World History/Cultures World History/Cultures Chapter 17- World War IChapter 17- World War I Section 5 Peace At Last Section 5 Peace At Last

IntroductionIntroduction RussiaRussia withdraws & U.S. enters withdraws & U.S. enters

war.war. America’s entrance helped America’s entrance helped

morale & morale & provided provided resourcesresources.. American navy employs American navy employs convoyconvoy

systemsystem to protect ships from u- to protect ships from u-boats.boats.

Turning the TideTurning the Tide Fighting Fighting stalledstalled prior to American prior to American

forces arrival.forces arrival. 1917 French suffered 1917 French suffered several several

losseslosses and French forces mutinied. and French forces mutinied. BritishBritish launched offensive in launched offensive in

Flanders (northern France/Eastern Flanders (northern France/Eastern Belgium). Belgium). CasualtiesCasualties great. British great. British & Germans to the point of end of & Germans to the point of end of their reserves.their reserves.

Total War EffortTotal War Effort Governments directed all people & Governments directed all people &

resources toward effort. resources toward effort. IncreasedIncreased size size of armies, raised taxes & borrowed of armies, raised taxes & borrowed money. Controlled money. Controlled economies,economies, banned banned strikes & censored press to control strikes & censored press to control public opinionpublic opinion..

Women worked in Women worked in factoriesfactories- - weapons/supplies; as nurses; special weapons/supplies; as nurses; special branches of the military. Boosted branches of the military. Boosted women’s women’s confidenceconfidence & aided them to & aided them to fight for women’s rights. Many countries fight for women’s rights. Many countries grant woman grant woman right to voteright to vote after the war. after the war.

Global WarGlobal War World War I affected other parts of World War I affected other parts of

the world. Colonies provided the world. Colonies provided resources/recruits for resources/recruits for war effortwar effort..

Asia/AfricaAsia/Africa: allied forces gain control : allied forces gain control of German colonies.of German colonies.

Europeans retain Europeans retain empiresempires at end of at end of war. Upset colonial Asians.war. Upset colonial Asians.

Africans expecting Africans expecting iindependence/ndependence/citizenship.citizenship.

Middle Eastern Arabs helped British Middle Eastern Arabs helped British defeat Ottoman Turks.defeat Ottoman Turks.

1916- Sykes-Picot Agreement. British 1916- Sykes-Picot Agreement. British & French determined to divide & French determined to divide Ottoman Ottoman Empire between each other.Empire between each other.

Fighting EndsFighting Ends July 1918: Allied forces under unified July 1918: Allied forces under unified

commander French General Foch. commander French General Foch. Stop German offensive outside of Stop German offensive outside of Paris.Paris.

American forcesAmerican forces aid allies & drive aid allies & drive Germans back to Germany’s border.Germans back to Germany’s border.

Sept 1918: German generals inform Sept 1918: German generals inform Kaiser William II can’t win war.Kaiser William II can’t win war.

Other Other Central PowersCentral Powers collapse. collapse. Ottoman Turks defeated & Austria-Ottoman Turks defeated & Austria-Hungary surrendered.Hungary surrendered.

MoraleMorale in Germany declined. in Germany declined. Nov 9, 1918: Germany signed Nov 9, 1918: Germany signed

armisticearmistice- agreed to end fighting.- agreed to end fighting.

Effects of WarEffects of War Political/social Political/social instabilityinstability increased in increased in

Europe.Europe. Boundaries of countries Boundaries of countries redrawnredrawn.. 9 million soldiers & 13 million civilians 9 million soldiers & 13 million civilians

died.died. 1915: Ottoman Turks responsible for 1915: Ottoman Turks responsible for

mass killings of mass killings of ArmeniansArmenians. Turkish . Turkish government used excuse angry with government used excuse angry with Americans for supporting allies. Turks Americans for supporting allies. Turks feared Armenian feared Armenian nationalismnationalism- had a - had a hatred of Armenians resulting in mass hatred of Armenians resulting in mass killing.killing.

Restoring PeaceRestoring Peace President Woodrow Wilson presented President Woodrow Wilson presented

his his Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Peace Plan prior Peace Plan prior to end of war. Plan included: to end of war. Plan included: international recognition of freedom international recognition of freedom of the seas and trade, arms limitation of the seas and trade, arms limitation & end to all secret alliances. Also & end to all secret alliances. Also called for a “general assembly of called for a “general assembly of nations” to solve future problems.nations” to solve future problems.

