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WORLDUNIVERSITY
RANKINGSNOVEMBER 9 2007
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This fourth edition ofTheTimes Higher-QS WorldUniversity
Rankings
confirms the message of earliereditions: the top universities,
on anumber of measures, are in theEnglish-speaking world.
Althoughheavily dependent on statefunding, they are independent
ofgovernments. And, in many cases,they are far from being ivory
towers. Instead, they are active ingenerating new technology
andideas across a wide range ofsubject areas and are
closelyintegrated into the economies andsocieties of which they
form part.
Their success at generating newknowledge and producing
highlyemployable graduates in the USespecially has made them
richfrom alumni donations, researchgrants and spin-off
companies.Harvard University, which thisyear is top for the fourth
time,is the worlds richest by some
distance, outspending the researchbudgets of many countries.
These rankings show the US andthe UK to be home to the
topuniversities on a wide range ofmeasures, reflecting their
successas well as the esteem in which theyare held worldwide by
academicsand employers. Canada,Australia, Japan and Hong Kongare
the only other countries toappear in the top 20, while thetop
Continental Europeaninstitution, the Ecole NormaleSuprieure, is in
26th place.
But the rankings also contain
a more subversive message. Thetop 200 universities are in
28countries. Four are in thedeveloping world: in Brazil (withtwo
entrants), Mexico and SouthAfrica, where the University ofCape Town
finally enters the top200 after three years of nearmisses. Many
small but affluentcountries, for exampleSwitzerland and the
Scandinavian
nations, have at least one entry.The story is less favourable
inMediterranean Europe. Italy andSpain muster only
threeuniversities between them in thisanalysis. But the overall
messageis that if a consistent approach tomeasuring academic
excellence,combining academic andemployer opinion with
numericaldata, is applied across the world,high quality can be
found onevery continent.
As in previous years, theserankings, whose methodology is
explained more fully on page 7,rely on a comparatively
smallnumber of simple measuresbecause of the need to
gathercomparable data from institutionsfrom China to Ireland. The
topfew are excellent on all the criteriawe use, including those
thatreflect research excellence,teaching quality,
graduateemployability and attractivenessto students.
The tables that make up theserankings differ in two
importantrespects from the first three
editions. One is that they use a
new and larger database togenerate citations information.The
other is that the data has forthe first time been processed
toeliminate single outliers having adisproportionate effect on
theoverall result. In the past, we have
allotted a top score for eachmeasure to the highest
rankeduniversity on that criterion, andexpressed all the other
scores forthat measure as a percentage ofthe figure for the highest
placedinstitution. This meant that oneexceptional university
coulddepress the scores for 199 others.This change has had a
particularlychastening effect on the LondonSchool of Economics,
which hasfallen from 17th place in 2006 to59th this year.
In addition, we have
strengthened our safeguardsagainst individuals voting for
theirown university in the peer reviewpart of the analysis.
These changes have had anumber of effects. Theadjustments in our
statisticalmethods means substantial changein the results between
2006 and2007, but they will also bringmore stability in future
years. Bycontrast, Harvard in pole positionwas the only university
whoseplacement did not change betweenour 2005 and 2006
rankings.
The larger database of citationsthat we use this year for the
firsttime has the effect of giving anadvantage to some East
Asianuniversities, for example SeoulNational in South Korea, up to
51from 63 last year, and TokyoInstitute of Technology, up to 90from
118.
But we suspect that someMalaysian and Singaporeaninstitutions
have lost out becauseof our increased rigour overvoting for ones
own university,and there are no Malaysian
universities in this top 200. The
2 The Times Higher November 9 2007
Ideas withoutborders as
excellencegoes global
The very top institutions may all be in theEnglish-speaking
world, but the top 200 arespread across 28 nations. Martin Ince
reports
two Singaporean universities welist, the National University
ofSingapore and NanyangTechnological University, haveeach taken a
fall this year. Theformer is down from 19th lastyear to 33rd, while
Nanyang has
gone from 61st to 69th, but thereis no doubt that they are
bothworld-class universities in acountry that is serious
aboutbecoming a world centre forscience and technology.
We know these tables are usedin many ways by a variety
ofaudiences from internationallymobile staff and students
touniversity managers wanting alook at the international esteem
inwhich their own and otheruniversities are held, especially inAsia
where interest in the
rankings is at its highest.A wider debate is what success
in these rankings tells us aboutspecific countries and
regions.While the UK has 32 universitiesin the top 200, starting
withOxford, Cambridge and ImperialCollege London in second equaland
fifth positions, Germany hasonly 11, starting with
HeidelbergUniversity in 60th position. Thisresult will give more
impetus tothe German Governmentsdecision to put more researchmoney
into universities.
In a head-to-head contestbetween Europe and NorthAmerica,
Europes 86 listeduniversities easily defeat 57 inthe US or even 71
for the wholeof the Americas.
But a more interestingcomparison may be with theAsia-Pacific
region. This areamusters only 41 entries in thisyears rankings.
Australiasimportant role in the English-speaking world and the
energeticmarketing of its universitiesacross the Pacific give it 12
spots,
with 11 for Japan, the worlds
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November 9 2007 The Times Higher 3
The Times Higher-QS
World University Rankings
are edited by Martin Ince,
contributing editor of
The Times Higher.
He welcomes response at
[email protected].
He wishes to thank Nunzio
Quacquarelli and especially
Ben Sowter, both of QS
Quacquarelli Symonds,
for their role in compiling
the rankings, and in
addition to the staff of
Scopus, the providers
of the citations data
used in the rankings.
In a head-to-head contestbetween Europe and NorthAmerica,
Europes 86universities defeat 57 inthe US, or even 71 for thewhole
of the Americas
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
second-biggest economy.But perhaps this is a rare case
where quality in universityrankings counts for more
thanquantity. Many Asian universitieshave higher scores in 2007
thanpreviously. Their governments
may regard this as moreimportant than the number ofappearances
for their owncountry. The Asia-Pacific regionnow has five of the
worlds top 30universities, two fewer than theUK but four more than
France.Some of the improvement may bedue to their enhanced
citationsperformance. But it is also verypossible that these and
other Asia-Pacific institutions will becomeyet more visible in the
rankings infuture years. We know that inEast Asia especially,
governments
look at these rankings with acuteinterest as a measure of
theirnational standing in the worldinformation economy.
In the decade since the 1997financial crisis rocked theemerging
Asian economies thecountries of the region haveincreased their
state and corporatespending on higher educationapace, and it will
take some timefor the benefits to becomeapparent in rankings such
asthese. In particular, theassumption that non-English-
speaking Asia is somewhere thatstudents come from rather thango
to will not hold up indefinitely.Mobile Chinese students whowould
once have regarded the USor Europe as the destination ofchoice are
now looking atuniversities in nearby countries.
Despite the presence of SouthAfrican, Brazilian and
Mexicaninstitutions in this table, theoverall message of these
rankingsis that the sort of universities welist here, mainly large,
generalinstitutions, with a mingling of
technology specialists, are a
dauntingly expensive prospect forany country, let alone one in
thedeveloping world.
There is no reason to supposethat brainpower is not
distributeduniformly around the world. Butit is only one of the
inputs to
academic excellence. It is hard toimagine a world-class
universityin a country that lacks asignificant tax base. Even in
theUS and the UK, whose universitiesare freestanding bodies that
areproud of their independent status,governments put billions
ofdollars and pounds into highereducation and privilege it with
taxbreaks.
But in the modern era, eventaxpayers money will not buy
aworld-class university system. TheUS state universities,
funded
mainly by state taxes andcomparatively modest studentfees, are
not well-represented inthis ranking or in national tablesof US
universities. With theanomalous exception of theUniversity of
California, mosthave fallen behind privateinstitutions in both
teaching andresearch. They do a competent jobwithin the US, but
have littlevisibility around the world.
The US and UK domination ofthese rankings suggests thatnational
academic success has a
number of common ingredients.The English language is a
helpfulstart. But equally vital is theability to connect to an
economythat rewards new knowledge, forexample via patents. Across
the
rich world, too, universities havebenefited from the
growingexpectation that all young peoplewith appropriate talent
will go tocollege. This has allowed them togrow even when, as in
the UK,they are not free to charge home
students fees on the scale thatmajor US universities take
forgranted.
The inability of Russianinstitutions to figure in this
yearsrankings may have much to dowith Moscows inability to
putadequate funds into its highereducation system. The
IndianInstitutes of Technology have alsofallen out of the rankings
this yearfor the first time, partly becausewe are now seeking
opinion oneach individual IIT, not on the IITsystem as a whole.
However,
Indian institutions including theIITs, along with
Russianuniversities, are present in ouranalysis of the worlds
topinstitutions in academic areassuch as technology and thesciences
(pages 8-9, 10-11).
The methodology we use isdesigned mainly to captureexcellence in
multipurposeuniversities in the rich world. Weare seeking better
ways tomeasure higher education indeveloping world countries,
andfor ways of comparing the
achievements of specialist andpostgraduate institutions
withthose of full-spectrum universities.We welcome your input to
ourthinking on the future of theserankings.
Alamy
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THE WORLDS TOP 200 UNIVERSITIES
4 The Times Higher November 9 2007
Country
Peerreview
score
Employer
reviewscore
Staff/student
score
Citations/staff
score
International
staffscore
International
studentsscore
Overallscore
1
2=
2=
2=5
6
7=
7=
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1920=
20=
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33=
33=33=
36
37
38=
38=
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51=
51=
53=
53=
55=
55=
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
1
2
3
4=9
10
7
11
25
4=
12
21
13
26
23
16
19=
33=
635=
15
8
33=
46=
29=
18
22
37
42
40
35=
54=
50=
45
19=
14
64=
50=
29=
28
31
24
38
41
27
70=
66
69
43
46=
63
32
58=
78
84
79=
73
44
17
58=
96
105=
86
Harvard University
University of Cambridge
University of Oxford
Yale UniversityImperial College London
Princeton University
California Institute of Technology
University of Chicago
University College London
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Columbia University
McGill University
Duke University
University of Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins University
Australian National University
University of Tokyo
University of Hong Kong
Stanford UniversityCarnegie Mellon University
Cornell University
University of California, Berkeley
University of Edinburgh
King's College London
Kyoto University
Ecole Normale Suprieure, Paris
University of Melbourne
Ecole Polytechnique
Northwestern University
University of Manchester
University of Sydney
Brown University
University of British Columbia
University of QueenslandNational University of Singapore
Peking University
University of Bristol
Chinese University of Hong Kong
University of Michigan
Tsinghua University
University of California, Los Angeles
ETH Zurich
Monash University
University of New South Wales
University of Toronto
Osaka University
Boston University
University of Amsterdam
New York University
University of Auckland
Seoul National University
University of Texas at Austin
Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
Trinity College Dublin
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Warwick
University of California, San Diego
London School of Economics
Heidelberg University
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
University of Adelaide
Delft University of Technology
US
UK
UK
USUK
US
US
US
UK
US
US
Canada
US
US
US
Australia
Japan
Hong Kong
USUS
US
US
UK
UK
Japan
France
Australia
France
US
UK
Australia
US
Canada
Australia
Singapore
China
UK
Hong Kong
US
China
US
Switzerland
Australia
Australia
Canada
Japan
US
Netherlands
US
New Zealand
South Korea
US
Hong Kong
Ireland
US
US
UK
US
UK
Germany
Belgium
Australia
Netherlands
100
100
100
10099
100
100
100
96
100
100
100
98
97
99
100
100
95
10096
100
100
96
90
99
91
100
76
88
88
99
90
100
95100
100
81
83
99
95
100
92
98
97
100
83
91
84
95
95
92
95
84
80
84
94
80
98
89
84
88
75
75
100
100
100
9899
94
55
97
97
99
96
97
97
96
77
91
92
90
9994
98
98
98
95
89
60
99
94
97
99
95
77
91
94
93
98
98
79
96
92
92
75
97
98
96
75
89
81
93
83
54
94
82
92
50
81
98
39
100
63
83
86
80
100
99
100
100100
95
100
100
100
85
94
99
100
88
98
100
96
85
6676
74
59
82
91
83
83
64
100
77
77
51
74
70
7034
98
85
80
53
100
56
61
53
39
21
86
49
81
48
38
80
22
28
70
73
31
62
51
65
61
39
66
66
96
83
82
9181
97
100
86
82
98
91
72
92
92
96
66
88
79
10087
93
92
76
70
90
98
70
78
91
70
71
89
74
68
84
53
77
80
89
59
91
74
57
76
93
91
88
70
77
61
79
92
92
58
92
95
58
95
29
78
84
65
72
93
98
97
8498
83
100
71
91
34
34
73
16
83
35
68
25
100
2567
36
73
71
93
29
61
64
70
35
84
100
75
35
79100
32
88
100
41
20
20
100
99
89
86
17
29
76
29
100
16
66
100
99
44
50
89
23
100
42
51
77
83
91
91
96
75100
75
91
90
98
94
89
96
74
65
69
91
44
89
9496
69
88
80
84
24
81
95
94
68
85
95
58
63
76
100
26
72
85
52
36
36
92
99
91
50
29
88
32
49
99
24
47
96
77
33
44
96
30
100
87
55
96
67
100.0
97.6
97.6
97.697.5
97.2
96.5
96.5
95.3
94.6
94.5
93.9
93.4
93.3
92.9
91.6
91.1
90.7
90.690.0
90.0
89.7
88.8
88.2
87.2
87.1
85.9
85.1
85.0
84.7
84.6
84.5
84.3
84.384.3
84.2
84.1
83.8
83.8
83.3
82.8
82.5
82.1
81.8
80.6
80.0
79.7
78.6
77.8
77.5
77.1
77.1
76.9
76.9
76.7
76.7
76.4
76.3
75.7
75.5
75.0
74.7
74.4
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November 9 2007 The Times Higher 5
THE WORLDS TOP 200 UNIVERSITIES
Country
Peerreview
score
Employer
reviewscore
Staff/student
score
Citations/staff
score
International
staffscore
International
studentsscore
Overallscore
64
65=
65=
6768
69
70
71=
71=
73
74=
74=
76
77=
77=
79
80=
80=
8283
84
85=
85=
85=
88
89
90=
90=
92
93=
93=
95
96
97=97=
99
100
101
102=
102=
102=
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112=
112=
114=
114=
114=
117=
117=
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126=
111=
90=
98
82=102=
61=
85
61=
111=
77
56
124=
109=
88
127
111=
121
141=
5381
90=
60
116=
87
176
95
99=
118
102=
54=
181=
48=
170=
133=
145
141=
116=
139
102=
108
168=
39
122
211=
155
132
130=
172=
128=
204=
126
75
79=
141=
64=
101
219=
105=
150=
76
141=
180
105=
University of Western Australia
University of Birmingham
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen
Technische Universitt MnchenUniversity of Sheffield
Nanyang Technological University
University of Nottingham
Dartmouth College
Uppsala University
University of Illinois
Emory University
University of York
University of St Andrews
University of Pittsburgh
Purdue University
University of Maryland
University of Leeds
University of Southampton
Vanderbilt UniversityUniversity of Glasgow
Leiden University
Case Western Reserve University
Fudan University
University of Vienna
Queen's University
Utrecht University
Pennsylvania State University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Rice University
University of Copenhagen
University of Montreal
University of Rochester
University of California, Davis
University of AlbertaGeorgia Institute of Technology
Cardiff University
University of Helsinki
University of Liverpool
Georgetown University
National Taiwan University
Tohoku University
University of Geneva
Lund University
University of Colorado
McMaster University
Durham University
University of Virginia
Maastricht University
Nagoya University
University of Waterloo
University of Aarhus
University of Basel
University of Otago
University of California, Santa Barbara
Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale De Lausanne
University of Southern California
