World War 2World War 2Chapter 24Chapter 24

US 2US 2

Mr. McLaughlinMr. McLaughlin

US Enters the WarUS Enters the War

• The US had been preparing for The US had been preparing for war even though FDR claimed he war even though FDR claimed he wished to stay neutralwished to stay neutral

• After the attack on Pearl Harbor, After the attack on Pearl Harbor, public opinion quickly changed public opinion quickly changed and the US entered the warand the US entered the war

• Hitler declared war on the US to Hitler declared war on the US to force the Americans to fight a force the Americans to fight a two-front war (only time Hitler two-front war (only time Hitler ever “declared war”)ever “declared war”)

AXIS Strengths

• Germany occupied several Germany occupied several European and North African European and North African countriescountries

• Japan had extended its power Japan had extended its power throughout Southeast Asia, throughout Southeast Asia, including Chinaincluding China

• Germany and Japan had large, Germany and Japan had large, well-trained Armies…neither was well-trained Armies…neither was known for their desire to surrenderknown for their desire to surrender

ALLIED StrengthsALLIED Strengths

• ENORMOUSENORMOUS Russian Army Russian Army• USA production capabilityUSA production capability• Axis troops were spread very thin Axis troops were spread very thin

across the World occupying many across the World occupying many different countriesdifferent countries

US Preparation

•Production BoomProduction Boom•Government AgenciesGovernment Agencies•EconomyEconomy•ArmyArmy

US Preparation

• Production BoomProduction Boom: US wartime : US wartime production quickly ends any lingering production quickly ends any lingering effects of the depressioneffects of the depression

• Government AgenciesGovernment Agencies: 1. Wartime : 1. Wartime Production Board 2. Office of War Production Board 2. Office of War Mobilization Mobilization

• EconomyEconomy: Increase income tax, Sell : Increase income tax, Sell War Bonds, Institute Rationing, War Bonds, Institute Rationing, Freeze wagesFreeze wages

• ArmyArmy: (1940)Selective Training and : (1940)Selective Training and Service Act (1Service Act (1stst ever peacetime draft) ever peacetime draft)

Bataan Death march• US and Filipino troops were defending the US and Filipino troops were defending the

PhilippinesPhilippines• Gen. MacArthur, realizing he was Gen. MacArthur, realizing he was

outnumbered, ordered an evacuation to the outnumbered, ordered an evacuation to the Bataan PeninsulaBataan Peninsula

• Trapped between the Japanese and the Trapped between the Japanese and the ocean the soldiers were forced to surrenderocean the soldiers were forced to surrender

• MacArthur left Bataan saying, “I shall MacArthur left Bataan saying, “I shall return”return”

• 70,000 survivors were forced to walk 60 70,000 survivors were forced to walk 60 miles, 10,000 died on the marchmiles, 10,000 died on the march

• Conditions in camps were just as bad, Conditions in camps were just as bad, thousands more died in captivitythousands more died in captivity

• Bataan SurvivorBataan Survivor

Early Battles in the Pacific

•Coral SeaCoral Sea•MidwayMidway•GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

Coral Sea• First Allied victory in the PacificFirst Allied victory in the Pacific• Allies destroy 1 carrier and Allies destroy 1 carrier and

damage anotherdamage another• Significance: Allies stop the Significance: Allies stop the

Japanese push toward AustraliaJapanese push toward Australia

Midway• US had intercepted Japanese US had intercepted Japanese

strategystrategy• Japan planned to attack Alaska to Japan planned to attack Alaska to

force US troops to leave Hawaii force US troops to leave Hawaii and Midway islands unprotectedand Midway islands unprotected

• US Naval forces are waiting for the US Naval forces are waiting for the Japanese at Midway Japanese at Midway

• 4 day battle: 4 Japanese aircraft 4 day battle: 4 Japanese aircraft carriers are sunk, major hit to the carriers are sunk, major hit to the Japanese forcesJapanese forces

