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World War IWorld War I
The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars
What lead up to the war?What lead up to the war?
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple Entente
European Balance of European Balance of PowerPower
Sovereign nationsSovereign nations Balance of powerBalance of power: relative military : relative military
might of their state & allied states might of their state & allied states as opposed to their rival countriesas opposed to their rival countries
War=means to accomplish certain War=means to accomplish certain state objectivesstate objectives
Entangling alliancesEntangling alliances Armament raceArmament race
The trigger…The trigger…
June 1914, Austrian Archduke June 1914, Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinatedFranz Ferdinand assassinated In SarajevoIn Sarajevo By Serbians, “South Slav Nationalism”By Serbians, “South Slav Nationalism”
Diplomacy failed as generals Diplomacy failed as generals demanded actiondemanded action
War begins:War begins:
1.1. Austria ended Serbian Austria ended Serbian independenceindependence
2.2. Russia mobilized to protect SerbiaRussia mobilized to protect Serbia
3.3. Germany claims it was Germany claims it was threatened; declares war on threatened; declares war on RussiaRussiainvades Belgiuminvades Belgium
4.4. England declares warEngland declares war
Why? 2 theories:Why? 2 theories:
1.1. Aggressive colonialism; Aggressive colonialism; nationalistic hostility; arms race; nationalistic hostility; arms race; alliance systemalliance system
2.2. Expansionist plans of German Expansionist plans of German Empire & German-Austrian Empire & German-Austrian decision to destroy Serbiadecision to destroy Serbia
Outcome of warOutcome of war
Defensive weaponsDefensive weapons Trench warfareTrench warfare Poison gas as weaponPoison gas as weapon Loss of life; debilitating woundsLoss of life; debilitating wounds ““Grave of the nations”Grave of the nations” Acute labor shortageAcute labor shortage
Working womenWorking women Worsening living conditionsWorsening living conditions
Outcome of warOutcome of war
Wartime economyWartime economy Fixed pricesFixed prices Allocated resources to industryAllocated resources to industry RationingRationing Germany= most rigorousGermany= most rigorous
““An education in state socialism”An education in state socialism”
Outcome of warOutcome of war
Social conflicts:Social conflicts: Rising labor costRising labor cost Decline in standard of livingDecline in standard of living Emergent & rampant black marketEmergent & rampant black market Russia = worst shortages & social Russia = worst shortages & social
unrestunrest
Outcome of war: RUSSIA side Outcome of war: RUSSIA side notenote
1916-1917, series of factory strikes1916-1917, series of factory strikes Food shortagesFood shortages Opposition to tsarist regimeOpposition to tsarist regime
February 1917, women factory February 1917, women factory workers went on strike (Women’s workers went on strike (Women’s Day)Day) ““Give us more food”Give us more food”
People lost faith in gov’tPeople lost faith in gov’t
Outcome of war: RUSSIA side Outcome of war: RUSSIA side notenote
Nicholas II ordered army to stop Nicholas II ordered army to stop uprising; troops mutinied & joineduprising; troops mutinied & joined
Forced abdicationForced abdicationpower vacuumpower vacuum Lenin, radical socialist, alone Lenin, radical socialist, alone
offered “peace, bread, & land”offered “peace, bread, & land”
Outcome of war: RUSSIA side Outcome of war: RUSSIA side notenote
LeninLenin Bolsheviks (Communists 1918) seized power Bolsheviks (Communists 1918) seized power
in Novemberin November 11stst act: armistice w/ Central Powers act: armistice w/ Central Powers Capitulation: Capitulation:
German occupation of all landsGerman occupation of all lands New Eastern European state: Ukraine (March New Eastern European state: Ukraine (March
1918)1918) Treaty of Brest-Litvosk: Russia reduced to size of Treaty of Brest-Litvosk: Russia reduced to size of
1717thth C. Russia C. Russia
Outcome of war:Outcome of war:
Sea and land created truly global Sea and land created truly global efforteffort BlockadesBlockades Spread across shipping lanesSpread across shipping lanes U-BoatsU-Boats Great BritainGreat Britain
““all colonies & Dominion lands at war”all colonies & Dominion lands at war” Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South
Africa, IndiaAfrica, India
Outcome of war:Outcome of war:
Sea and land created truly global Sea and land created truly global efforteffort Colonial resistance:Colonial resistance:
Labor shortageLabor shortageconscriptionconscription HostilityHostility
– Central AsiaCentral Asia– French West AfricaFrench West Africa
Encouraged alliancesEncouraged alliances
Outcome of war:Outcome of war:
Encouraged alliancesEncouraged alliances Triple Alliance brought in Ottomans Triple Alliance brought in Ottomans
(Central Alliance)(Central Alliance) AlliesAllies
Italy joinedItaly joined Japan declared war on GermanyJapan declared war on Germany New ally: United StatesNew ally: United States
Outcome of war:Outcome of war: Propaganda:Propaganda:
Secret & publicSecret & public Paying for revolutionary &/or independence Paying for revolutionary &/or independence
partiesparties ArmeniansArmenians
Exiled nationalists called for Armenians to fight Exiled nationalists called for Armenians to fight TurksTurks
Forced evacuation of 1.5 million from Eastern Forced evacuation of 1.5 million from Eastern TurkeyTurkey
Massacre of about .5 million Armenians (ethnic Massacre of about .5 million Armenians (ethnic hatred as motivator for genocide; 1hatred as motivator for genocide; 1stst true true genocide in 20genocide in 20thth C) C)
