WORLD WAR I

I. Causes

II. Warfare

III.Propaganda

IV.Consequences

OA 11. What do you know about WWI?2. WWI was called the “Great War”

and the “War to end all wars.” Why do you think it was called those things?

I. CAUSES OF WWI

What were the causes of WWI?

What triggered the war?

Causes/Factors leading to WWI: ■ Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping an army

prepared for war was the goal of several European nations.

■ Alliances – a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations◆ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy◆ Triple Entente: England, France, Russia

■ Imperialism – Political and Economic control over foreign territory.

■ Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for one’s country.

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures (spending) for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]

in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%

The Allied powers (blue) surroundThe Central powers (red), illustrating the two frontwar that wouldhave to be fought.

The Balkans

The Balkans who held Slavic territories that including Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia. These territories were under the control of Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (non-slavic empires) They wanted independence from these empires

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Of Austria (Heir to the throne)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Of Austria (Heir to the throne)

The Assassination at Sarajevo, Bosnia

The Assassination at Sarajevo, Bosnia

The Archduke FranzFerdinand and his wife, boarding the car in whichthey would be assassinated.

The bodies of the Arch-duke and his wife lay in state.

The Assassin: The Assassin:GavriloPrincipSerbian terrorist

GavriloPrincipSerbian terrorist

The Trigger of War: Spring July 28th 1914■ Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

assassinated by a Serbian national. ■ Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia ■ The young country of Serbia had been promised

protection by Russia! ■ Germany declares war on Russia to protect its ally

Austria-Hungary■ France joins the war due to their alliance with

Russia (to fight Germans)■ Germany declares war on France

OA 21. What were the causes of WWI? 2. What triggered the war?

European Nations take sides: Summer 1914■ The Central Powers – Germany, Austria-

Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Italy decided not to fight with it’s allies)

■ The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, (United States, Japan, Italy, Belgium, and Serbia would join later)

The Allied powers (blue) surroundThe Central powers (red), illustrating the two frontwar that wouldhave to be fought.

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to invade France through Belgium

Fails

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

Fighting a World War■The Central Powers tried to move

quickly, but were pushed back by the Allies outside of Paris.◆The Schliefflen Plan (fails)◆Great Britain joins the war to stop

Germany■The Central Powers found

themselves fighting a “two-front” war, a Western Front and an Eastern Front

II. Warfare

1. How did new technology affect the warfare?

2. What was trench warfare and No Man’s land?

3. Why was WWI called the war of attrition?

New Techniques of Warfare■New weapons such as the machine

gun, poison gas, and the tank made this war look like no other.

■Trenches were dug to protect soldiers from these terrible new weapons.

■A No man’s land was created between trenches of enemy countries. Little land was won or lost during this trench warfare.

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Barbed Wire

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

Heavy artillery

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Western FrontWestern Front

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

area of land between two enemy trench systems

StalemateStalemateDeadlock in which

neither side is able to defeat the other.

Battle lines remained unchanged

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

• German offensive.

• Each side had 500,000 casualties.

• German offensive.

• Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916The Somme – July, 1916

• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

Total War – Using all of a country’s human, economic, and political resources to win.

Human Example: Conscription – “The Draft”

Economic Example: Rationing – using less food and materials at home

Blockades: British Navy and German U-Boats prevent supplies from reaching the enemy. Thousands of civilians die due to starvation.

OA 41. What new weapons and

technologies were used in WWI?

2. How did these new technology affect the warfare?

3. What was trench warfare and No Man’s land?

III. Propaganda

Propaganda – spreading ideas to support a cause or damage an opposing cause

Examples – Censored or exaggerated stories, pro-war posters

IV. End of the War / Consequences

• What ended the War?• What was the Treaty of

Versailles? What did the treaty do to Germany?

• What were the consequences of the War?

War fatigue1. Britain – bankrupt2. Germany – enlisting 15 yr. olds3. France – soldiers refuse to fight anymore4. Russia – drops out in 1917

The United States gets closer to entering the war

■America’s neutrality◆ Assisting the allied war effort◆ Supplied them with weapons ◆ Created propaganda against the central

powers

1. The Sinking of the Lusitania1. The Sinking of the Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegram“We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory”

2. The Zimmerman Telegram

■ The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by Great Britain on it’s way from Germany to Mexico.

■ Germany asked Mexico to help fight the Americans. In return they promised to award them with Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

■ Americans were outraged. The U.S. declared war on Germany and it’s allies on April 2nd, 1917.

A Short Road Lies Ahead■ U.S. joins the Allies - 1917■ Russia pulls out

◆ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk■ The Kaiser steps down■ The Armistice to end World War I was

signed on November 11th, 1918.◆ Railway car outside of Paris◆ The Big Four meet

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

Woodrow Wilson of United States, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy

The Big Four

Wilson’s pitch to CongressPresident Wilson had a plan for post-war Europe called the Fourteen Points. Five main ideas were central to the plan working.■ Ignored by British and the French1. No secret treaties or allies2. Freedom of the Seas3. Free Trade4. Disarmament5. Self-determination6. League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles1. Punish Germany!

◆ War Guilt Clause – Blamed the War on Germany

◆ War Reparations – Payment for damages of war

◆ Territory Clause -- Colonies given to France, Britain German land to Poland, France, Czech.

◆ Demilitarization – Limited military

The Treaty of Versailles

2. League of Nations◆ International Organization ◆ Fight against aggressive nations◆ Collective Security

3. New independent countries are established

◆ Poland, Czechoslovakia

OA■"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.“

1. Explain the text?

2. Where do you think this text is from?

OA

OA

■“All day and through the watches of the night, they are digging, digging, digging. And with this purpose: that as they cannot get at each other without the deadly devastation of the frontal attack — our soldiers CAN shoot! — the two sides — and especially the Germans — are trying to get at each other underground.- It is, as it were, a war between moles, not between men.”

3. What is the writer describing? Explain your answer

The Legacy of the War■ Millions of casualties ■ The war cost $338 billion. ■ Germany was humiliated ■ Japan & Italy felt cheated (entered war to

get European colonies in Asia & Africa)…. would we ever hear from them again?

1. Millions of Casualties

1. Millions of Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Mobilized Dead Wounded Missing/PoW

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800

Great Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652

France 8,410,000 1,375,800 4,266,000 537,000

Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000

US 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,526

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029

Japan 800,000 300 907 3

Rumania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000

Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Fear of revolt from the Armenians Genocide -- systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points – goals for peace■No secret treaties

■Freedom of the Seas

■Free Trade■Disarmament

■Self-determination

■League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

2. Treaty of Versailles

Germany was blamed for the war◆ War Guilt Clause

♦ Kaiser was forced to abdicate◆ War Reparations◆ Germany lost all of its colonies and

territories♦ France was given land back from

Germany – Alsace Lorraine/Rhineland (buffer zone)

◆ Limited Military

3. League of Nations

■International Organization

◆Fight against aggressive nations

◆Collective Security◆U.S. does not join

♦US Congress votes against joining

4. Fall of the Empires and creation of new ones

■Germany■Austria Hungary■Ottoman Empire■Russian Empire

OA 51. What helped the Allies win the

War?2. What did Germany have to do

because of the Treaty of Versailles? Do you think it was fair?

3. What were some consequences of the War?

Map Activity Pg 373 Europe 1920■Label and color each of the countries

■Compare this map with the previous

■What differences do you see?