Guadalcanal

•First Allied offensiveFirst Allied offensive• Japanese fought extremely Japanese fought extremely

hard, sign of things to hard, sign of things to come (refused surrender, come (refused surrender, committed suicide instead)committed suicide instead)

•Allies take the island and Allies take the island and never relinquish itnever relinquish it

Early Action in Europe

• German and Italian forces controlled North German and Italian forces controlled North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya)Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya)

• Hitler wanted control of the Suez Canal and Hitler wanted control of the Suez Canal and advance to the Middle East oil fieldsadvance to the Middle East oil fields

• Hitler’s North Africa commander is Erwin Hitler’s North Africa commander is Erwin Rommel aka “Desert Fox”, well respected Rommel aka “Desert Fox”, well respected German General German General

• The British pushed the Axis powers back at the The British pushed the Axis powers back at the Battle of El Alamein in Egypt to as far as LibyaBattle of El Alamein in Egypt to as far as Libya

• The Allies had won a victory in N. AfricaThe Allies had won a victory in N. Africa

StalingradStalingrad• Germany had pushed deep into Russia, threatening Germany had pushed deep into Russia, threatening

to take Moscowto take Moscow• Russia fought them back furiously through a difficult Russia fought them back furiously through a difficult

winterwinter• The two sides clashed at Stalingrad near Russian oil The two sides clashed at Stalingrad near Russian oil

reservesreserves• Soviets surrounded the Germans who refused to Soviets surrounded the Germans who refused to

surrender, Hitler’s orderssurrender, Hitler’s orders• A brutal winter in 1943 forced the German surrender, A brutal winter in 1943 forced the German surrender,

over half of Germany’s most powerful 6over half of Germany’s most powerful 6thth Army Army• The Allies had now felt victory in both Africa and The Allies had now felt victory in both Africa and

EuropeEurope

Quiz 1

1.1. StalingradStalingrad

2.2. Coral SeaCoral Sea

3.3. BataanBataan

4.4. MidwayMidway

5.5. El AlameinEl Alamein

A.A. US intercepts Japanese message and US intercepts Japanese message and wins major naval battle here, turning wins major naval battle here, turning point in Pacificpoint in Pacific

B.B. Site of 87-mile march by surrendered Site of 87-mile march by surrendered US soldiers, many dieUS soldiers, many die

C.C. Site of German surrender, its military Site of German surrender, its military was cut in halfwas cut in half

D.D. Axis forces, on route to the Suez Canal Axis forces, on route to the Suez Canal and Middle East are forced into a and Middle East are forced into a retreat hereretreat here

E.E. At this Naval battle Japanese forces At this Naval battle Japanese forces are stopped from advancing to are stopped from advancing to AustraliaAustralia

US HomefrontUS Homefront1. What was the Office of War Information?2. What are Victory Gardens?3. What did west coast cities do at night to help the war

effort?4. Who is “Rosie the Riveter?”5. Approx how many African-American soldiers served in

WW2?6. Explain the zoot-suit riots?7. What is the difference between the “issei” and the “nisei?”8. In what states were the Japanese relocation camps

located?9. What did the US do with Hawaii during the war?10. What could young Japanese men do to show their loyalty

to the US?

North AfricaNorth Africa• Allies now control Morocco and Allies now control Morocco and

Algeria, giving them power over the Algeria, giving them power over the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

• They use this position to cut off They use this position to cut off supplies from Italysupplies from Italy

• May 1943, 250,000 Axis troops in Africa May 1943, 250,000 Axis troops in Africa surrender surrender

ItalyItaly• July 1943, Allied Powers invade SicilyJuly 1943, Allied Powers invade Sicily• Italy’s King removes Mussolini as PM but Italy’s King removes Mussolini as PM but

Mussolini is rescued by German forces and Mussolini is rescued by German forces and controls Northern Italycontrols Northern Italy

• Fighting was fierce, Italy signs armistice in Fighting was fierce, Italy signs armistice in Sept but fighting continues between German Sept but fighting continues between German and Allied troopsand Allied troops

• German troops did not want to give up Italy, German troops did not want to give up Italy, they do not finally surrender until June 1944they do not finally surrender until June 1944

War in AtlanticWar in Atlantic• Read 815-816Read 815-816

• How do the Allies combat the German How do the Allies combat the German U-Boats?U-Boats?

• Are they successful?Are they successful?

D-Day! June 6, 1944D-Day! June 6, 1944• AKA Operation OverlordAKA Operation Overlord

• History’s largest naval invasion, D-Day History’s largest naval invasion, D-Day June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

• 160,000 troops landed on the beaches 160,000 troops landed on the beaches of France that day, 2 million within 3 of France that day, 2 million within 3 monthsmonths

• 5,000 ships5,000 ships

• Over 1,000 planesOver 1,000 planes

D-Day! June 6, 1944D-Day! June 6, 1944• Allies bomb German strongholds in Allies bomb German strongholds in

France to weaken them in advanceFrance to weaken them in advance• Once the invasion begins the Allies Once the invasion begins the Allies

push towards Parispush towards Paris• Paris is liberated August 25Paris is liberated August 25thth 1944 1944• From this point the US and British From this point the US and British

forces will drive toward Germany from forces will drive toward Germany from the West while the Russians attack the West while the Russians attack from the Eastfrom the East

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge• Germany, its back against the wall Germany, its back against the wall

begins its final counterattackbegins its final counterattack

1.1. Which side had more troops?Which side had more troops?

2.2. Why was it called the Battle of the Why was it called the Battle of the Bulge?Bulge?

3.3. How did Gen. McAuliff respond to a How did Gen. McAuliff respond to a surrender request?surrender request?

4.4. What is the outcome?What is the outcome?

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference• FDR, Stalin, ChurchillFDR, Stalin, Churchill

• They agree to divide and occupy They agree to divide and occupy Germany for years to comeGermany for years to come

• Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan if Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan if the US needs themthe US needs them

BerlinBerlin• Allies inflict serious damage to German Allies inflict serious damage to German

cities with a series of bombing raidscities with a series of bombing raids

• 30-60,000 civilian deaths30-60,000 civilian deaths

• Churchill and US are both fearful of Churchill and US are both fearful of Stalin’s motives and want to win the Stalin’s motives and want to win the “race” to Berlin“race” to Berlin

• Gen Eisenhower refuses to change his Gen Eisenhower refuses to change his plans and the Soviets reach Berlin 1plans and the Soviets reach Berlin 1stst

After RepairAfter Repair

German Theater

April 28th, 1944Benito Mussolini is killed in Italy

Hitler’s FateHitler’s Fate• Mussolini had been captured and killed Mussolini had been captured and killed

in Italy by Italian rebels on April 28in Italy by Italian rebels on April 28thth

• Hitler, with the Allies storming the city Hitler, with the Allies storming the city of Berlin commits suicide in his bunker of Berlin commits suicide in his bunker on April 30on April 30thth (Eva Braun is with him and (Eva Braun is with him and also commits suicide)also commits suicide)

• May 7, 1944: Germany officially May 7, 1944: Germany officially surrenderssurrenders

• V-E Day!!!!!V-E Day!!!!!

Island Hopping

• War in the Pacific was largely a War in the Pacific was largely a naval conflict, unlike Europenaval conflict, unlike Europe

• Island Hopping: Rather than Island Hopping: Rather than recapturing all of the Japanese recapturing all of the Japanese held islands, the US would attack held islands, the US would attack and seize strategic islands that and seize strategic islands that would lead them to the mainlandwould lead them to the mainland

War in Pacific(Key Battles)

• TarawaTarawa

• SaipanSaipan

• Leyte GulfLeyte Gulf

• Iwo JimaIwo Jima

• OkinawaOkinawa

TarawaTarawa• Significance: US gains control Significance: US gains control

of vital Japanese airstrip for of vital Japanese airstrip for future landingsfuture landings

