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World War II. America and the World. Underlying Themes. Nationalism Economic Situations in every country pretty bad Civil Unrest Radical Measures Propaganda. Italy. 1919: Benito Mussolini creates Italy’s Fascist Party - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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WORLD WAR IIAmerica and the World
Underlying Themes Nationalism
Economic Situations in every country pretty bad
Civil Unrest
Radical Measures
Propaganda
Italy
1919: Benito Mussolini creates Italy’s Fascist Party Fascism: Nationalistic movement that considered
the nation to be more important than the individual Believe order in society comes through a strong
government/dictatorship Largely anti-communist…big role in getting support
1922: Mussolini threatens a march on Rome with the Fascist militia the Blackshirts Leaders resign, Mussolini named premier
Soviet Union Communistic Party in charge
One-party rule, suppressed individual liberties, and punished opponents
Joseph Stalin: Soviet Dictator in WWII Massive industrialization; Huge loss of wages Collectives: Government-owned farms Usage of concentration camps
2 million people by 1935 Most in Arctic and used as slave labor By 1953 (End of Stalin’s rule), between 8 and 10
million people died
Germany Many Germans disliked Allies and German
government that approved peace terms Creation of National Socialist German Workers’ Party Nationalist and Anti-communist
Nov. 1923: Nazis tried to seize power (failed) Hitler arrested—writes Mein Kampf in prison
New Strategy: Nazis in Reichstag Works! Hitler named Chancellor in 1933, President by
1934
Japan Very little economic growth…reliance on
imports
Military leaders and civilian supporters believe seizing territory the only option to get resources 1931: Manchuria invasion Japanese Prime Minister assassinated for
negotiating with China Nationalist policy of expansion begins
US Stays Neutral Americans begin to support isolationism
Nye Committee: Investigated allegations that arms manufacturers had tricked the US into entering World War I Report shows huge profits by arms factories Impression that gov’t was influenced by business
Neutrality Act of 1935: Illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war
Neutrality Act of 1937: “Cash-and-Carry” for non-military supplies
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933: Takes office as US President
First job: end the Great Depression
Views: Internationalism Idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and
prevents war US should preserve peace in the world Believed “Neutrality Acts” could drag us into war
Sold weapons to China in 1937 to stop Japan Claimed to not violate Neutrality Act since no war was
technically declared Warned US could not let an “epidemic of lawlessness” infect
the world
Major Players in the War
AXIS ALLIESGERMANY GREAT BRITAIN
ITALY SOVIET UNIONJAPAN UNITED
STATES
The Path To War 1935: Hitler announces German military expansion
Violation of Treaty of Versailles; European appeasement Why? Avoid war, demands reasonable, belief that peace
could be reached
1937: Unification of All German-speakers? Targets: Austria, Czechoslovakia, etc. Hitler thinks force only means to unification
1938: Anschluss—unification of Germany and Austria Hitler threatens to invade if Nazis not given gov’t posts Austrian chancellor gives in, asks to let democracy work
Hitler sends in troops in fear of results
Sudetenland Germany claims Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
Czech resistance France threatens to fight, Soviet Union promises
aid to Czechs; Britain says they will back France
Munich Conference (1938) Britain, France, Italy, Germany meet Appeased Hitler; told Czechs to give land to
Germany or fight on their own Failed to protect peace as Germany sends troops to
Czech by 1939
Danzig and the inevitability of war Hitler demands Danzig (city in Poland)
90 percent German, but part of Poland since WWI Requested a highway and railroad across Polish
Corridor, which connected Germany and East Prussia
Britain and France realize demands not ending Attack Poland, we back Poland in war Poland refused to cede lands, Hitler prepares for
invasion Hitler asks foreign minister to speak with USSR
Nazi-Soviet Pact We all know the Soviets eventually fought the
Nazis…but at first Hitler needed a non-aggression pact with the USSR to fight Britain and France USSR agrees to non-aggression pact (reason: turn
capitalism against capitalism) Secret pact to divide Poland between USSR and
Germany
One week after pact, Germany invades Poland (1939); Britain and France declare war
German War Ideas Blitzkrieg: Lightning War
Massive amounts of tanks to break through enemy lines and encircle enemy positions
Support tanks with bombings of enemy positions and paratroopers cutting supply lines
Strategy used to defeat the Polish military in roughly 1 month
Maginot Line Maginot Line: Line of bunkers and
fortifications along the German border with France
Fall of France
France opts to wait for Germany to approach Maginot Line Problem: allowed Germany to focus solely on
Poland first (no two front war)
Germany avoids Maginot Line with new blitzkrieg Sent tanks into Belgium and Luxembourg France and Britain goes to Belgium to stop attack;
believes Ardennes Mtns natural defense Germans plowed through lines, roll through
France, and trapped British and French in Belgium
Operation Dynamo Evacuation of Dunkirk
338,000 British and French forces saved Goal was 45,000 troops Loss of almost all weaponry
French surrender; Petain leader of Vichy France (puppet gov’t of Germany) Neutral, but not actually De Gaulle (Free France) resists Vichy France
gov’t and works with Allies
Battle of Britain Germany had few transport ships, thus
crossing the Channel was difficult even after the fall of France
Strategy: Defeat the Royal Air Force Luftwaffe (German Air Force) attacks shipping
vessels in Channel; then focus on RAF Aug 23, 1940—Germans accidentally bomb
London Britain responds by bombing Berlin; Hitler responds
by stopping strategic bombing and attacking London
Battle of Britain (continued) Hitler believed he could scare Britain into
surrender
Advantages: Germany: Number of Bombers Britain: Radar
October 12, 1940: Hitler ends invasion of Britain
Quiz Name the 3 Major Axis Powers
Name the 3 main leaders of the Allied Powers
What was the fortified area along the France and Germany border known as?
Which term means “lightning war”?
And here comes America… FDR asks Congress to allow arms sales
to nations at war
FDR bypasses the laws? Churchill needs destroyers to stop Germany US exchanges destroyers for bases on
Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands Legality: No actual sale, simply a swap
Internationalism or Isolationism? Destroyers for Bases Deal=Great Success in Public
Opinion…for most part
Fight for Freedom Committee: Get rid of neutrality laws and use stronger action against Germany
America First Committee: Isolationist group who wanted to US to give no aid to Allies
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: Give only aid to Allies but no armed intervention
Lend-Lease Act Lend or Lease Arms to any
country “vital to the defense of the United States” Allowed US to give weapons
as long as weapons or rent were received
Passed in Congress by wide margin Ultimately, US lent billions in
weapons, vehicles, and supplies to Allies
QUESTION TO THINK ABOUT
By giving economic and military aid to Great Britain and other Allied powers (notably USSR), did the United States make itself more likely or less likely to
enter into the Second World War?
The Great Debate Today, you will be putting yourself into a
debate to defend the ideals of either isolationism or internationalism in July of 1941. With this in mind, you must not discuss any
events that happened after July 1941 (Pearl Harbor, US military, etc.)
Hemispheric Defense Zone Questions about how to
transfer goods to Britain U-Boats in Atlantic Size of British Navy
U.S. Navy unable to protect British ships…why? Neutrality
Hemispheric Defense Zone: entire western half of Atlantic is neutral, thus FDR tells US Navy to patrol and reveal German locations
The Atlantic Charter August 1941: Roosevelt and Churchill
meet outside Newfoundland Plans for postwar world
The Atlantic Charter (continued) Basic Ideas:
Democracy Nonaggression Free Trade Economic Advancement Freedom of Seas
15 anti-Axis nations joined US & Britain
Churchill later says FDR pledged to “force an incident…justify opening hostilities” with Germans
9/4/1941: Greer “Shoot-on-Sight”
Oct 1941: Reuben James (115 dead)
Japan-US Relations US-Britain relations play key role
British navy v. German U-boats…role with Japan? British possessions in Pacific
Japan needs US Strategic Materials: fuel (80% of Japan supply), steel,
iron 1940: Congress gives Roosevelt power to restrict
sales
Japan allies with Germany and Italy
Japan-US Relations (continued) Roosevelt aiding China to prevent
Japanese expansion (Lend-lease)
Japan expansion continues…FDR sends MacArthur to Philippines, freezes Japanese assets in US, reduces oil exports even more
Embargo only ends with withdrawal from Indochina and peace with China
Japan losing due to oil shortage…attacks resource-rich Dutch and British colonies
A Date Which Will Live In Infamy
The Home front and Industry
Impact of America’s Entrance Industrial advantage
2x more productive than Germans; 5x more than Japanese throughout war
1940: Roosevelt declared emergency and planned on building 50,000 warplanes a year; also requested money for “two-ocean” navyArmaments Production, 1940-1943
1940 1943
United States $1.5 billion $37.5 billion
Britain 3.5 billion 11.1 billion
USSR 5.0 billion 13.9 billion
Germany 6.0 billion 13.8 billion
Japan 1.0 billion 4.5 billion
War Production in America
Cost-Plus Contracts Government agreed to pay companies
whatever it cost to make a product plus a percentage of the costs as profit Speed and quantity key to making money Very expensive for the government, but
increased war production in US Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
made loans to help companies transition to war production
American Industry Auto industry: producing trucks, tanks,
jeeps, aircraft, artillery, mines, etc. Ford: 8,600 B-24 Bombers Henry Kaiser: 3,000 Liberty Ships
Mobilization Issues Which supplies and contracts
were most important?
