravesThe bodies were burned or buried in mass graves

1945:1945: the Allied forces liberated many of the Allied forces liberated many of the concentration camps and were the concentration camps and were shocked at what they sawshocked at what they saw

About 6 million Jews were killedAbout 6 million Jews were killed

Victory in Europe:Victory in Europe:The British and US were moving east The British and US were moving east

through Germany, the Soviets were through Germany, the Soviets were moving west through Germanymoving west through Germany

April 12, 1945:April 12, 1945: FDR died leaving VP FDR died leaving VP Harry Truman as presidentHarry Truman as president

April 30, 1945:April 30, 1945: Hitler committed suicide Hitler committed suicideMay 2, 1945:May 2, 1945: Berlin fell Berlin fellMay 7, 1945:May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered to the Germany surrendered to the

AlliesAlliesMay 8, 1945:May 8, 1945: V-E day V-E day

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

While the war in Europe was over, it still While the war in Europe was over, it still raged on in the Pacific against Japanraged on in the Pacific against Japan

The war in the Pacific was fought The war in the Pacific was fought differently than the war fought in Europedifferently than the war fought in Europe

Very early in the Pacific theatre, Japan Very early in the Pacific theatre, Japan was victoriouswas victorious

May 1942:May 1942: the Americans were having the Americans were having more success against the Japanesemore success against the Japanese the US kept Japan from taking Australiathe US kept Japan from taking Australia

June 1942:June 1942: Battle Midway Island Battle Midway IslandThe Americans sank 4 Japanese carriers and The Americans sank 4 Japanese carriers and

destroyed 300 Japanese planesdestroyed 300 Japanese planesA great victory for the USA great victory for the US

Japan still held a lot of strategically Japan still held a lot of strategically important islands in the Pacificimportant islands in the Pacific

The US adopted a strategy called island The US adopted a strategy called island hopinghopingA way of capturing key islandsA way of capturing key islandsOnce captured, military bases were built on Once captured, military bases were built on

the islandsthe islands

August 1942:August 1942: the Marines landed on the Marines landed on GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

The Americans were trying to destroy a The Americans were trying to destroy a Japanese military baseJapanese military base

Early 1945:Early 1945: the US fought Japan at Iwo Jima the US fought Japan at Iwo Jima and Okinawaand Okinawa the US gained the islands, but suffered heavy lossesthe US gained the islands, but suffered heavy losses The US pulled within 700 miles of the Japanese The US pulled within 700 miles of the Japanese

islandsislands The battles also proved that an all out assault on The battles also proved that an all out assault on

Japan would cost millions of American livesJapan would cost millions of American lives Convinced Truman to use the Atomic bombConvinced Truman to use the Atomic bomb

Atomic Bomb:Atomic Bomb: The US was secretly working on a new weaponThe US was secretly working on a new weapon

—the atomic bomb—the atomic bomb The name of the project to build the bomb was The name of the project to build the bomb was

called the called the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project the project was led by J. Robert Openheimerthe project was led by J. Robert Openheimer Truman had scheduled an invasion of Japan for Truman had scheduled an invasion of Japan for

late in 1945late in 1945 July 16, 1945:July 16, 1945: scientists successfully detonated scientists successfully detonated

the 1the 1stst atomic bomb in New Mexico atomic bomb in New Mexico

Truman decided to use the Atomic bomb Truman decided to use the Atomic bomb instead of sending in millions of Americans instead of sending in millions of Americans to their death with an invasion of Japanto their death with an invasion of Japan

August 6, 1945:August 6, 1945: “Little Boy” was dropped “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshimaon Hiroshima100,000 people were killed on impact100,000 people were killed on impact100,000 more died from burns, radiation, or 100,000 more died from burns, radiation, or

woundswoundsThe bomb was dropped by the The bomb was dropped by the Enola GayEnola Gay

August 9, 1945:August 9, 1945: Japan had still not Japan had still not surrenderedsurrendered

The US dropped another atomic bomb on The US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki—40,00 killed instantlyNagasaki—40,00 killed instantly

August 14, 1945:August 14, 1945: Japan finally Japan finally surrendered to the US—V-J Daysurrendered to the US—V-J Day

WWII was now over WWII was now over Now members of both Japan and Now members of both Japan and

Germany were placed on trial for war Germany were placed on trial for war crimes committed against the Jews and crimes committed against the Jews and other people in the warother people in the war