• Casualties were higher than Casualties were higher than expected, a sign of things to expected, a sign of things to comecome

SaipanSaipan• Significance: Decisive US victorySignificance: Decisive US victory• 350 Japanese planes are 350 Japanese planes are

destroyeddestroyed• 3,400 US deaths, 16,000 3,400 US deaths, 16,000

CasualtiesCasualties• US gains another important US gains another important

airstrip, close to the main island airstrip, close to the main island of Japanof Japan

Leyte GulfLeyte Gulf• Significance: US needed to Significance: US needed to

recapture the Philippinesrecapture the Philippines• Largest Naval battle in the PacificLargest Naval battle in the Pacific• Japanese lose 4 aircraft carriers Japanese lose 4 aircraft carriers

and 3 battleships (Japan’s ability to and 3 battleships (Japan’s ability to fight a naval war is GREATLY fight a naval war is GREATLY damaged)damaged)

• MacArthur made good on his MacArthur made good on his promise, he had returned to the promise, he had returned to the PhilippinesPhilippines

Iwo JimaIwo Jima• Significance: 6 week battle was one of the

hardest fought in the war, US victory placed them just 750 miles from Japan

• 20,000 Japanese are killed• Photographer Joe Rosenthal took one of

the most memorable photos in US Military history after the Marines took Mount Surabachi

• Iwo Jima (History Channel)

OkinawaOkinawa• Significance: Bloodiest, deadliest battle in

the Pacific• Japanese began using Kamikaze missions

during the battle• Japanese troops continued to refuse

surrender and fought to the death• 110,000 Japanese troops were killed• Okinawa Video

The death of FDR Franklin D. Roosevelt who had won re-election for

an unprecedented 4th term in 1944 died on April 12th 1945

His Vice President, Harry Truman had been in office for only a few months when he was forced to take over

He faced the most difficult decision of the war. Should he use the Atomic Bomb? What are his other options?

33rd President, Harry S Truman

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project• Since 1942 the US had been Since 1942 the US had been

working on the Atomic Bombworking on the Atomic Bomb• The man in charge of the project The man in charge of the project

was Robert Oppenheimer was Robert Oppenheimer • The 1The 1stst successful test of an successful test of an

Atomic Bomb took place in Atomic Bomb took place in Alamogordo, NM on July 16, 1945Alamogordo, NM on July 16, 1945

HiroshimaHiroshima• August 6th, 1945, The plane Enola

Gay delivers the 1st Atomic Bomb to the city of Hiroshima (Bomb was named “Little Boy”

• Hiroshima was a military target where the US hoped civilian casualties would be low

• The initial blast kills 100,000 people instantly

“Little Boy”

“Enola Gay”

Hiroshima Dome

Hiroshima Dome (Today)

65 Years Later

Hiroshima (Present Day)

NagasakiNagasaki• August 9th, 1945• Japan refused surrender, the US still

not wanting to invade Japan uses a 2nd Atomic Bomb named “Fat Man”

• The Japanese were forced into a surrender, September 2nd, 1945

• V-J Day!!!!!• Atomic Bomb Movie

Nagasaki

Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War• Truman saved countless American lives by Truman saved countless American lives by

not invading Japan, however he opened the not invading Japan, however he opened the door to the Atomic Agedoor to the Atomic Age

• World War 2 claimed the lives of up to 60 World War 2 claimed the lives of up to 60 million people or moremillion people or more

• The Soviet Union lost over 20 million aloneThe Soviet Union lost over 20 million alone• The cost of the war, although impossible to The cost of the war, although impossible to

truly calculate, totals more than $1 Trillion truly calculate, totals more than $1 Trillion • Cities across Europe were left in ruins, Cities across Europe were left in ruins,

millions of homes were uninhabitablemillions of homes were uninhabitable• Millions of children were left orphaned and Millions of children were left orphaned and

thousands were misplaced and left homelessthousands were misplaced and left homeless

WW2 YouTube Videos

• War in Europe

• War in Pacific