World War 1 and its AftermathMr. Young

U.S. History

The United States Enters World War 1

Mexican Revolutions and USAFrom 1911-1914,

Mexico went through several revolutions

Pancho Villa- commander of guerilla soldiers who raided into America in hopes of Wilson overthrowing the new Mexican government

General John J. PershingSent by President

Wilson to find and capture Pancho Villa

Becomes commander of the American forces during World War 1

Nicknamed “Black Jack”

The Great War beginsEurope begins to divide into two camps:

Serbs, Bosnians, Croats and Slovenes had similar languages and cultures. They called themselves Yugoslavs.

Serbs were the first to gain independence – formed Serbia.

Balkans- Southeastern Europe that was responsible for WW1

June 1914 –Archduke Franz

Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne); killed by Serbian National assassin while in Bosnia; basically started WW1

July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Sinking of the Lusitania

May 7, 1915-British passenger ship Lusitania was sunk by a German u boat killing 128 Americans

1st step of Americans entered the war

Sussex PledgeAfter sinking the

French ship Sussex, Germans promised not to sink any more merchant ships without warning, hoping to keep America out of the war

Wilson’s Campaign Slogan“He kept us out of

the war”

Zimmermann TelegraphGerman official

Arthur Zimmermann sent a message to Mexico asking them to ally with Germany and keep America occupied in exchange for land after the war

Last straw for American Neutrality

America Enters the WarAfter the sinking of

American merchant ships, President Wilson finally decides enough is enough

America declares on Germany on April 6, 1917 and will join the Allied Powers

The Home Front

Selective Services Act of 1917All men between

21 and 30 register for draft

Lottery randomly determined the order

Local draft boards, not military

2.8 million men drafted

Volunteering for Draft1. Heard stories and

wanted to fight back

2. Democracy was at stake

3. Duty to respond to nation’s call

4. Great adventure and fight for country

Army Nursing CorpsFirst war in which

women officially served in armed forces

Army nurses were only women sent overseas

20,000 nurses served during WW1

Federal Mobilization Agencies(#21) War Industries Board and Bernard

Baruch-organized industry to increase efficiency by coordinating production of war materials; leader of WIB

(#25) National War Labor Board- maintained cooperation between industry management and labor union to prevent strikes

(#28)Committee on Public Information (George Creel)-provided propaganda to rally citizen support for all aspects of the war effort

Food and Fuel AdministrationVictory gardens-

Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, and Porkless Thursdays

Daylight savings time- created to conserve energy

Paying for the WarLiberty and Victory

Bonds- Loans from American people to Government, and the government would repay with interest in a set number of years

Over $20 billion borrowed

The Great MigrationMostly African Americans (and some

Mexicans) headed North to big cities to work in war time factories

Barrios-separate neighbors created by Mexican Americans in big cities

Espionage Act of 1917Sedition Act of 1918Severally hurt free

speech and limited civil liberties during wartime in America

Made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war

Mistreatment of Central PowersBegan to

persecute, mistreat, and even physically abuse

Changed names of foods such as sauerkraut to Liberty Cabbage

Schenck vs United States (1919)Individual’s

freedom of speech could be curbed when the words uttered constitute a “clear and present danger.”

A Bloody Conflict

Trench warfaredemonstrated that troops

who dug in and relied on modern rifles and machine guns could hold off an enemy for months.

On the Western Front, trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border.

The land between opposing trenches was called “no man’s land”.

The only way to win a trench war was to run across and drop grenades into other trenches after heavy artillery fire. This resulted in heavy losses and slow progress.

Over There 1917 – the U.S. enters the

war after nearly 3 years of attempting to affect the outcome without becoming embroiled in it.

Nearly 2 million “doughboys”(nickname for largely inexperienced, but fresh American soldiers

U.S. troops helped to boost the morale of the Allies, and turn the tide of the war

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- March 1918, Russia signs treaty with Germany and leaves the war after their Communist Revolution in 1917; ends two-front war

Meuse-Argonne OffensiveThe largest military

engagement in U. S. history; lasted a total of 47 days.

Principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during WWI.

Involving 1.2 million American soldiers, of whom 117,000 were killed or wounded

Began September 26, 1918 One of a series of Allied

attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end.

The Peace ConferenceThe “Big Four” (leaders of the

victorious allied nations) met in Paris in 1919 for a peace conference (Germany and Russia were not included)

“Fourteen Points,” Wilson’s plan for peace after WW1, principle of justice to all people

League of Nations 14th point which called for an association of nations organized to help keep peace and prevent future wars

Many of Wilson’s proposals were discarded as too lenient by other Allied nations

Treaty of Versailles (June 1919 The final treaty required Germany

to acknowledge guilt for the war, pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies, and be stripped of its armed forces

Never ratified by America, therefore America never joins League of Nations

Four empires were dissolved Russian Empire, Ottoman

Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungary Empire

Nine new countries were created The U.S. Senate, led by Henry Cabot

Lodge, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty. Wilson suffered a stroke after travelling 8,000 miles in 3 weeks trying to gain the public’s support.

The U.S. negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers

The War’s Impact

Impact at Home Rapid inflation increases cost of

living and leads to wave of labor strikes

Racial Unrest “Red Scare and A. Palmer Raid

s”- Fear of a spread of Communism (“Reds”) by immigrants leads to nationwide panic, raids, and calls for limiting immigration; Raids by government to help find Communists in America

General Intelligence Division- department responsible for Palmer Raids; becomes FBI

Warren Harding’s Slogan- desire for “return to normalcy” – end of Progressivism by a return to simpler days