Ohio State University
University of Sussex
Texas A&M University
Universit Catholique de Louvain
University of Ghent
Nanjing University
Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin
Australia
UK
Germany
GermanyUK
Singapore
UK
US
Sweden
US
US
UK
UK
US
US
US
UK
UK
USUK
Netherlands
US
China
Austria
Canada
Netherlands
US
Japan
US
Denmark
Canada
US
US
Canada
US
UK
Finland
UK
US
Taiwan
Japan
Switzerland
Sweden
US
Canada
UK
US
Netherlands
Japan
Canada
Denmark
Switzerland
New Zealand
US
Switzerland
US
US
UK
US
Belgium
Belgium
China
Germany
72
71
80
6869
81
69
60
85
94
61
62
57
62
87
71
74
60
5571
81
59
87
86
74
80
84
67
65
82
88
58
83
8879
62
79
55
57
86
53
62
76
60
84
59
63
43
53
82
65
52
69
88
58
62
69
58
76
78
63
74
71
88
93
60
7196
82
98
89
34
64
75
91
95
45
79
62
97
90
8184
63
50
96
80
88
55
82
86
45
55
50
38
34
30
77
84
45
85
94
68
59
54
41
15
49
98
94
72
74
82
19
20
61
31
58
77
77
51
75
60
29
72
38
56
62
70
8871
37
64
91
81
29
99
77
78
94
24
71
56
71
9971
35
99
45
12
49
65
63
59
80
51
31
100
60
2325
70
28
70
69
39
96
39
43
100
31
49
52
80
83
17
89
99
39
25
97
52
39
58
27
28
88
45
71
78
75
72
6969
72
65
83
72
86
85
69
69
85
82
85
69
76
8775
93
85
68
90
79
80
64
91
88
70
80
84
82
87
93
65
93
76
80
79
84
91
81
85
89
74
86
81
85
75
69
67
66
89
29
80
79
77
81
73
69
69
57
96
84
58
5981
100
84
26
51
34
13
76
91
78
76
48
76
88
2842
78
18
31
63
87
38
18
34
39
66
89
24
31
8818
72
56
83
28
18
40
100
77
33
28
92
22
68
25
63
59
89
100
43
100
25
67
90
41
50
47
59
44
78
70
71
8367
99
88
53
26
51
39
83
99
38
64
45
59
74
4154
40
80
31
89
34
24
24
42
58
62
41
63
26
62
74
75
78
64
73
24
32
100
52
31
37
61
36
99
30
49
37
81
92
21
100
78
38
83
39
74
30
14
68
74.3
74.1
74.1
73.973.7
73.6
73.2
73.0
73.0
72.6
72.4
72.4
72.3
72.2
72.2
72.1
72.0
72.0
71.971.8
71.7
71.6
71.6
71.6
71.2
70.9
70.5
70.5
70.3
70.1
70.1
69.3
69.1
68.868.8
68.6
68.2
68.1
68.0
68.0
68.0
67.2
66.9
66.8
66.6
66.5
66.4
66.2
66.1
66.1
65.6
65.6
65.6
65.5
65.5
65.4
65.3
65.2
64.9
64.8
64.5
64.4
64.3
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6 The Times Higher November 9 2007
THE WORLDS TOP 200 UNIVERSITIES
Country
Peerreview
score
Employer
reviewscore
Staff/student
score
Citations/staff
score
International
staffscore
International
studentsscore
Overallscore
126=
128
129
130=130=
132=
132=
134
135
136
137=
137=
139
140=
140=
142=
142=
144
145146
147
148
149=
149=
151=
151=
151=
154
155=
155=
157
158
159=
159=161=
161=
163=
163=
165
166=
166=
168=
168=
170
171=
171=
173=
173=
175=
175=
177=
177=
177=
180=
180=
182
183
184
185=
185=
187
188=
188=
215=
119
133=
19467
198=
93=
224=
226=
128=
195
232=
282=
198=
109=
187=
170=
219=
153149
228=
97
154
99=
133=
123
147=
165=
165=
152
72
140
163
130=
120
48=
92
179
201=
266=
138
156=
82=
291
238
222=
207=
232=
124=
284=
448
219=
215=
190=
158=
172=
197
161=
239=
115
252=
333=
177
University of Western Ontario
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Newcastle University
Technical University of DenmarkEindhoven University of
Technology
Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technol
Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI
University of Arizona
University of Florida
Kyushu University
University of Aberdeen
Indiana University Bloomington
Simon Fraser University
University of California, Irvine
University of Zurich
University of Minnesota
Universitt Tbingen
Universitt Freiburg
University of BathFreie Universitt Berlin
University of Lancaster
Wageningen University
City University of Hong Kong
Queen Mary, University of London
Hokkaido University
University of North Carolina
Tel Aviv University
Universit Libre de Bruxelles
University of Science and Technology of China
University of Notre Dame
Ecole Normale Suprieure de Lyon
Cranfield University
Michigan State University
Tufts UniversityKeio University
Washington University in St Louis
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Universitt Stuttgart
University of Calgary
Vienna University of Technology
Universitt Gttingen
Macquarie University
Helsinki University of Technology
University of Dundee
Universitt Karlsruhe
University of Bologna
University of Groningen
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
University of So Paulo
University of Campinas
University College Dublin
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
University of Reading
Waseda University
Rheinisch-Westflische Technische HochschuleAachen
Universit Degli Studi Di Roma, La Sapienza
Universit Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg I
University of Leicester
University of Twente
University of Antwerp
University of Canterbury
University of Oslo
Canada
Israel
UK
DenmarkNetherlands
South Korea
France
US
US
Japan
UK
US
Canada
US
Switzerland
US
Germany
Germany
UKGermany
UK
Netherlands
Hong Kong
UK
Japan
US
Israel
Belgium
China
US
France
UK
US
US
Japan
US
Netherlands
China
Germany
Canada
Austria
Germany
Australia
Finland
UK
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
US
Brazil
Brazil
Ireland
US
UK
Japan
Germany
Italy
France
UK
Netherlands
Belgium
New Zealand
Norway
68
86
45
4748
65
60
69
62
50
45
67
72
79
71
76
60
57
4679
49
39
62
55
49
72
81
56
75
56
42
31
63
4252
72
51
72
47
67
53
66
61
52
44
45
78
48
62
65
52
56
72
45
68
40
79
58
37
46
41
62
61
90
20
87
2348
27
5
57
41
68
64
79
72
30
32
43
52
23
9616
80
28
51
65
69
86
36
52
77
88
45
74
71
78
88
62
97
92
81
61
44
-
89
17
51
60
66
51
45
59
30
85
33
67
92
80
63
64
60
42
7
77
25
30
18
74
8699
64
90
37
77
80
78
28
22
38
13
28
46
93
4931
65
88
37
81
76
28
26
57
28
43
100
100
33
6191
100
28
38
71
28
68
73
23
94
65
73
24
69
34
51
78
29
30
52
64
80
11
19
60
61
99
30
54
80
91
67
8469
85
73
88
74
82
67
85
67
82
95
89
79
61
7170
57
87
76
30
82
74
89
69
76
81
67
57
76
90
45
1
88
55
50
81
52
59
52
57
71
59
62
74
90
63
73
63
73
69
25
48
71
82
76
76
67
55
62
72
83
80
9160
53
20
28
27
17
91
45
97
27
99
26
76
24
9170
88
46
100
94
19
22
13
43
16
25
41
74
65
4625
27
64
35
52
24
75
41
85
56
84
56
21
62
24
24
43
89
60
78
26
53
15
45
77
75
57
55
51
30
14
80
5948
28
92
45
32
31
73
37
62
30
58
35
65
76
9181
81
97
51
92
21
20
13
96
11
50
58
100
45
44
16
48
45
11
90
37
88
54
99
44
66
85
26
29
31
14
16
58
24
78
23
81
21
77
86
51
59
66
55
64.3
64.0
63.9
63.863.8
63.7
63.7
63.1
63.0
62.8
62.7
62.7
62.6
62.5
62.5
62.3
62.3
62.2
62.061.9
61.7
61.5
61.2
61.2
61.1
61.1
61.1
61.0
60.9
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6
60.659.9
59.9
59.7
59.7
59.4
58.9
58.9
58.8
58.8
58.7
58.3
58.3
58.2
58.2
57.9
57.9
57.8
57.8
57.8
57.7
57.7
57.5
57.3
57.1
57.0
57.0
56.9
56.6
56.6
-
8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
7/16
November 9 2007 The Times Higher 7
THE WORLDS TOP 200 UNIVERSITIES
Country
Peerreview
score
Employer
reviewscore
Staff/student
score
Citations/staff
score
International
staffscore
International
studentsscore
Overallscore
190
191
192=
192=194
195=
195=
197=
197=
199
200=
200=
258=
255=
172=
74190=
137
192=
147=
181=
196
257
146
University of Surrey
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
KTH, Royal Institute of Technology
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicoUniversity of Barcelona
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
Queensland University of Technology
Chalmers University of Technology
Kobe University
University of Wollongong
University of Cape Town
RMIT University
UK
US
Sweden
MexicoSpain
Netherlands
Australia
Sweden
Japan
Australia
South Africa
Australia
33
44
49
7469
40
66
51
51
45
54
63
79
44
17
7846
19
87
23
67
89
69
88
61
44
51
6422
82
28
42
60
31
28
22
64
90
70
1378
75
39
83
65
58
68
32
95
70
90
2817
83
64
74
22
99
27
74
92
58
99
1336
31
63
59
27
99
91
99
56.4
56.2
56.1
56.155.9
55.8
55.8
55.5
55.5
55.3
54.8
54.8
The extensive discussion ofThe Times Higher-QS WorldUniversity
Rankings that has
taken place worldwide since theirfirst appearance in 2004
has
strengthened our belief in thegeneral approach we have taken,and
we have not made anyfundamental changes to ourmethodology in that
time.
