World War I (1914-1918) Chapter 14. I. The Road to War: Hidden Causes of WWI : existed well before 1914 1)Imperialism: -European powers had been building

World War I (1914-1918)World War I (1914-1918)

Chapter 14Chapter 14

I. I. The Road to WarThe Road to War::

Hidden CausesHidden Causes of WWI of WWI: existed well before : existed well before 19141914

1)1) ImperialismImperialism::-European powers had been building empires for -European powers had been building empires for centuriescenturies-the colonies supplied European powers with raw -the colonies supplied European powers with raw materialsmaterials


-European powers competed for territory around -European powers competed for territory around the world which… the world which… -led to conflicts in those areas-led to conflicts in those areas

MilitarismMilitarism: : -def: policy of building up a nation’s armed -def: policy of building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation of war forces in preparation of war -empires were expensive to build and defend-empires were expensive to build and defend-by 1890, the strongest European nation was -by 1890, the strongest European nation was GermanyGermany


-England was not concerned because they had -England was not concerned because they had the strongest navy in the worldthe strongest navy in the world

-in 1897, Germany’s Kaiser (emperor) decided -in 1897, Germany’s Kaiser (emperor) decided that his nation should also become a major sea that his nation should also become a major sea powerpower

-Germany and England began to compete in the -Germany and England began to compete in the building of warships building of warships

-France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly -France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms racejoined the naval arms race


3)3) NationalismNationalism: : -def: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s -def: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nationnation-often leads to competition and rivalries among -often leads to competition and rivalries among nationsnations-many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe-many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe-also, various ethnic groups resented domination by -also, various ethnic groups resented domination by others and wanted their nations to become others and wanted their nations to become independentindependent-those ethnic groups looked to larger nations for -those ethnic groups looked to larger nations for protectionprotection


-Russia viewed itself as the protector of Europe’s -Russia viewed itself as the protector of Europe’s Slavic peoples, no matter which gov’t they lived Slavic peoples, no matter which gov’t they lived underunder

-ex: the Serbs – Serbia was an independent -ex: the Serbs – Serbia was an independent nation, but millions of ethnic Serbs nation, but millions of ethnic Serbs

lived lived under the rule of Austria-Hungary under the rule of Austria-Hungary

-that led to a rivalry between A-H and Russia for -that led to a rivalry between A-H and Russia for influence over Serbiainfluence over Serbia


4)4) AlliancesAlliances: :

-def: a formal agreement or union between -def: a formal agreement or union between nationsnations

-developed in Europe during the late 1800s -developed in Europe during the late 1800s

-designed to increase a nation’s security and to -designed to increase a nation’s security and to defend each other during an attackdefend each other during an attack


-two great alliances formed in Europe by 1907:-two great alliances formed in Europe by 1907:

a. a. Triple AllianceTriple Alliance – – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyItaly

b. b. Triple EntenteTriple Entente – – England, France, RussiaEngland, France, Russia


Immediate CauseImmediate Cause of WWI (sparkplug) was… of WWI (sparkplug) was…-the assassination of Archduke -the assassination of Archduke Franz Franz FerdinandFerdinand and his wife Sofie on and his wife Sofie on June 28, 1914June 28, 1914-he was the heir to the throne in Austria- Hungary-he was the heir to the throne in Austria- Hungary-shot while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia, which was a -shot while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia, which was a province of A-Hprovince of A-H-killed by -killed by Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip (19 yrs old), a member of (19 yrs old), a member of the “Black Hand” (terrorist group promoting the “Black Hand” (terrorist group promoting Serbian nationalism)Serbian nationalism)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gavrilloprincip.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Franz_ferdinand.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Franz_Ferdinand_Automobile_AB.jpg


After the assassination, A-H met with GermanyAfter the assassination, A-H met with Germany– Germany issued the “Blank Check”- promise to back Germany issued the “Blank Check”- promise to back

Austria-Hungary up if they went to warAustria-Hungary up if they went to war

--July 28July 28: : A-H blamed the Serbian gov’t and declared A-H blamed the Serbian gov’t and declared war on themwar on them

--July 29July 29: : Russia, Serbia’s protector, began Russia, Serbia’s protector, began mobilizationmobilization (the readying of troops for war)(the readying of troops for war)

- Germany, A-H’s chief ally, demanded that - Germany, A-H’s chief ally, demanded that Russia stop mobilizing Russia stop mobilizing - Russia refused – Russia’s ally, France, - Russia refused – Russia’s ally, France, began mobilization as did Germany began mobilization as did Germany


--Aug. 1Aug. 1: : Germany declared war on RussiaGermany declared war on Russia

--Aug. 3Aug. 3: : Germany declared war on FranceGermany declared war on France

-The U.S. remained neutral-The U.S. remained neutral


Germany knew it would be forced to fight a Germany knew it would be forced to fight a two-two-front warfront war (East and West) eventually (East and West) eventually

so…they had a plan called theso…they had a plan called the Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan::