Britain Britain objects to peace plan- didn’t objects to peace plan- didn’t like idea of open seas as dependent like idea of open seas as dependent on seas for trade. French objected to on seas for trade. French objected to plan, as countries didn’t have to pay plan, as countries didn’t have to pay for war damages. France wanted for war damages. France wanted reparationsreparations..

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference Jan 1919: delegates from 27 countries Jan 1919: delegates from 27 countries

met in Paris. met in Paris. Central Powers Central Powers & Russia & Russia not invited.not invited.

Big FourBig Four attend: U.S.- President attend: U.S.- President Wilson; France- Prime Minister Wilson; France- Prime Minister Clemenceau; Britain- Prime Minister Clemenceau; Britain- Prime Minister Lloyd George; Italy- Prime Minister Lloyd George; Italy- Prime Minister Orlando.Orlando.

President Wilson at odds with other President Wilson at odds with other powers. Europeans wanted Germany powers. Europeans wanted Germany to pay for the war. Wilson wanted a to pay for the war. Wilson wanted a League of NationsLeague of Nations and concedes on and concedes on other points to get it.other points to get it.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Allies settlement with Germany- Allies settlement with Germany-

Germany’s military Germany’s military reducedreduced & & couldn’t manufacture weapons.couldn’t manufacture weapons.

Germany returned Alsace-Lorraine to Germany returned Alsace-Lorraine to France. France would control coal-rich France. France would control coal-rich Saar Basin for 15 years. Allied forces Saar Basin for 15 years. Allied forces would would occupy occupy Rhineland region of Rhineland region of Germany.Germany.

Germany had to renounce the Treaty Germany had to renounce the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. of Brest-Litovsk. PolandPoland reestablished- land from Germany, reestablished- land from Germany, Austria-Hungary & Russia.Austria-Hungary & Russia.

Treaty of Versailles con’tTreaty of Versailles con’t GermanyGermany lost its colonies. Great lost its colonies. Great

Britain & France got African colonies. Britain & France got African colonies. Australia & New Zealand split the Australia & New Zealand split the German Pacific Islands south of the German Pacific Islands south of the Equator while Japan took those north Equator while Japan took those north of the Equator.of the Equator.

Great Britain & France demanded Great Britain & France demanded Germany take fullGermany take full responsibility responsibility for for war & pay reparations.war & pay reparations.

Treaty Treaty signedsigned Jan 28, 1919. 4 of Jan 28, 1919. 4 of Wilson’s 14 Points including League Wilson’s 14 Points including League of Nations stayed in Treaty.of Nations stayed in Treaty.

Other SettlementsOther Settlements Allied Powers signed separate Allied Powers signed separate peace peace

agreementsagreements with Austria, Bulgaria, with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary & Turkey. Austria-HungaryHungary & Turkey. Austria-Hungary broken up. Austria became very broken up. Austria became very small & weak. Italy received land small & weak. Italy received land near Brenner Pass in the Alps but near Brenner Pass in the Alps but didn’t get the port of Fiume on the didn’t get the port of Fiume on the Adriatic Sea.Adriatic Sea.

New nationsNew nations emerge: Finland, emerge: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuanian, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuanian, Poland, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia. Allied Allied regarded these as a regarded these as a cordon cordon sanitaire -sanitaire - quarantine line. quarantine line. BufferBuffer against Russian or German threat.against Russian or German threat.

Other Settlements con’tOther Settlements con’t Serbs get their nation of South Serbs get their nation of South

Slavic peoples- Slavic peoples- YugoslaviaYugoslavia.. Hungary & Bulgaria Hungary & Bulgaria lost lost

territoryterritory when new nations when new nations formed.formed.

Middle East: Middle East: Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire divided & became British divided & became British mandates- Palestine, mandates- Palestine, Transjordan & Iraq. Lebanon & Transjordan & Iraq. Lebanon & Syria became French Syria became French mandates.mandates.

Bitter FruitsBitter Fruits War left the world disillusioned War left the world disillusioned

& bitter.& bitter. Many people became minorities Many people became minorities

in new nations. Others did not in new nations. Others did not get get independenceindependence..

Germans Germans humiliated & weakenedhumiliated & weakened by Treaty of Versailles. Their by Treaty of Versailles. Their resentment grows eventually resentment grows eventually resulting in resulting in World War IIWorld War II..