World War I:

World War I:World War I:

““The war to end all wars”The war to end all wars”

The end of the The end of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The end of the The end of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

““Technology is no longer Technology is no longer used for the betterment used for the betterment

of mankind”of mankind”

World War I:

Causes of World War I -

M

A

N

I

A

ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war

lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country

mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically

ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

MANIA

1910-1914 Increase in 1910-1914 Increase in Defense ExpendituresDefense Expenditures

FranceFrance 10%10%

BritainBritain 13%13%

RussiaRussia 39%39%

GermanyGermany 73%73%

Causes of WWI - MilitarismCauses of WWI - Militarism

18701870 18801880 18901890 19001900 19101910 19141914

9494 130130 154154 268268 289289 398398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]

in millions of £s (British pounds). in millions of £s (British pounds).

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Causes of WWI - AlliancesCauses of WWI - Alliances

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Great Britain

France

Russia

Causes of WWI - NationalismCauses of WWI - Nationalism

Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries

Austria *Belgium DenmarkIceland Germany *Liechtenstein *

Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland *United Kingdom

* = German speaking country

Germanic Countries

Imperialism: European conquest of Africa

TheThe“Spark”“Spark”

--What What started the started the “war to end “war to end

all wars”all wars”

TheThe“Spark”“Spark”

--What What started the started the “war to end “war to end

all wars”all wars”

Causes of WWI - Assassination


Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.


Causes of WWI - AssassinationAustrian

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.



Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The Point of No Return:

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand



Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.




Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.




Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.· example of Pan-German nationalism




Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.· example of Pan-German nationalism

Russia pledged their support for Serbia.


Germany declares war on Russia.




France pledges their support for Russia.





Germany declares war on France.






Germany invades Belgium on the way to France and opens up the western front.






Germany invades Belgium on the way to France and opens up the western front.

Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

World War IWorld War IWorld War IWorld War I

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central Central PowersPowers::Central Central PowersPowers::Great Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

TechnologyTechnology

TechnologyTechnology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by U-Boats or submarines were perfected by

the Germans (and used to fire upon all the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)types of ships)

TechnologyTechnology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the

Germans (and used to fire upon all types of Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)ships)

Machine GunsMachine Guns


Germans (and used to fire upon all types of Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)ships)

Machine GunsMachine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these!


Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) Machine GunsMachine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these! AirplanesAirplanes


Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) Machine GunsMachine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these! AirplanesAirplanes Tear Gas- Chemical Warfare (Germans used heavily)Tear Gas- Chemical Warfare (Germans used heavily)

Major Battles:Major Battles:


Verdun:Verdun: German Offensive. German Offensive.


Verdun:Verdun: German Offensive. German Offensive.February 21February 21stst to December 18 to December 18thth 1916. 1916.


Verdun:Verdun: German Offensive. German Offensive.February 21February 21stst to December 18 to December 18thth 1916. 1916.700,000 killed700,000 killed



Ypres:Ypres: A single battle. G.B. attacks A single battle. G.B. attacks German position.German position.



Ypres:Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks A single battle - G.B. attacks German position.German position.July 31July 31stst to December 18 to December 18thth 1917. 1917.



Ypres:Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks A single battle - G.B. attacks German position.German position.July 31July 31stst to December 18 to December 18thth 1917. 1917.245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead,

8,000 French dead8,000 French dead



Ypres:Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks A single battle - G.B. attacks German position.German position.July 31July 31stst to December 18 to December 18thth 1917. 1917.245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead,

8,000 French dead8,000 French dead60,000 British soldiers drowned in the mud.60,000 British soldiers drowned in the mud.

U.S.: Nation of IsolationU.S.: Nation of Isolation


Many remembered the Civil War and did Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enternot want to enter


Many remembered the Civil War and did Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enternot want to enter

President Wilson did not want to wage war President Wilson did not want to wage war on Germany.on Germany.

Why should the US Fight?Why should the US Fight?German attacks on civilian cruise ships German attacks on civilian cruise ships

(Lusitania and Sussex) prompted US (Lusitania and Sussex) prompted US citizens for retaliation.citizens for retaliation.

Zimmerman telegram: Zimmerman telegram:

U.S. Enters the WarU.S. Enters the War

April 6, 1917 The Senate and the House April 6, 1917 The Senate and the House vote to declare war on Germany.vote to declare war on Germany.

First troops arrived in September and first First troops arrived in September and first battle involving US troops was in Octoberbattle involving US troops was in October

More than 4.7 Million service members More than 4.7 Million service members servedserved

50,000 American lives lost.50,000 American lives lost.200,000 wounded.200,000 wounded.

ConditionsConditions


Winter of 1917 very coldWinter of 1917 very cold


Winter of 1917 very coldWinter of 1917 very coldMost soldiers not equipped for cold (no Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no

blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots)boots)




Trenches were usually flooded, infested Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodieswith rats, dead bodies





Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible





Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible Lice and fleas in barracksLice and fleas in barracks





Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible Lice and fleas in barracksLice and fleas in barracksEpidemics of the flu and measles.Epidemics of the flu and measles.

Russia’s ExitRussia’s Exit

Russia’s ExitRussia’s Exit As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit.As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit.