-called for a quick strike on France to knock -called for a quick strike on France to knock them out of the war and then they them out of the war and then they

would turn would turn and attack Russia and attack Russia

II. II. War BeginsWar Begins::

To get to France as quickly as possible, the To get to France as quickly as possible, the German Army passed through Belgium, a neutral German Army passed through Belgium, a neutral countrycountry

-the invasion brought England, Belgium’s -the invasion brought England, Belgium’s protector, into the war on Aug. 4protector, into the war on Aug. 4

-Germany had hoped England, with the world’s -Germany had hoped England, with the world’s strongest Navy, would stay out of the warstrongest Navy, would stay out of the war


After the start of the war, countries in Europe began After the start of the war, countries in Europe began to take sides:to take sides:

Central PowersCentral Powers: : Allied Powers (Allies)Allied Powers (Allies)GermanyGermany FranceFrance RussiaRussiaA-HA-H Italy (1915)Italy (1915) SerbiaSerbiaBulgariaBulgaria RomaniaRomania GreeceGreeceOttoman Empire (Turkey)Ottoman Empire (Turkey) MontenegroMontenegro PortugalPortugal

BelgiumBelgium U.S. (1917) U.S. (1917)Great BritainGreat Britain


The war reached a The war reached a stalematestalemate, a situation in which , a situation in which neither side could gain an advantage, on the neither side could gain an advantage, on the Western Front (in France)Western Front (in France)-the Allies began to dig trenches to help reduce -the Allies began to dig trenches to help reduce casualties and the Germans did the same (casualties and the Germans did the same (trench trench warfarewarfare))-the move to the trenches prolonged the war-the move to the trenches prolonged the war-heavy casualties resulted from soldiers going -heavy casualties resulted from soldiers going “over the top” into “no man’s land” (area between “over the top” into “no man’s land” (area between the trenches)the trenches)


New WeaponsNew Weapons used during WWI:used during WWI:

1)1) Machine gunMachine gun – forced the soldiers to the trenches – – forced the soldiers to the trenches – fired up to 450 rounds a minutefired up to 450 rounds a minute

2) 2) TanksTanks – first used by the British – used mainly to – first used by the British – used mainly to smash barbed wire fences to clear the way for the smash barbed wire fences to clear the way for the infantry (foot soldiers)infantry (foot soldiers)

3) 3) Poison gasPoison gas – chemical warfare – used by the – chemical warfare – used by the Germans firstGermans first


4)4) U-boatsU-boats – German submarines – German submarines

-attacked without warning – used to fight the British -attacked without warning – used to fight the British blockade blockade

-interfered with American trade and threatened the -interfered with American trade and threatened the safety of Americanssafety of Americans

5) 5) AirplanesAirplanes – used only for observation at first – used only for observation at first

-later armed with machine guns and bombs -later armed with machine guns and bombs

-Manfred von Richthofen “Red Baron” (German ace -Manfred von Richthofen “Red Baron” (German ace pilot– shot down over 80 planes)pilot– shot down over 80 planes)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/RoteBaron.JPG


The U.S. remained neutral at first and continued to The U.S. remained neutral at first and continued to trade with both sidestrade with both sides

-we were an isolated country at that time-we were an isolated country at that time

III. III. U.S. Declares WarU.S. Declares War::

3 Major Events3 Major Events led the U.S. to join the Allies:led the U.S. to join the Allies:

1)1) Germany’s use of Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare – Ex:– Ex:

a. Sinking of the a. Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania (May 7, 1915) – (May 7, 1915) – British passenger liner sunk by a British passenger liner sunk by a

German u-German u- boat because it was secretly boat because it was secretly carrying carrying weapons for the Allies – weapons for the Allies – 1,200 died (128 1,200 died (128 Americans) Americans)


Election of 1916Election of 1916 – – Pres. Wilson ran under the Pres. Wilson ran under the slogan “He kept us out of the war” and was re-slogan “He kept us out of the war” and was re-electedelected

Feb. 1, 1917Feb. 1, 1917: : Germany resumed unrestricted Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare – thought they could defeat the submarine warfare – thought they could defeat the British and win the war before the U.S. could make British and win the war before the U.S. could make a differencea difference


2)2) Zimmerman Note / TelegramZimmerman Note / Telegram – – German German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, made a foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, made a secret offer to Mexicosecret offer to Mexico

-if they would attack the U.S., then they would be -if they would attack the U.S., then they would be given back the lost territory in TX, AZ, and NMgiven back the lost territory in TX, AZ, and NM

-the note was intercepted by the British-the note was intercepted by the British -neither Wilson nor Mexico took the note -neither Wilson nor Mexico took the note

seriouslyseriously -however, the American public called for war -however, the American public called for war


3)3) Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia – – March 1917, March 1917, Czar Czar Nicholas IINicholas II was overthrown and replaced by a was overthrown and replaced by a republican (democratic) gov’t republican (democratic) gov’t

-since a czar was no longer in power, the U.S. -since a czar was no longer in power, the U.S. viewed Russia as an acceptable allyviewed Russia as an acceptable ally

-this was the last stumbling block to a full Am. -this was the last stumbling block to a full Am. commitment to the Alliescommitment to the Allies


Pres. Wilson asked Pres. Wilson asked Congress to declare Congress to declare war on Germany war on Germany saying…saying…

“ “The world must be The world must be made safe for made safe for democracy.”democracy.”