Like the first three editions, thisranking is a composite
indicatorintegrating peer review andopinion with quantitative
data.The data-gathering for therankings has grown in quality
andquantity during their lifetime.
The core of our methodology isthe belief that expert opinion is
avalid way to assess the standing of
top universities. Our rankingscontain two strands of peerreview.
The more important isacademic opinion, worth 40 percent of the
total score available inthe rankings. The opinions aregathered,
like the rest of therankings data, by our partnersQS Quacquarelli
Symonds(www.topuniversities.com), whichhas built up a database of
e-mailaddresses of active academicsacross the world. They are
invitedto tell QS what area of academiclife they come from,
choosing
from science, biomedicine,
technology, social science or thearts and humanities. They
arethen asked to list up to 30universities that they regard as
theleaders in the academic field they
know about, and in 2007 we havestrengthened our measures
toprevent anyone voting for his orher own institution.
This year we have the opinionsof 5,101 experts, of whom 41
percent are in Europe, the MiddleEast and Africa, 30 per cent in
theAmericas, and 29 per cent in theAsia-Pacific region. This
includesrespondents from 2005 and 2006whose data have been
aggregatedwith new responses from this year.No data more than three
years oldis used, and only the most recent
data is taken from anyone whohas responded more than once.
A further 10 per cent of thepossible score in these rankings
isderived from active recruiters ofgraduates. QS asks major
globaland national employers across thepublic and private sectors
whichuniversities they like to hire from.This years sample includes
1,471people, with 43 per cent in theAmericas, 32 per cent in
Europeand 25 per cent in Asia-Pacific.
The first major change to thisyears rankings is in the way
that
these responses, and the
quantitative data that makes upthe rest of the table,
areprocessed. In the past, thetopmost institution on anymeasure has
received maximumscore. The others are then given afraction of this
percentageproportional to their score.
This approach has thedrawback that an exceptionalinstitution
distorts the results. In2006, our measure of citations per
staff member gave the top score of100 to the California
Institute ofTechnology, while HarvardUniversity, in second place,
scoredonly 55. So almost half thevariation on this measure
wasbetween the first and second-placeuniversities.
We have solved this problem byswitching from this
arithmeticalmeasure to a Z-score, whichdetermines how far away
anyinstitutions score is from theaverage. Some universities
sufferas a result, such as CalTech on
citations and the London Schoolof Economics on overseasstudents.
But this approach givesfairer results and is used by otherrankings
organisations.
Our quantitative measures aredesigned to capture keycomponents
of academic success.QS gathers the underlying datafrom national
bodies wherepossible, but much of it iscollected directly from
universitiesthemselves. of these measures,staff-to-student ratio is
a classicgauge of an institutions
commitment to teaching. This
year we have improved its rigourby obtaining full and
part-timenumbers for staff and students,and using full-time
equivalentsthroughout as far as possible. Thismeasure is worth 20
per cent ofthe total possible score.
A further 20 per cent of thepossible score is designed toreward
research excellence.Citations of an institutionspublished papers by
others are the
accepted measure of researchquality. We have used five years
ofcitations between 2002 and 2006as indexed by Scopus, a
leadingsupplier of such data. Scopus(www.scopus.com) has
replacedThomson Scientific as supplier ofcitations data. We are
confidentthat Scopuss coverage is at leastas thorough as
Thomsons,especially in non-English languagejournals. We divide the
number ofcitations by the number of full-time equivalent staff to
give anindication of the density of
research firepower on eachuniversity campus.
The final part of our score isdesigned to measure
universitiesattractiveness to staff andstudents. It allots five
percentagepoints for the number of theirstaff who come from
othercountries, and a further five fortheir percentage of
overseasstudents. It shows us whichinstitutions are serious
aboutglobalisation, and points to theplaces where ambitious
andmobile academics and students
want to be. Martin Ince
Fine tuning reveals distinctionsPeer review is key to
identifying topquality but a fairer overall pictureemerges due to
changes in analysis
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
8/16
8 The Times Higher November 9 2007
Where are the worlds topscientists? Over the fouryears ofThe
Times
Higher-QS World UniversityRankings, the verdict of theexperts we
poll has beenunanimous: the worlds topscientists are in the UK and
theUS. Last year, they madeCambridge and Oxford the toptwo science
universities. Thisyear, they have chosen the
University of California, Berkeley,and the Massachusetts
Instituteof Technology, with Cambridgeand Oxford in third and
eighthplaces respectively.
In this table and the followingfaculty-specific rankings, we
placeuniversities in order of theopinions of our peer reviewers,who
are active academics in thesubjects on which they are givingtheir
views. This year they haveput US and UK universities in thetop 11
places. Tokyo, in 12thposition, is the top institution
from any other country.
But there is no room for Britishtriumphalism. The large amountof
research funding that goes intoa small number of UK
universitiesappears, on the evidence of thistable, to buy top
performance fora few universities, but is less goodat building
strength in depth. TheUS has 24 universities in this top50, but the
UK manages onlythree, putting it level with Franceand Canada,
behind Australia.
France and Germanys relativelymodest showing in this table
is
often attributed to the fact thatmany of their scientists work
instate labs, not universities. Thisargument is strengthened by
thisyears Nobel prize awards. Theprize for physics was shared
byAlbert Fert, who works partly forthe company Thales and partly
atUniversit Paris-Sud, and PeterGrnberg, who works in theJlich
research centre in Germany.The prize for chemistry went toGerhard
Erlt, who is based at theMax-Planck Society, the biggestGerman
research institution.
However, we are rankinguniversities, not countries.
This table also shows citationsper paper over a five-year
periodfor science publications, asmeasured by Scopus. Because
thesubject area being analysed issimilar for each institution,
thisshows which universities areproducing research with the
mostimpact. We have not aggregatedthe two columns to produce
anoverall score. Experts oncomposite tables such as thisagree that
combining just two
measures such as these would not
The deep pocketsof many USinstitutions, anda select few inthe
UK, attest tothe high cost ofattaining success
produce a meaningful result.Some US institutions such as
New York University are rated farmore modestly by
otherresearchers than their citationsmight suggest. At the
otherextreme, 11 of the top 20universities as measured by our
peer reviewers manage fewer thanseven citations per paper.
Drew Faust, installed lastmonth as president ofHarvard
University, can
draw comfort from the fact thather university is number one
inthe world overall, as well as in lifesciences and biomedicine,
with itsbiggest component, HarvardMedical School, regarded as
thebest. And so it should be. It hasmore than 11,000 staff, an
annualbudget of $470 million (230
million) and an endowment givenas $3,256,509,589.Not everyone
agrees that
Harvard is top of the medical tree.It has won only two Nobel
prizesfor medicine since 1981. But theesteem in which it is held
bybiomedical academics around theworld suggests it is producing
keydiscoveries at an impressive rate.
There may be arguments aboutwhere the best economists
orhistorians ply their trade. But thistable shows that the sheer
amountof cash available for medical
research in the US enables it todominate this high-pressure,
big-money field, with 22 of the top50 institutions. The funds
opento US institutions include about$23 billion a year for
universitiesfrom the National Institutes ofHealth, plus funding
from largemedical charities and a range ofgovernment bodies such as
theVeterans Health Administration.The Bill and Melinda
GatesFoundation adds further to USresources for biomedical
research.
However, this table suggests
that recent increases in UK health
research are paying off. The fieldis led by the Medical
ResearchCouncil, whose budgets havegrown rapidly in recent years
andare set to expand further as itsactivities are co-ordinated
moreclosely with National HealthService research. And as well
as
state funding via the MRC, theUK is home to the WellcomeTrust,
the biggest medical charityoutside the US. Cambridge andOxford
appear second and third,with Imperial College Londonseventh. A
total of seven UKuniversities are in this top 50.
We separate this analysis fromour look at the rest of the
sciencesbecause the sheer amount ofbiomedical research, and
itsferocious publishing culture,would swamp the less prosperousand
cut-throat natural sciences if
we merged the two. But as wellas being important and
well-funded, biomedical research iscontroversial: think of stem
cellsor xenotransplantation.
But there is little here to suggestthat the Bush
Administrationsunease about some of thesedevelopments is hobbling
medicalscientists in the US. Apart fromsome high-profile defections
toAsia and Europe, the US is wherethe top researchers in this
fieldwant to be.
Asian nations with ambitions
on the world stage have realisedthat biomedicine offers a
uniquechance to carve out new industriesand markets. Universities
inSingapore, Korea, Hong Kongand China appear in this tablealong
with more establishedinstitutions in Japan, Australiaand New
Zealand. Our citationsdata suggest they are producingsome
well-regarded papers.
By contrast, Chinese andRussian universities are well likedby
their academic peers butproduce few high-impact research
papers. Martin Ince
Rewards for thewell-resourced
Alamy
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
9/16
November 9 2007 The Times Higher 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
89
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27=
27=
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40=
40=
42
43
44
45=
45=
47=
47=
49
50
US
US
UK
US
US
US
US
UKUS
US
US
Japan
UK
US
China
Canada
Japan
Switzerland
Australia
France
US
US
US
US
Singapore
Canada
US
Russia
US
Canada
France
France
Australia
China
US
Israel
US
S Korea
US
China
Italy
US
Australia
US
Germany
US
Netherlands
Canada
US
US
100
97.6
92.9
92.6
90.2
87.4
86.9
86.777.4
72.4
72.0
70.6
70.2
67.6
67.5
66.5
65.8
63.0
62.7
62.6
62.3
58.2
56.256.0
55.8
53.6
53.3
53.3
52.0
51.7
51.3
49.7
49.5
48.0
47.2
47.1
46.9
45.8
45.4
44.6
44.6
43.4
42.9
42.4
42.2
42.2
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.5
9.0
7.8
6.2
11.1
12.2
9.1
6.3
6.37.2
8.8
13.8
5.6
5.3
7.8
3.2
6.1
5.0
4.0
5.5
6.9
9.0
8.9
6.3
6.1
4.1
4.4
6.2
2.5
6.1
5.8
5.2
4.9
5.2
2.5
10.3
5.7
10.1
4.3
5.9
2.5
4.0
11.3
4.4
6.6
6.0
2.0
5.8
3.8
5.6
8.0
University of California, Berkeley
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Cambridge
Harvard University
Princeton University
California Institute of Technology
Stanford University
University of OxfordCornell University
Yale University
University of Chicago
University of Tokyo
Imperial College London
University of California, Los Angeles
Peking University
University of Toronto
Kyoto University
ETH Zurich
Australian National University
Ecole Normale Suprieure, Paris
Columbia University
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of Texas at AustinUniversity of Michigan
National University of Singapore
McGill University
University of California, San Diego
Lomonosov Moscow State University
University of Illinois
University of British Columbia
Ecole Polytechnique
Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI
University of Melbourne
Tsinghua University
University of Pennsylvania
Technion Israel Institute of Technology
Johns Hopkins University
Seoul National University
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Science & Technology of China
Universit Degli Studi Di Roma, La Sapienza
New York University
University of Sydney
Pennsylvania State University
Heidelberg University
Stony Brook University
Utrecht University
University of Waterloo
Georgia Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Country
Score
Citations
perpaper
TOP 50 UNIVERSITIES FOR LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOMEDICINE
TOP 50 UNIVERSITIES FOR NATURAL SCIENCES
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2122
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37=
37=
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
US
UK
UK
US
US
USUK
US
US
Canada
US
Singapore
Japan
Canada
US
US
Australia
China
US
Canada
USAustralia
Australia
Sweden
US
UK
Japan
Australia
US
UK
Australia
UK
US
US
US
Hong Kong
US
US
Japan
Sweden
NZ
US
Germany
US
US
S Korea
US
UK
France
Australia
100
93.3
87.1
86.7
85.4
82.075.6
73.8
73.5
70.8
66.9
66.3
65.2
63.9
63.4
62.8
61.1
61.0
60.0
59.5
57.957.8
57.7
55.7
55.1
54.8
54.5
54.4
53.7
53.2
53.1
52.0
51.6
51.5
51.1
50.449.7
49.7
48.8
48.6
45.9
43.7
43.1
42.9
42.8
42.7
42.5
41.6
40.9
40.3
9.1
7.5
7.8
7.1
7.7
7.76.2
7.5
11.3
5.5
7.2
4.4
4.8
6.3
5.6
5.9
4.5
2.4
7.0
5.0
10.44.2
4.3
5.5
6.8
6.2
4.6
4.9
7.5
6.0
4.4
5.0
6.4
0.6
6.6
5.4
6.6
4.2
5.3
5.0
4.5
6.6
4.7
6.6
5.7
3.3
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.4
Harvard University
University of Cambridge
University of Oxford
Johns Hopkins University
University of California, Berkeley
Stanford UniversityImperial College London
Yale University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
McGill University
University of California, San Diego
National University of Singapore
University of Tokyo
University of Toronto
University of California, Los Angeles
Cornell University
University of Melbourne
Peking University
Duke University
University of British Columbia
California Institute of TechnologyMonash University
University of Sydney
Karolinska Institute
Columbia University
University College London
Kyoto University
Australian National University
Princeton University
University of Edinburgh
University of Queensland
Kings College London
University of Michigan
Washington University, St Louis
University of Pennsylvania
University of Hong KongUniversity of Chicago
University of California, Davis
Osaka University
Uppsala University
University of Auckland
University of Washington
Heidelberg University
Boston University
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Seoul National University
New York University
University of Bristol
Universit Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg I
University of New South Wales
Country
Score
Citations
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
.
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
10/16
10 The Times Higher November 9 2007
Our listing of the worlds top-rated universities fortechnology
is the only place
in the The Times Higher-QSWorld University Rankings whereHarvard
University is not at ornear the top. It is in its lowliestplace in
our tables as rivalMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology takes the
top slot.
The US has 19 universities inour top 50 table, which is
headed
by MIT probably the worldsbiggest single technologyinnovator of
the postwar period followed by the University ofCalifornia,
Berkeley, StanfordUniversity and the CaliforniaInstitute of
Technology, theintellectual motors of SiliconValley. CalTech, with
1,200academic staff, 1,200postgraduate students and fewerthan 900
undergraduates, isprobably better geared up toproduce top research
than anyother university in the world.
Located just a few miles fromHollywood, it may also be theonly
institution to list prices forusing its campus as a backdrop.
This table shows that Europeancountries that seek to base
theireconomic futures on qualitymanufacturing, rather thanquantity,
take engineeringseriously. The UK has fouruniversities here, with
Cambridgeand Imperial College London inthe top ten. A further nine
are incontinental Europe, including twoin Switzerland, which
balances
banking with mainstreamengineering in its economic mix.
Our decision this year to list theseparate elements of the
IndianInstitutes of Technology rather
than seek opinion of the IIToverall has led to its leaving
ourmain rankings. But their peersaround the world have voted
twoIITs Mumbai and Delhi intothis table.
Technology has emerged as akey battleground in Asianeconomic
competition and theranking reveals the institutions inthe struggle.
Tsinghua University,which likes to be known as the
MIT of China, appears here in16th place as the best placed
ofChinas three entries.
But Japans longer establishedtechnological dominance isreflected
in the University ofTokyos place as Asias toptechnology university.
It is inninth spot, one above theNational University of
Singapore.Singapores Nanyang University, aspecialist technology
institution, isat 25. South Koreas emergence asa technology power
is supportedby the appearance here of the
Korea Advanced Institute ofScience and Technology, foundedin
1971 in a deliberate attempt tocreate a Korean MIT.
Our listing of citations perpaper shows that engineers and
ITacademics cite fewer papers thantheir scientific and
medicalcolleagues. An average MITbiomedical paper has
11.3citations; one in technology getsonly four. The most cited
paperscome from Ecole PolytechniqueFdrale de Lausanne, the
French-speaking half of the Swiss federal
university system, despite itsmodest 47th place in the
peerreview.
The social sciences affect morepeople every day thanperhaps any
other area of
academic life. The economistswho decide government policiesare
one species of social scientist,while the teachers our
childrenencounter at school are another.Management is a social
science,and people who run businessesaround the world are
increasingly
likely to have a formal academic
qualification such as an MBA.Recent years have been marked
by a growing convergencebetween the social and naturalsciences.
The former appear in
their own right in the EuropeanCommissions current
SeventhFramework Programme forresearch. Like the arts
andhumanities, they are alsobecoming more international.
Globalisation creates a newneed for international knowledgeabout
societies as well aseconomies, while the post 9/11world has a
raised awareness thatcultures that once seemed obscuremight
suddenly become importantto know about. At the same time,rapid
technological and social
change in advanced societies
means that the insights of socialscience are increasingly
essential.
This table shows that worldopinion regards the biggest USand UK
universities as leaders inthe social sciences. Harvard,Berkeley,
Stanford and Yaledominate from the US, andOxford and Cambridge from
theUK. But the top UK institution isthe London School of
Economics,which takes much the same role in
the UK social sciences as ImperialCollege London does in
scienceand engineering.
Because we list only institutionsthat teach undergraduates,
thistable does not includepostgraduate universities such asthe
Institute of Education inLondon or the London BusinessSchool. But
it is apparent thathaving a business school is a routeto garnering
esteem in the socialsciences. Harvards is possibly theworlds best
known, and joins theJohn F. Kennedy School of
Government among the centresthat put Harvard top of this
table.Other big US business schools,such as Sloan and
Wharton,probably account for the presenceof Massachusetts Institute
ofTechnology and University ofPennsylvania at 11 and 22.
Of the five faculty-specificanalyses on these pages, this is
theone in which Asian institutionsoutside Australia and NewZealand
show up least well.China, Japan, Singapore andHong Kong appear only
six times,
while the US has 21 institutions.Our analysis of citations in
the
social sciences shows that, incontrast to medicine, Europe
hasthe most cited researchers.University College London is theclear
winner, despite being 32ndin our peer review for the
socialsciences. In future years, US andEuropean social scientists
maydraw further ahead of the rest ofthe world as the field
becomesmore expensive and moredependent on advancedmethodology and
data-gathering.
Martin Ince
Technology powerhouses and social science leaders boast a global
reach,reflecting governments awareness of these fields economic
impact
The innovators and educators
European states seeking tobase their economic futureson quality
manufacturing,rather than quantity, takeengineering seriously
Alamy
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
11/16
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds
November 9 2007 The Times Higher 11
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2122
23
24
25=
25=
27
28
29
30=
30=
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41=
41=
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
US
US
US
US
UK
UKUS
US
Japan
Singapore
Canada
UK
Switzerland
US
US
China
Netherlands
US
US
US
AustraliaJapan
Hong Kong
US
Israel
Singapore
Canada
Australia
Japan
Canada
US
US
India
France
Canada
China
India
US
Australia
Germany
Australia
US
UK
Australia
US
US
Switzerland
S Korea
China
US
100
94.5
84.7
80.0
75.6
72.171.0
68.0
65.1
63.8
60.4
60.2
59.6
59.2
58.3
58.2
57.7
57.4
57.3
56.7
54.153.8
53.6
53.3
53.1
53.1
52.8
52.5
50.7
50.5
50.5
50.4
49.4
48.5
48.4
48.247.3
47.0
46.4
44.7
44.5
44.5
43.9
42.8
42.7
41.7
41.6
41.3
40.8
40.6
4.0
4.2
4.3
3.7
3.4
2.73.6
2.9
2.1
2.9
3.5
3.7
2.5
4.7
5.1
1.2
2.6
4.1
3.5
4.4
2.91.8
3.1
2.7
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.6
2.9
3.6
1.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.7
3.8
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.0
2.2
4.5
5.3
1.9
1.0
3.3
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of California, Berkeley
Stanford University
California Institute of Technology
University of Cambridge
Imperial College LondonCarnegie Mellon University
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Tokyo
National University of Singapore
University of Toronto
University of Oxford
ETH Zurich
Princeton University
Harvard University
Tsinghua University
Delft University of Technology
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Illinois
Cornell University
University of MelbourneTokyo Institute of Technology
Hong Kong University of Science &Technology
Purdue University
Technion Israel Institute of Technology
Nanyang Technological University
McGill University
University of New South Wales
Kyoto University
University of British Columbia
University of Texas at Austin
University of Michigan
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Ecole Polytechnique
University of Waterloo
Peking UniversityIndian Institute of Technology Delhi
University of California, San Diego
Australian National University
Technische Universitt Mnchen
University of Sydney
Texas A&M University
University of Manchester
Monash University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Yale University
Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne
Korea Advanced Inst of Science & Technology
University of Science & Technology of China
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Country
Score
Citations
TOP 50 UNIVERSITIES FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES
TOP 50 UNIVERSITIES FOR TECHNOLOGY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
89
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17=
17=
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48=
48=
50
US
US
UK
US
US
UK
UK
USUS
US
US
Canada
Canada
Canada
US
Australia
US
Australia
US
Singapore
US
US
China
Japan
US
Australia
Australia
US
US
Australia
Hong Kong
UK
US
Australia
NZ
US
US
US
Canada
UK
Canada
Belgium
Canada
China
Denmark
Austria
UK
Hong Kong
Netherlands
US
100
93.9
83.4
82.8
82.2
81.6
81.1
79.678.9
76.5
75.8
72.1
71.8
70.8
67.8
66.2
61.8
61.8
60.4
59.5
58.3
57.7
56.354.2
53.9
51.8
50.7
48.9
48.6
47.7
47.2
46.4
45.7
45.2
45.0
44.8
44.5
44.1
43.1
42.3
41.9
41.5
41.4
41.1
40.2
39.8
39.6
39.4
39.4
38.9
5.6
5.2
2.2
4.3
5.0
4.2
4.1
4.44.5
4.3
4.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
4.9
2.4
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.1
4.0
4.2
2.1
2.2
5.2
2.1
2.7
4.5
3.8
3.7
2.1
7.6
4.5
3.1
2.9
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.2
2.9
2.6
2.9
3.2
1.3
3.1
3.2
3.6
2.5
3.4
3.1
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
London School of Economics
Yale University
Stanford University
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
University of ChicagoPrinceton University
Columbia University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
McGill University
University of Toronto
University of British Columbia
University of California, Los Angeles
Australian National University
Cornell University
University of Melbourne
University of Michigan
National University of Singapore
New York University
University of Pennsylvania
Peking UniversityUniversity of Tokyo
Duke University
Monash University
University of Sydney
Carnegie Mellon University
Northwestern University
University of New South Wales
University of Hong Kong
University College London
University of California, San Diego
University of Queensland
University of Auckland
Boston University
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Johns Hopkins University
Universit de Montral
University of Warwick
York University
Universit Catholique de Louvain
Queens University
Tsinghua University
University of Copenhagen
University of Vienna
University of Edinburgh
Chinese University of Hong Kong
University of Amsterdam
Pennsylvania State University
Country
Score
Citations
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
12/16
Researchers in the arts andhumanities often do notpublish their
most important
work in refereed journals. Theymight write a book, compose
asymphony or curate an exhibition
with a scholarly catalogue. Thismeans that academic success
isharder to define here than inother areas of scholarship. Italso
explains why this table doesnot attempt to measure
academicachievement in these subjects bylooking at
publications.
But the story it tells aboutexcellence in these areas
isrevealing. The subjects rangewidely from philosophy, whichis
almost by definition the leastapplied discipline in the academy,to
modern languages, an essential
area in the globalised economy.They include
long-establishedfields such as music and history,and others, such
as museumstudies and tourism, which aregrowing as economies
transform.
Politicians rarely mention thearts and humanities in speecheson
the importance of research tonational economic success. TheUK has
established a researchcouncil to fund them only inthe past two
years. But theirimportance means they are centralto the success of
any large
university aiming to be goodat the full range of
academicdisciplines. Harvard University is
once again top of this table, and isjoined by other global
universitiessuch as Oxford, Cambridge andYale universities and
theUniversity of California, Berkeley.
Strength in the arts and
humanities is also a must foruniversities that aim to be
12 The Times Higher November 9 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21=21=
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3637
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48=
48=
50
US
US
UK
UK
US
US
US
Canada
US
Australia
US
Canada
US
Canada
Australia
US
Australia
China
US
US
SingaporeUS
US
Japan
US
UK
UK
UK
France
Australia
US
New Zealand
France
Japan
Australia
UKIreland
Germany
Israel
Netherlands
Netherlands
US
Belgium
Hong Kong
Australia
China
Italy
UK
US
US
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
Yale University
Columbia University
Princeton University
University of Toronto
University of Chicago
Australian National University
Stanford University
McGill University
University of California, Los Angeles
University of British Columbia
University of Sydney
Cornell University
University of Melbourne
Peking University
University of Michigan
Duke University
National University of SingaporeJohns Hopkins University
New York University
University of Tokyo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
London School of Economics
University College London
University of Edinburgh
Universit Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV
Monash University
Brown University
University of Auckland
Ecole Normale Suprieure, Paris
Kyoto University
University of New South Wales
Kings College LondonTrinity College Dublin
Freie Universitt Berlin
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Leiden University
University of Amsterdam
University of Texas at Austin
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
University of Hong Kong
University of Queensland
Fudan University
University of Bologna
School of Oriental and African Studies
Indiana University Bloomington
University of Pennsylvania
Country
Score
TOP 50 UNIVERSITIES FOR ARTS & HUMANITIES
Works of artin the making
Despite their essential role in leadingpolitical and cultural
debate, artsand humanities are often relegatedto the back seat by
the sciences
Every country has its ownliterature, history, music andpolitics,
but the table showsthat the quality of nationalresearch in these
fields isrecognised worldwide
by delivering more arts andhumanities teaching in English.It may
seem strange to teachyour own history in a foreignlanguage, but
doing so makesit more available to foreignstudents, while
publishing inEnglish makes research morevisible. These reforms are
likelyto affect Asian and continentalEuropean universities
futurestanding in this table.
Martin Ince
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
Arts and humanities arecentral to the success ofany large
university aimingtobegoodatthefullrangeof academic disciplines
national leaders in political andcultural debate. Hence the
appearance of the universities ofToronto, McGill, Tokyo,
Peking,the London School of Economicsand the Australian
NationalUniversity in prominent positions.
The fact that 16 nationsappear in this top 50 is evidenceof the
inclusive approach of ourpeer reviewers. The arts andhumanities are
perhaps the leastglobalised subjects of all. Everycountry has its
own literature,history, music and politics. Butthe table shows that
the qualityof national research in these fields
is recognised worldwide. Andsome areas of the humanitiessuch as
religion have emergedfrom genteel obscurity to newpolitical and
cultural importancein a globalised world with a newawareness of
security andinternational tension.
This table also confirms theworld cultural value of English.The
top 20 institutions include19 in the English-speaking world.Peking,
in 18th position, is thehighest placed institution not towork
entirely in English. Some
Asian universities are responding
100.0
96.5
94.4
92.3
84.3
83.3
80.1
79.5
77.6
75.9
74.7
71.3
68.4
67.2
66.6
64.4
63.9
61.2
60.3
58.6
57.657.6
56.7
54.7
54.4
54.0
53.9
53.5
52.5
52.1
51.7
51.0
50.9
50.5
49.6
49.348.6
48.4
48.0
47.3
47.2
46.3
45.7
44.9
44.0
43.2
42.9
41.9
41.9
41.7
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
13/16
November 9 2007 Times Higher Education Supplement 13
We look at the topperformers oneach measureand suggestwhat
theirsuccess meansfor the sectorsdevelopment
What the pick of the cropmeans for the rest of the field
The Times Higher-QS WorldUniversity Rankings are acomposite
measure in which
six criteria are added together toproduce an overall table.
Onemeasure, peer review, accounts for40 per cent of the possible
score,while two others account for 20percentage points each, with
oneworth 10 per cent and the othertwo worth 5 per cent each.
This division of possible pointsmeans it is not possible to
achievea high score in these rankings by
being excellent in only one
to the top in the opinion of fellowacademics around the
world.
The second of our measures,the employer review, accounts foronly
10 per cent of the possiblescore but is of burning interestto
students and their parents, aswell as to universities
themselves.This year, 1,471 recruiters ofgraduates from around the
worldtold us where they like to gettheir employees. Their
responsesuggests that graduate recruitmentgenuinely has become a
globalenterprise.
Although only 32 per cent ofthis sample is in Europe, these
recruiters are overwhelminglyin agreement that the UK is
theplace to shop for graduates.
They put Cambridge andOxford universities at the topof the list,
with the LondonSchool of Economics third andthe University of
Manchester infifth place. Manchesters bid to bethe north of
Englands answer toOxbridge and London alreadyseems to be convincing
employers.
Despite this British success,Harvard, MIT and Stanford arealso
well placed on this measure.
Their appearance alongside
universities. Berkeley andHarvard, the big two of the US
system on the East and Westcoasts, both have a perfectscore on
this measure. Alsoprominent on this measure areStanford, Yale,
Princeton, theMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology and the
Universityof California, Los Angeles.
However, it is also apparentthat academics place Oxford
andCambridge universities on roughlythe same rung as their main
USrivals. In addition, the effort putinto staying level with its
UScompetitors by the University
of Toronto, already Canadas topinstitution, is seen to be
payingoff in terms of world esteem.
MIT is the only specialistinstitution to appear in this topten.
This measure groups resultsin all five areas of academic lifethat
we survey and it is hard to dowell here without being visible inall
or most of them. Despite itsname, MIT operates in mostarenas of
scholarship.
This part of the rankings isthe one where the rise of
Asianuniversities is least apparent, but
future years may yet see them get
category. But it also means thattwo universities can obtain
similar
scores despite having widelydiffering strengths
andweaknesses.
This years changes in therankings methodology, explainedon page
7, mean that exceptionaloutlying scores on any measureno longer
have a distorting effecton the whole picture. While thisis to the
good overall, it meansthat the top performers on anyspecific
measure now tend tobunch at a score of 100 or justbelow. In the
main tables, weshow the scores for each measure
to the nearest 1 per cent, but herewe display one decimal
place.
The most significant of ourmeasures is academic peer review.It
accounts for 40 per cent ofthe available score and is themost
distinctive feature of ourWorld University Rankings.
This analysis combines theopinions of 5,101 individuals,up from
1,300 in 2004, the firstyear of our rankings. AlthoughAmericans
make up only 30 percent of our sample (see page 7),there is general
agreement around
the world that the US has the best
Ala
my
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8/9/2019 World Rankings 2007
14/16
14 The Times Higher November 9 2007
Oxbridge and the LSE suggeststhat employers are a
conservativebreed
The University of Melbourneemerges by some distance asAsias
favourite institution withrecruiters. It remains to be seenwhat
recruiters will make of the
novel degree system Melbourneis now introducing.This table
confirms that
recruiters like big technologyuniversities such as MIT
andImperial College London.
Two of the measures we use,peer review and citations,
arequalitative and quantitative meansrespectively of seeing who is
goodat research. The two measurescorrelate closely. The
CaliforniaInstitute of Technologys highlyproductive research
culture putsit top on citations. But this table
includes some surprises, such asthe appearance of the
Universityof Alabama, although its score onother measures means
that it doesnot appear in our main table ofthe worlds top 200
universities.
This table is unique in thesepages for having no UK entries.
While our peer review showsthat the US is the world centrefor
scholarly esteem, our table ofinternational staff
demonstratesbeyond doubt that Europe andthe Asia-Pacific region are
thecapitals of academic diversity. No
US university appears in our topten for overseas staff or
students.
Our look at international staffcontains two universities
inLondon, the LSE and the Schoolof Oriental and African
Studies,alma maters of choice for futureforeign ministers, central
bankersand heads of state across thedeveloping world.
Universitiesin Australia, New Zealand andSwitzerland also do well
on thismeasure. But the winner in termsof overseas academics per
hectaremust be Hong Kong, with three
universities here, including the top
institution, Hong Kong Universityof Science and Technology.
Perhaps even more than topstaff, students have become aprized
quarry for institutionsaround the world. For one thing,universities
are free to chargethem whatever the market will
bear. This table shows thatstudents agree that London is aplace
to spend at least part oftheir career, with the city claimingthree
of the four UK entries. TheLSE is the winner among studentsfor the
second successive year,with second and third slots alsogoing to UK
institutions. Itsappeal is not hard to discern.Few future economic
and socialscientists could resist being at aresearch-based elite
universityin the heart of one of the worldsmost diverse and
successful cities,
close to many of the worlds topfinancial markets.
Second on this measure isCranfield University, based on arural
campus north of London.Its areas of expertise includetechnology and
business, bothmagnets for mobile students.
Western Australia, in theshape of Curtin University
ofTechnology, also appears inboth lists, as does the
EcolePolytechnique Fdrale inLausanne, Switzerland, and
otheruniversities in Switzerland and
France. Swiss institutions have alarge nearby catchment area
inFrance, Germany and Austria,which must make it simpler tobring in
overseas students. Thismay allow them to resist thetemptation to
switch to theEnglish-language teaching that isnow sweeping Asian
universities.
US universities might argue thatEurope has an inbuilt advantage
inthis measure. Having many smallcountries within a short drive
ofeach other is bound to facilitatemobility. The presence of
Swiss
and French universities here might
support this argument, and thisis one of the categories in
whichcontinental institutions excel. ButSoas in London inherently
drawsits students from around thedeveloping world, and Curtin
andRMIT universities appear heredespite Australias distance
from
other major academic centres.Students come to universityto
learn, and the last of ourindicators is designed to showwhether the
institution they arriveat will have anybody for them tolearn from.
It ranks universitiesby staff-to-student ratio.
The California Institute ofTechnology tops this tablebecause it
has a tiny student bodycoexisting with a large and
activeresearch-oriented faculty.
But the rest of the data we showsuggests that anyone seeking
a
university where they are goingto be well supplied with
academicinput ought to look beyond thebiggest names. Yale and
ImperialCollege London are here fromamong our overall top table.
Butso is Ulm University in Germany,despite the poor overall
showingof German institutions in thesepages.
This is also the only one ofsix top ten analyses to name
amainland Chinese university,Tsinghua in Beijing.
Frenchinstitutions in Lyon and Paris,
which are known more for theirteaching than for their
research,are also in the top ten here.
Four of this tables top ten CalTech, Tsinghua, Cranfieldand
Imperial are technology-heavy institutions. Suchuniversities may
well win outon this measure because classsizes are smaller than in
areassuch as the humanities.
Despite the success of Yalein this table, this measure is
lesskind than others to large, generaluniversities such as Harvard
and
Berkeley. Martin Ince
While students and theirteachers have been interna-tionally
mobile since theMiddle Ages, the expectation
that academics will spendpart of their careers abroadis
growing
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15/16
November 9 2007 The Times Higher 15
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
US
US
UK
USUK
US
US
US
Canada
US
100
100
100
100100
100
100
100
100
99.9
4
3
1
52
6
13
10
16
19
University of California, Berkeley
Harvard University
University of Cambridge
Stanford UniversityUniversity of Oxford
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Princeton University
Yale University
University of Toronto
University of California, Los Angeles
2007
rank
Country
Score
2006
TOP 10 PEER REVIEW TOP 10 EMPLOYER REVIEW
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
UK
UK
UK
USUK
US
US
UK
Italy
Australia
100
99.9
99.8
99.599.0
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.6
98.5
6
8
4
131
2
3
38
17
42
University of Cambridge
University of Oxford
London School of Economics
Harvard UniversityUniversity of Manchester
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Stanford University
Imperial College London
Universit Commerciale Luigi Bocconi
University of Melbourne
2007
rank
Country
Score
2006
rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Hong Kong
Australia
NZ
Switzerland
NZ
Hong Kong
UK
Switzerland
Hong Kong
Singapore
100100
100
100
100
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.8
11
13
2
14
48
5
3
4
6
Hong Kong University of Science & TechnolCurtin University
of Technology
University of Otago
Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne
University of Auckland
University of Hong Kong
London School of Economics
ETH Zurich
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
National University of Singapore
2007
Name
Country
Score
2006
TOP 10 INTERNATIONAL STAFF TOP 10 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
UK
UK
UK
France
France
Australia
Australia
Switzerland
UK
Switzerland
100100
100
100
100
100
99.9
99.9
99.7
99.5
1
8
2
13
4
3
6
5
10
9
London School of EconomicsCranfield University
School of Oriental And African Studies
Sciences Po Paris
ESCP-EAP Paris
Curtin University of Technology
RMIT University
Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne
Imperial College London
University of Geneva
2007
Country
Score
2006
rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
US
France
US
China
France
UK
Germany
US
UK
US
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99.9
99.9
99.9
26
61
2
7
30
55
21
4
5
124
California Institute of Technology
Ecole Normale Suprieure de Lyon
Yale University
Tsinghua University
Ecole Polytechnique
Cranfield University
Universitt Ulm
University of Rochester
Imperial College London
University of Colorado
2007
Country
Score
2006
rank
TOP 10 STAFF-TO-STUDENT RATIO TOP 10 CITATIONS PER STAFF
MEMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
US
US
US
France
US
US
US
US
Switzerland
US
100