War Production Board (WPB): Set priorities and production goals; control raw materials and supplies
Office of War Mobilization (OWM): Settled arguments between government agencies
Military Build-up 1939: Army expanded to 227,000
soldiers Congress and most Americans oppose
peacetime draft
Sept. 1940 (after fall of France in June): first peacetime draft in US history approved
1941: 60,000+ enlist after Pearl Harbor Shortages in housing, equipment
African Americans in War Double V Campaign: Victory
over Hitler and Racism at home
Tuskegee Airmen: African American Air Force Unit
1943: Integration of Military Bases and Expanded role for minority groups
The Battles of World War II You are responsible
for knowing each of the following battles in some capacity. I will briefly review these in class but you should have taken notes on them from your reading/webquest
Bataan Death March/Doolittle Raid
Battle of Midway Battle of the Atlantic Battle of Stalingrad D-Day Invasion
(Operation Overlord)
Battle of the Bulge Battle of Iwo Jima Battle of Okinawa
Office of Price Administration Created during WWII to control prices
Price ceilings on most goods
Best known for rationing Food stamps Rationing of tires, automobiles, shoes,
nylon, sugar, gasoline, fuel oil, coffee, meats, processed foods, etc.
Victory Gardens in WWII Idea: Plant your own fruit, vegetable, and
herb garden at home to help the war effort! Less consumption of goods produced=more
ability to send to soldiers Less processing of foods saved on metal and
other wartime goods
Morale booster—everyone doing their share to help the war, even at home First lady Eleanor Roosevelt even planted one
US Debt Accrues during the war… Over $300 billion in debt
10 times more than WWI; equivalent to total US spending since 1776
FDR wants to raise taxes Congress limits his ability to raise them
WWII Propaganda Consider each of the following:
Message portrayed
Reason poster was created
Effectiveness of poster
Casablanca Conference January 1943 meeting between
mainly FDR and Churchill (some French reps—including De Gaulle—present as well) Stalin invited, declined to attend
due to Stalingrad
Key points European strategy: Make
Germany fight two front war? Unconditional surrender by Axis Allied aid to Soviets
Tehran Conference
November 1943
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt all present
Tehran Declaration: Agree to fight Nazi Germany until Hitler is defeated Plan Operation Overlord (D-Day Invasion)
Divide Germany between Allies
USSR will help with fight against Japan
The War in Europe Ends February and March, 1945
Soviets drive back Germans after Battle of Bulge US forces cross the Rhine River Soviets 35 miles from Berlin; US 70 Miles
April 21: Soviets enter Berlin
April 30: Adolf Hitler commits suicide and chooses Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz as his successor Tried to surrender to the US and British, but not USSR Eisenhower insisted on “unconditional surrender”
V-E Day May 8, 1945—Victory In Europe
Truman becomes President April 12, 1945—Roosevelt dies of a
stroke
Just weeks before the V-E Day; War in Japan still ongoing
Controversial Decisions to be Made Firebombing Japan with napalm (jellied
gasoline) Questionable because it would start fires
that killed civilians
Japan willing to surrender, but wants to keep emperor US looking only for unconditional surrender
Manhattan Project and the dropping of the bomb
V-J Day: August 15, 1945
The United Nations 50 Countries organized charter on April 25, 1945
1 delegate in the General Assembly 11 Nation Security Council
5 permanent members (US, Britain, France, China, USSR)
Goal: Prevent future wars and preserve peace
Commission on Human Rights Headed by Eleanor Roosevelt Lists 30 rights tat are said to be universal