Russia’s ExitRussia’s Exit As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit.As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, Russians have lost great number of soldiers,

food is scarce, they are tired of fighting.food is scarce, they are tired of fighting.


food is scarce, they are tired of fighting.food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution (communists) take over (communists) take over

Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government)Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government)


food is scarce, they are tired of fighting.food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution (communists) take over (communists) take over

Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government)Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government) Nicholas II is killed.Nicholas II is killed.

The End is NearThe End is Near

Russia has pulled out.Russia has pulled out.


Russia has pulled out.Russia has pulled out.Germany’s resources are few, but still Germany’s resources are few, but still

more than the Allies.more than the Allies.



more than the Allies.more than the Allies.France is almost defeated.France is almost defeated.



more than the Allies.more than the Allies.France is almost defeated.France is almost defeated.US enters with more soldiers and US enters with more soldiers and

weapons and drives Germany back.weapons and drives Germany back.



more than the Allies.more than the Allies.France is almost defeated.France is almost defeated.US enters with more soldiers and US enters with more soldiers and

weapons and drives Germany back.weapons and drives Germany back.US helps by destroying German US helps by destroying German

submarines in the Atlantic Ocean.submarines in the Atlantic Ocean.


Russia has pulled out.Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than Germany’s resources are few, but still more than

the Allies.the Allies. France is almost defeated.France is almost defeated. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and US enters with more soldiers and weapons and

drives Germany back.drives Germany back. US helps by destroying German submarines in US helps by destroying German submarines in

the Atlantic Ocean.the Atlantic Ocean. Austria-Hungary withdraws from the war and Austria-Hungary withdraws from the war and

Germany asks for peace.Germany asks for peace.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles


Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies)and all territory in Africa (colonies)



Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent)Latvia (they become independent)




Poland regains most of its landPoland regains most of its land




Poland regains most of its landPoland regains most of its landAustria-Hungary divided into independent Austria-Hungary divided into independent

nations.nations.


Britain and France take over Ottoman Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany.Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany.



Germany has to give up most of its military Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and equipment including submarine fleet and railroads.railroads.



Germany has to give up most of its military Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and equipment including submarine fleet and railroads.railroads.

Germany must pay reparations of $100 Germany must pay reparations of $100 million.- Woodrow Wilson demands this! million.- Woodrow Wilson demands this!

Effects of TreatyEffects of Treaty


Germany comes close to economic Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damagescollapse.- Had to pay war damages



League of Nations:League of Nations: group of Nations group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no combined to ensure there would be no more war. more war.



League of Nations:League of Nations: group of Nations group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no combined to ensure there would be no more war. more war.

Rise of communism in Eastern Europe Rise of communism in Eastern Europe (ban of communist literature in US)(ban of communist literature in US)

World War I: By the Numbers:World War I: By the Numbers:

CountryCountry Military Military DeadDead

Military Military WoundedWounded

Civilian Civilian DeadDead

Total Total TroopsTroops

RussiaRussia

FranceFrance

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

U.S.A.U.S.A.

GermanyGermany

World War I: By the NumbersWorld War I: By the Numbers





RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

U.S.A.U.S.A.

GermanyGermany






RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance 1,390,0001,390,000 4,330,0004,330,000 40,00040,000 8,660,0008,660,000

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

U.S.A.U.S.A.

GermanyGermany






RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance 1,390,0001,390,000 4,330,0004,330,000 40,00040,000 8,660,0008,660,000

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

900,000900,000 2,090,0002,090,000 1,0001,000 8,780,0008,780,000

U.S.A.U.S.A.

GermanyGermany






RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance 1,390,0001,390,000 4,330,0004,330,000 40,00040,000 8,660,0008,660,000

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

900,000900,000 2,090,0002,090,000 1,0001,000 8,780,0008,780,000

U.S.A.U.S.A. 50,00050,000 230,000230,000 N/AN/A 4,350,0004,350,000

GermanyGermany






RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance 1,390,0001,390,000 4,330,0004,330,000 40,00040,000 8,660,0008,660,000

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

900,000900,000 2,090,0002,090,000 1,0001,000 8,780,0008,780,000

U.S.A.U.S.A. 50,00050,000 230,000230,000 N/AN/A 4,350,0004,350,000

GermanyGermany 2,040,0002,040,000 5,690,0005,690,000 700,000700,000 13,400,00013,400,000

World War I: By the NumbersWorld War I: By the NumbersCountryCountry Military Military

DeadDeadMilitary Military WoundedWounded



RussiaRussia 1,800,0001,800,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,000,0002,000,000 12,000,00012,000,000

FranceFrance 1,390,0001,390,000 4,330,0004,330,000 40,00040,000 8,660,0008,660,000

U.K. & U.K. & G.B.G.B.

900,000900,000 2,090,0002,090,000 1,0001,000 8,780,0008,780,000

U.S.A.U.S.A. 50,00050,000 230,000230,000 N/AN/A 4,350,0004,350,000

GermanyGermany 2,040,0002,040,000 5,690,0005,690,000 700,000700,000 13,400,00013,400,000

TotalTotal 6,180,0006,180,000 17,290,00017,290,000 2,741,0002,741,000 47,190,00047,190,000

Documents

World War I: