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World Trade before Exploration
World Trade before Exploration
Causes of European Exploration
Causes of European Exploration
1. Ottoman conquests (14th & 15th c.) closed trade routes bypass intermediaries to get to Asia
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries
4. Surge in population growth c. 1450 growing demand for Asian trade goods & lack of opportunities at home
Motives for European Exploration
Motives for European Exploration
1. “God” religious zeal, taking Asian trade away from Muslims & converting non-Christians
2. “Glory” desire for conquest, adventure, fame & fortune
3. “Gold” Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue & new sources of gold to pay for Asian goods
New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portolani]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Maritime Technology
New Maritime Technology
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Prince Henry, the Navigator
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Prince Henry, the Navigator
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Portuguese Maritime Empire1. Expolred west coast of Africa
trade in gold, ivory & slaves
2. Trading posts in India & SE Asia desire to control spice trade
3. Guns & seamanship = Portuguese success
4. Only New World Colony Brazil
5. Portugal lacked the numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Spanish Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationExplore
rs Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World1. Encomienda or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement monarchs allowed to control church
The Colonial Class System
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
The “Columbian Exchange”
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Spanish Colonial “Castas” SystemSpanish Colonial “Castas” System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Mercantilism1. Amount of Buillon (gold & silver) =
Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals
2. Goal = national economic self-sufficiency
3. Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports)
4. Essential industries encouraged through subsidies & tax credits
5. Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.
6. Trade is a “zero-sum” game.
The “Price Revolution”The “Price Revolution”1. Influx of gold, and especially silver,
into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
2. Hurt those on fixed incomes & the poor, but helped those in debt (traders & merchants)
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
3. Between 16c & 19c, approx. 10-12 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave ShipSlave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
Slave Trade & European Attitudes
on Race
Slave Trade & European Attitudes
on Race
Juan de Pareja Oluadah Equiano
“[The Slave Trade] lasted the better part of four centuries… the forced migration of fifteen million Negroes, besides causing the death of perhaps thirty to forty million others in slave raids, coffles, and barracoons. What it produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos.”
- Daniel Mannix & Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes (1962)
“The horrors of the Middle Passage have been exaggerated…The age which had seen the mortality among indentured servants saw no reason for squeamishness about the mortality among slaves, nor did the exploitation of the slaves on the plantations differ fundamentally from the exploitation of the feudal peasant or the treatment of the poor in European cities”
- Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)