War was declared on War was declared on April 6, 1917April 6, 1917

V. V. Americans on the European Americans on the European FrontFront::

American Expeditionary ForcesAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF) – led by (AEF) – led by Gen. Gen. John J. PershingJohn J. Pershing

-arrived in Paris on June 14, 1917 – provided -arrived in Paris on June 14, 1917 – provided reinforcements to British and French troops reinforcements to British and French troops

-U.S. soldiers nicknamed -U.S. soldiers nicknamed doughboysdoughboys

VI. VI. PostwarPostwar::

An An armisticearmistice (cease fire) was signed on (cease fire) was signed on Nov. 11Nov. 11, , 1918 (111918 (11thth hour, 11 hour, 11thth day, 11 day, 11thth month) month)

WWI CasualtiesWWI Casualties::

-Russia – -Russia – 99 million -Germany – million -Germany – 77 million million

-France – -France – 66 million -A-H – million -A-H – 77 million million

-England – -England – 44 million million

-U.S. – -U.S. – 364,000364,000


Pres. Wilson’s Plan for PeacePres. Wilson’s Plan for Peace::

-to prevent future world -to prevent future world warswars he outlined his goals in he outlined his goals in his “his “FourteenFourteen Points Points” speech before ” speech before CongressCongress – – included:included:

1)1) Ban on secret treaties / Ban on secret treaties / alliancesalliances

2)2) Freedom of the Freedom of the seasseas

3)3) Reduction of Reduction of armsarms


4)4) self-self-determinationdetermination, or power to make decisions , or power to make decisions about one’s own future, for all A-H’s about one’s own future, for all A-H’s ethnicethnic groupsgroups

5)5) League of League of NationsNations – international org. that would – international org. that would help keep world help keep world peacepeace and maintain order and maintain order


ParisParis Peace Conference Peace Conference (Jan. 1919) – attended (Jan. 1919) – attended by the “Big by the “Big 44” (leaders of the 4 major Allied ” (leaders of the 4 major Allied powers):powers):

1)1) Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson (U.S.) (U.S.)

2)2) David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George (G.B.) (G.B.)

3)3) George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau (France) (France)

4)4) Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando (Italy) (Italy)


-remember: -remember: RussiaRussia had dropped out of the war in had dropped out of the war in 1917 and 1917 and ItalyItaly joined Allies in 1915 joined Allies in 1915

--GoalsGoals – – WilsonWilson concerned about world peace – concerned about world peace – brought 14 brought 14 PointsPoints with him – the other with him – the other 33 leaders leaders wanted to punish wanted to punish GermanyGermany (esp. France) (esp. France)


--Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles – officially ended – officially ended WWIWWI – – compromise – included:compromise – included:

1)1) War War GuiltGuilt Clause Clause – forced – forced GermanyGermany to take the to take the blame for starting the war (big blame for starting the war (big mistakemistake!)!)

2)2) Germany stripped of all Germany stripped of all colonies colonies and loses some land and loses some land in Europein Europe-Alsace Lorraine back to France, territory taken from -Alsace Lorraine back to France, territory taken from

Germany and used to create Poland, Rhineland Germany and used to create Poland, Rhineland becomes a DMZ between France and Germanybecomes a DMZ between France and Germany

3)3) Germany forced to pay Germany forced to pay reparationsreparations (payment for (payment for damages) to Allies - $damages) to Allies - $3333 billion total billion total


4)4) German military restrictedGerman military restricted-not allowed to have Air Force-not allowed to have Air Force-navy restricted-navy restricted-army reduced to 100,000-army reduced to 100,000

5)5) League of League of NationsNations created created


Germany signed it on Germany signed it on June 28June 28, 1919, 1919 RepublicansRepublicans in Congress were upset that they in Congress were upset that they

were were notnot represented in Versailles (Wilson was a represented in Versailles (Wilson was a DemDem.).)-so they -so they refusedrefused to approve the treaty – The U.S. to approve the treaty – The U.S. nevernever joined League of Nations (very weak joined League of Nations (very weak without without U.SU.S.).)

Documents

World War I (1914-1918) Chapter 14. I. The Road to War: Hidden Causes of WWI : existed well before 1914 1)Imperialism: -European powers had been building