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World Religions
Timeline of religions
• 2000BCE: Hinduism• 1350BCE: Judaism• 628-527BCE: Zoroastrianism• 580-500BCE: Daoism• 563-483 BCE: Buddhism• 551-479BCE: Confucianism• 481-403BCE: Legalism• 1-33CE: Christianity• 100CE: Shinto
Buddhism Diffusion to China• Southern China began to adopt Buddhism
– Many monasteries set up along the Silk Road and in caves. – Buddhist arts flourished, especially in the caves at Dun-huang, Yun-gang and
Long-men. – 1,000 caves at Dun-huang = Buddhist paintings & there were thousands of
Buddha statues.
Caves at Dun-huang
Monasteries
China
Japan
Monasteries
Borobudur - Indonesia
Monasteries
Mongolia
Japan
Tibetan Buddhism
• Developed in Tibet in 7th century CE
• Mix of Theravada & Mahayana
• Dalai Lama– Manifestations of
Bodisattva– 14th incarnation of Buddha– Lives in exile in India due
to China annexation
Christianity
Basic Beliefs—Messiah
• Jesus of Nazareth = Son of God– Messiah ‘anointed one’
• Jesus Christ = savior of mankind– Suffered died resurrected – Brings salvation from sin for all
Christianity Foundation
• Jesus was Jewish and taught a reinterpretation of classic Jewish scripture
• Founded after death of Jesus by followers (Paul)– Moved further away from classic Jewish scripture
to create a new religion
Appeal of Christianity• Social Opportunities– Orthodox Jews found more relaxing approach– Women liked the emphasis on equality
• “You are all one in Christ Jesus”• Women were still subservient to men in many ways however
– Slaves like the emphasis on equality• 1/3
(33.33333333333333333333333333333333333333333%) in Greece
• 40% (2/5) in Rome were slaves• Taken by conquest & regarded as barbarians
Christianity & Rome
• Looking to keep the peace and avoid political upheaval
• Previously used ‘Diasporas’ to ‘spread out’ groups found unfavorable– Jewish population– Makes groups easier to control– Creates a disjointed and fragmented empire
Constantine, 312-337
• 1st Christian Emperor?– Fought Maxentius and won!– Legalized Christianity in 313
• Political or religious reasons?
Roman Influences on Christianity
• Evidence indicates Constantine merged the two– December 25th = Sol Invictus (Sun God) = Day of
birth• Roman festivals: Dies Natalis Solis Invicti “the birthday
of the unconquered sun”• Sunday (Sabbath): Roman day for Sol Invictus• Winter solstice or bruma: Sun is ‘unconquered’ despite
shortened days
First Council of Nicaea
• 325 by Constantine• 1st doctrinal conference
of bishops of Christian Church
• Significance?– Political and religious
power begin to merge
Results of Nicaea
• 300 Bishops attend• Trinity and divinity of Jesus was voted on • Separated Easter from Passover• Created Nicene Creed• 1st merger between Christian Church and
Roman Empire
Quick!
• Draw a Venn Diagram!• Identify the similarities and differences
between Buddhism and Hinduism!
Hinduism & BuddhismSimilarities
• Adopts many of the same teachings from Buddha
• Ordinary life is a delusion• Belief in Karma &
Reincarnation• Aim to overcome demands
of ego• Meditation• Hope for final release from
rebirth
Differences• Rejects religious authority of
Brahmins– Anyone can achieve
enlightenment– Rejects caste system
• Buddha ridiculed ritual & sacrifice
• Buddha not interested in philosophical ideas regarding creating or existence of god
• People had to take responsibility for own spiritual development
Primary Source Discussion
• What role did the Chinese government play in promoting religion throughout China?
• How might Zhu Seng Du have responded to emperor Wuzong’s edict?
• What features made Buddhism successful throughout East Asia?