Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
World War I: The Course and End of the War
FYI’s
• Ch 26 ID Quiz Wednesday– Handwritten notes but please no “textbook pages”
• Unit 8 Test Friday – Less Multiple Choice, open ended short answers that I’ll give ahead of time
• ROOM 1201 TOMORROW If I see ya
Review of Causes
• Militarism• Alliances • Imperialism• Nationalism
MAIN Causes
Nationalism• Pan-slavic movement – desire of Slavic people
to unite (especially those under Austrian & Ottoman control)
Black Hand – Serbian nationalist
group
Nationalism
Balkan Crises• 1908-1909
- Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, Serbia objected• 1912-1913– Russia supported Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria
and Greece against Turks – Austria-Hungary pushed for creation of Albania to
deny Serbia an outlet to sea– Hatred between Slavs and Austria intensified
Nationalism
German Empire created in 1871
Alliances• Triple Alliance
Members•Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy
Problem •Historical animosity between
Austria-Hungary and Italy
Alliances• Triple Entente
Members•France•Russia•Britain
Problem •Historical animosity between
France and Britain
Alliances• Bismarck’s strategy—always be in majority
of 3 in any dispute among 5 great European powers
• His aim—preserve Germany’s peaceful ties with Russia
Alliances• Wilhelm II upset Bismarck’s
delicate balance of power
• Germany, by refusing to renew Russian alliance, soon found itself in minority of 2
• Its only European ally, the weak Austria-Hungary
Militarism
• Build up of arms
Imperialism• Competition and tension over colonial
holdings
Immediate Cause = SPARK• Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austrian throne,
assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of a radical Serbian nationalist group
• Alliance system set into motion
Alliances• Germany gave Austria “blank check” – they could
act against Serbia with full German support• Austria declared war on Serbia
Alliances• Russia mobilized its forces • That meant war between Austria and Russia • That meant war between Russia and Germany• That meant war between Germany and France• Germany crossed through Belgium Great
Britain enters war
A Jolly Little War!
Characteristics of the War
Central Powers• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Turkey– To fight her traditional enemy,
Russia
Allied Powers
• Russia• France• Great Britain• Japan– To get German Pacific territories
• Eventually United States
The Eastern Front
Characteristics of the War
• Russia = ill-equipped, weak leaders • Battle of Tannenburg - 30,000 Russian casualties - 90,000 Russian POW’s - Russia never really recovered• Russians pushed back by
Germans, lost territory larger than the size of France
The Western Front
Characteristics of the War
• Battle of the Marne (September 1914) - Began trench warfare - Showed that war would not be a short one - French victory
The Western Front
Characteristics of the War
• Battle of Verdun (Feb 1916)-major but costly French
victory - symbolic of French resistance
-500,000 casualties on each side• Battle of the Somme (July 1916)
-50,000 British casualties in one day
- 1 million over the course of 5 months -one of the bloodiest in history -technically allied victory
The Southern or Balkan Front
Characteristics of the War
• Gallipoli Campaign- Ottomans had
blocked Dardanelles, a strategic waterway for Russia -Britain and France made an amphibious invasion to secure strait again
-Disastrous loss for Britain and France
On the Sea
• Great Britain blockaded all ports under German control.
• Germans used submarines or “u boats”• In 1915 - Germany began to strike civilian
ships as well as battleships• Sunk Lusitania in May of 1915, killing 1,000
civilians. • U.S. threatened to declare war on Germany if
they didn’t stop their unrestricted warfare
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of the War
• Western Front• Began as a temporary strategy to avoid losing ground• Produced stalemate for four years• Troops could not advance against modern weaponry
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of the War
• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of the War
• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of the War
• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of the War
• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches
• “No man’s land”
• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
New Weapons
Characteristics of the War
• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades
Shell Shock“Shell shock,” the term that would come to define the phenomenon, first appeared in the British medical journal The Lancet in February 1915, only six months after the commencement of the war. In a landmark article, Capt. Charles Myers of the Royal Army Medical Corps noted “the remarkably close similarity” of symptoms in three soldiers who had each been exposed to exploding shells: Case 1 had endured six or seven shells exploding around him; Case 2 had been buried under earth for 18 hours after a shell collapsed his trench; Case 3 had been blown off a pile of bricks 15 feet high. All three men exhibited symptoms of “reduced visual fields,” loss of smell and taste, and some loss of memory. “Comment on these cases seems superfluous,” Myers concluded, after documenting in detail the symptoms of each. “They appear to constitute a definite class among others arising from the effects of shell-shock.”