Outcome of war:Outcome of war:
Middle EastMiddle East Britain tried to win minority supportBritain tried to win minority support Backed Arabic uprising against Backed Arabic uprising against
OttomansOttomans Agreed with Zionist leaders to create Agreed with Zionist leaders to create
a Jewish homelanda Jewish homeland Balfour Declaration, 1917, publicized Balfour Declaration, 1917, publicized
British decision to support ZionismBritish decision to support Zionism
Outcome of war:Outcome of war: United States of AmericaUnited States of America
11stst time=important actor in major foreign war time=important actor in major foreign war Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Progressivism: progress is strengthening of democratic Progressivism: progress is strengthening of democratic government & protection of free enterprise from Big government & protection of free enterprise from Big BusinessBusiness
Effectively supporting Allies w/ economic policies Effectively supporting Allies w/ economic policies (blockade, loans to UK and France)(blockade, loans to UK and France)
Boom for US economyBoom for US economy German blockadeGerman blockadesink neutral vessels (1/4 = sink neutral vessels (1/4 =
sunk)sunk) April 1917, “ World must be safe for democracy”April 1917, “ World must be safe for democracy”
Outcome of war:Outcome of war:
1918: beginning of decline of Central 1918: beginning of decline of Central PowersPowers
Armistice:Armistice: From the US to answer Lenin’s accusations From the US to answer Lenin’s accusations
of “imperialist war”of “imperialist war” Wilson: “Peace without victors”Wilson: “Peace without victors” Fourteen Points, January 1918Fourteen Points, January 1918
3 Main: 1.) national self-determination; 2.) 3 Main: 1.) national self-determination; 2.) democratic government; 3.) international democratic government; 3.) international association to protect peaceassociation to protect peace
End of war:End of war:
November 11, 1918November 11, 1918 ““all [was] quiet on the Western front.”all [was] quiet on the Western front.” German & Austrian powers abdicated; German & Austrian powers abdicated;
empires collapsedempires collapsed Formation of nation-states such as Poland, Formation of nation-states such as Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and YugoslaviaCzechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Casualties: 10 million dead; 20 million Casualties: 10 million dead; 20 million
wounded; opened path to epidemicswounded; opened path to epidemics Collapse of empiresCollapse of empires
End of War:End of War:
Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles: June 28, 1919June 28, 1919 Issued by the “Big Three:” Issued by the “Big Three:” David Lloyd David Lloyd
George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of AmericaWoodrow Wilson of America
Land taken away from Germany and given to Land taken away from Germany and given to alliesallies
Military: German army limited to 100,000 Military: German army limited to 100,000 troops; no tanks, subs, air force, or substantial troops; no tanks, subs, air force, or substantial navy. Rhineland = demilitarized zonenavy. Rhineland = demilitarized zone
Forbidden to link with AustriaForbidden to link with Austria
End of WarEnd of War
Treaty of Versailles, con’d:Treaty of Versailles, con’d: Three vital clauses here:Three vital clauses here:
1.1. German full responsibility for starting the war, "War Guilt German full responsibility for starting the war, "War Guilt Clause"Clause"
2.2. Germany, responsible for all the war damage Reparations, Germany, responsible for all the war damage Reparations, primarily to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to primarily to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countriesthe infrastructure of both countries
1.1. Payment could be in kind or cash. (Amount TBD) Payment could be in kind or cash. (Amount TBD)
2.2. Germans told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash Germans told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash when it suited them. when it suited them. eventually put at £6,600 million. eventually put at £6,600 million.
3.3. League of NationsLeague of Nations
German reaction to the German reaction to the treaty:treaty:
Not consulted in the terms of the treatyNot consulted in the terms of the treaty DiktatDiktat German citizens did not want the Treaty signed, but no choice German citizens did not want the Treaty signed, but no choice
as German was incapable of restarting the war again.as German was incapable of restarting the war again. Widespread anger throughout Germany as it was felt that as a Widespread anger throughout Germany as it was felt that as a
nation Germany had been unfairly treated, esp the clause nation Germany had been unfairly treated, esp the clause blaming her for the cause of the war and the resultant financial blaming her for the cause of the war and the resultant financial penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany. penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany.
"November Criminals“"November Criminals“ Many German citizens felt that they were being punished for the Many German citizens felt that they were being punished for the
mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was the government that had declared war not the people. the government that had declared war not the people.
Redistribution of LandRedistribution of Land
Redistribution Redistribution of Landof Land
German demilitarizationGerman demilitarization
Reaction to the League of Reaction to the League of NationsNations
The world in 1919The world in 1919
The World in 1919The World in 1919