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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Triboemission and X-rays
Thomas Prevenslik
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Background In 1930, Obreimoff found mica split in a high vacuum
emitted radiation similar to an x-ray tube.
Harvey in 1939 observed visible light upon peeling Scotch tape, although x-rays were not reported.
Dickenson et al. in 1988 reported visible light in peeling tape.
Miura et al, connected light emission to fracture of adhesive filaments in 2007.
In 2009, UCLA researchers measured x-rays produced upon peeling Scotch tape in a vacuum. 2
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
UCLA Experiment
3
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
X-ray of Finger
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Adhesive Filament Fracture
5
NPs
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Mechanism Long standing tribology theory suggests abrupt separation produces
positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other?
Electrons torn off?
Einstein showed electromagnetic and not mechanical energy removes electrons from atoms.
Electrons are more tightly bound to atoms than atoms are bound to each other. Tearing atoms from Scotch tape can only produce
neutral atom clusters.
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Hypothesis
The x-rays first observed about 80 years ago cannot be reconciled unless clusters of
atoms form by tearing somehow produce EM radiation that by the photoelectric effect
charges the tape to produce high voltage that upon breakdown generates the observed x-rays.
EM = Electromagnetic
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Neutral
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Purpose
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Show the source of charge produced in peeling Scotch tape is thermal kT energy in NPs raised to VUV levels by QED the charge produced by
the photoelectric effect.
NPs = Nanoparticles VUV = Vacuum Ultraviolet
QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QED induced EM radiationClassically, heat is conserved by
an increase in temperature.
But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature
because specific heat vanishes. QM = Quantum Mechanics
QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of
nonthermal EM radiation9
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QM Restrictions
cf Dn2 r hfEP
QED induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box
with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index nr > 1:
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QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on both temperature and EM confinement as
given by the Einstein-Hopf relation
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Einstein-Hopf Relation
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Wavelength - - microns
Pla
nck
Ene
rgy
- E -
eV
1
kT
hcexp
hc
E
NPs
0.0258 eV
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QED radiation in NPs
• • • Specific Heat Vanishes
No Temperature change
VUV
Emission
= 2Dnr
Joule
Heat
Laser/Solar/Supernova
Photons
Molecular
Collisions
Residual
Thermal
kT
Energy
NP
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
X-rays in Triboluminescence
VUV
AdhesivePositive Charge
PE NegativeChargeGap G
X-rays+
NPElectron
Electron
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
NP Charge
kTD
kTD
U33
23
6
Total kT Energy
Yehc
DnDkTYe
E
UYeNq r
PP
3
Charge
For D ~ 100 nm and nr< 2, EP ~ 5 eV Y < 0.1
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U ~ 240 fJ / NP
q ~ 4.8 fC / NP
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Voltage and Field
G
qNV
o
P
4Voltage
G
VF Field
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Breakdown field in vacuum ~ 108 V/m G = 300 microns, V = 30000 volts
NNP ~ 200,000
Gecko needs 10 million NPs / cm2 ?
WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Gap, Voltage, and Number of NPs
10000
100000
100 1000
Gap - G - microns
Vol
tage
- V
- v
olts
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
Num
ber
N np o
f 10
0 nm
N
Ps.
Nn
p
V
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Conclusions
X-rays from peeling Scotch tape are a consequence of VUV radiation induced by QED in NPs that form at the
instant the filaments of adhesive fracture
The VUV produces charge by the photoelectric effect
Charge accumulates to increase the gap voltage
Breakdown accelerates electrons to high velocities
X-rays are produced upon collision by bremstraahlung.
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Extensions
Expanding Universe Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist.
NP induced DNA damage
Solute collisions with NPs initiate Cancer from steady VUV induced DNA damage
Gecko walking on walls and ceilings
Spatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction
Casimir force
EM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap produces attractive force
Thermophones
Joule heat does not produce sound by a change in thin film temperature
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WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009 , September 6 th to 11th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Questions & Papers
http://www.nanoqed.org
This talk from paper “Scotch Tape and X-rays”
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