But by 1916, military and medical authorities were convinced that many soldiers exhibiting the characteristic symptoms—trembling “rather like a jelly shaking”; headache; tinnitus, or ringing in the ear; dizziness; poor concentration; confusion; loss of memory; and disorders of sleep—had been nowhere near exploding shells. Rather, their condition was one of “neurasthenia,” or weakness of the nerves—in laymen’s terms, a nervous breakdown precipitated by the dreadful stress of war.
Total War
Characteristics of the War
• Everyone is involved in war• Government takes control of everything –
economy, factories, transportation, conscription• Propaganda used• Rationing of supplies• In Britain – DORA (Defense of the Realm Act)
DORA in Great Britain• no-one was allowed to talk about naval or military matters in public
places• no-one was allowed to spread rumors about military matters• no-one was allowed to buy binoculars• no-one was allowed to trespass on railway lines or bridges• no-one was allowed to light bonfires or fireworks• no-one was allowed to give bread to horses, horses or chickens• no-one was allowed to use invisible ink when writing abroad• no-one was allowed to ring church bells• the government could take over any factory or workshop• the government could try any civilian breaking these laws• the government could take over any land it wanted to• the government could censor newspapers
Changes for Women
Characteristics of the War
• Women joined the workforce at home in mass numbers
-Role may have helped achieve suffrage for women in Britain • In Great Britain – encouraged men to go to war
Changes for Women
Characteristics of the War
US Enters War
Characteristics of the War
• Woodrow Wilson said war was strictly a European conflict.
• In Feb 1917, Germany announced an unrestricted submarine campaign.
• Zimmerman telegram intercepted – Germany secretly proposes to help Mexico win back territory in return for help
• Apr 6, 1917, US declares war on Germany.
Russia Leaves War
Characteristics of the War
• Russian tsarist and provisional government had collapsed in the past year
•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in March 1918 between Lenin and the Bolsheviks and Germany
Armistice
Peace
• Ceasefire agreement on November 11, 1918 signed by the allies and Germany (A-H & Turkey had already signed)
German Republic
Peace
• 1919-1933• “Weimar Republic”• Replaced the imperial government• Federal Republic, Constitution• President, Chancellor• Reichstag - Parliament
Treaty of Versailles
Peace
• Paris Peace Conference – January 1919• The Big Four:• Great Britain – David Lloyd George• France – Georges Clemenceau• United States – Woodrow Wilson• Italy – Vittorio Orlando• Not Present:• Germany (not invited)• Russia (revolution)
The Big Four
Treaty of Versailles
Peace
• Ultimate goal – A LASTING PEACE• Wilson’s Fourteen points – a program for lasting peace, included reduced weapons, freedom of seas, adjustment of colonial claims, self-determination for all nations, no secret treaties• France’s demands –
“Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start war again”
Treaty of Versailles
Peace
• Signed June 28, 1919• Conditions for Germany -
- War guilt and reparation: -Germany accepted sole responsibility -Germany had to pay reparations
Paid until 1931Afterwards rejected debt
-German military reduced
Treaty of Versailles
Peace
• Other conditions - - League of Nations Created
- Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
- New territories: Poland Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria & more
- Ottoman Empire reduced to Turkey – “Mandates” created out of other territories
BY the test…• Do turn in…– Modern Thinkers Research– Modern European thought Reading– Africa Imperialism packet– MAIN causes of WWI– Treaty of Versailles questions
• Don’t turn in– Video questions from before SB– Notes we’re about to finish
