World History/CulturesWorld History/CulturesChapter 11 The French Chapter 11 The French

Revolution Revolution Section 1 The Old OrderSection 1 The Old Order

Terms/NameTerms/Name Estate:Estate: One of three social classes in One of three social classes in

France during the 1700s. First Estate- France during the 1700s. First Estate- Roman Catholic clergy; Second Estate- Roman Catholic clergy; Second Estate- Nobility; Third Estate- Commoners. Nobility; Third Estate- Commoners. Orders of society determined a Orders of society determined a person’s person’s legal legal rights/status.rights/status.

Tithe:Tithe: 10% tax on income from each 10% tax on income from each church member paid to the clergy.church member paid to the clergy.

Bourgeoisie:Bourgeoisie: Middle class between Middle class between aristocrats & workers. The Third aristocrats & workers. The Third Estate.Estate.

Terms/Name con’tTerms/Name con’t King Louis XVI:King Louis XVI: 19 year old grandson 19 year old grandson

of Louis XV. Upon grandfather’s of Louis XV. Upon grandfather’s death, became king in 1774. Wife- death, became king in 1774. Wife- Marie Marie Antoinette. Government Cost-Antoinette. Government Cost-cutting measures. Began taxing cutting measures. Began taxing nobility & clergy. Both groups refused nobility & clergy. Both groups refused to be taxed. King summoned Estates-to be taxed. King summoned Estates-General to Versailles in May 1789. General to Versailles in May 1789. Hoped to gain agreement for tax.Hoped to gain agreement for tax.MonarchyMonarchy controlled controlled FranceFrance, a rich , a rich

& powerful country. Only a few & powerful country. Only a few wealthy. Majority- poor, had few wealthy. Majority- poor, had few rights & wanted a better life. rights & wanted a better life. AmericanAmerican RevolutionRevolution sparked their sparked their wanting change.wanting change.

King Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Divisions of French SocietyDivisions of French Society

People were grouped into one of People were grouped into one of three estatesthree estates, orders of society. , orders of society. Third Estate members Third Estate members resentedresented First & Second Estates.First & Second Estates.

First Estate First Estate ClergyClergy, 1% of population. Higher , 1% of population. Higher

& lower clergy. & lower clergy. Did not pay Did not pay taxestaxes.. Higher clergy controlled 5-10% Higher clergy controlled 5-10%

of land. of land. Grand lifestylesGrand lifestyles supported by tithes.supported by tithes.

Lower clergy- poor backgrounds; Lower clergy- poor backgrounds; ran ran schools schools & parishes.& parishes.

Second EstateSecond Estate NobilityNobility; 2% of population; ; 2% of population;

owned 25% of land.owned 25% of land. Grand lifestyles.Grand lifestyles. High posts in High posts in government & government &

militarymilitary.. Main income from Main income from feudal duesfeudal dues

from peasants who lived & from peasants who lived & worked on their land.worked on their land.

Third EstateThird Estate 97% of population; peasants, 97% of population; peasants,

artisans & members of artisans & members of bourgeoisiebourgeoisie (middle class). (middle class).

Few political rights/privileges.Few political rights/privileges. Read Read EnlightmentEnlightment works- works-

freedom/social justice.freedom/social justice. Peasants owned 40% of land. Peasants owned 40% of land.

Poor- had to pay tithes, feudal Poor- had to pay tithes, feudal dues, fines & land tax.dues, fines & land tax.

Growing UnrestGrowing Unrest Third Estate demanded change due to high Third Estate demanded change due to high

cost of living & desire for more cost of living & desire for more political political powerpower..

Second Estate- nobility wanted more political Second Estate- nobility wanted more political influence; resented influence; resented monarchymonarchy..

Government Government financial problems-financial problems- debts from debts from wars & extravagant lifestyle of Louis XV.wars & extravagant lifestyle of Louis XV.

1774- King 1774- King Louis XVILouis XVI in power & deals with in power & deals with financial crisis. Taxed nobility & clergy- financial crisis. Taxed nobility & clergy- refusedrefused to pay taxes. to pay taxes.

1786- Banks refused to 1786- Banks refused to lend moneylend money to to government. Crop failures in 1788-89 caused government. Crop failures in 1788-89 caused bread shortages.bread shortages.

King Louis XVI called for King Louis XVI called for Estates-GeneralEstates-General to to meet.meet.

Meeting of Estates-GeneralMeeting of Estates-General King Louis XVI hoped King Louis XVI hoped First & SecondFirst & Second

EstatesEstates would agree to be taxed. would agree to be taxed. Second EstateSecond Estate wanted to protect wanted to protect

privileges & gain control of privileges & gain control of government. First Estate wanted to government. First Estate wanted to controlcontrol Third Estate. Third Estate.

Third Estate refused plan of First & Third Estate refused plan of First & Second Estate. Called for joint meeting Second Estate. Called for joint meeting with each estate voting with each estate voting individuallyindividually..

King demanded estates meet King demanded estates meet separatelyseparately. Third Estate refused and . Third Estate refused and locked out of Estates-General.locked out of Estates-General.

Meeting of Estates-General con’tMeeting of Estates-General con’t Third Estate renamed the Third Estate renamed the National National

AssemblyAssembly and met at an indoor and met at an indoor tennis court with deputies from tennis court with deputies from First & Second Estates who First & Second Estates who supported them.supported them.

National Assembly took the National Assembly took the Tennis Tennis Court OathCourt Oath. Promised not to . Promised not to disband until they wrote a disband until they wrote a constitutionconstitution for France. for France.

King ordered First & Second King ordered First & Second Estates to join Third Estate’s Estates to join Third Estate’s National Assembly.National Assembly.

RevoltRevolt National Assembly delegates National Assembly delegates

expressed expressed dismaydismay with rigid French with rigid French social order & government. Third social order & government. Third Estate wanted social equality. Estate wanted social equality. Rebellion ideas spread.Rebellion ideas spread.

King gathered more troops at palace King gathered more troops at palace in in VersaillesVersailles..

Fearing king wanted to Fearing king wanted to dissolvedissolve National Assembly & stop reforms, National Assembly & stop reforms, focused on focused on Bastille,Bastille, the French the French prison.prison.

Bastille

Events Lead to RevolutionEvents Lead to Revolution Bastille represented Bastille represented injusticesinjustices of monarchy. of monarchy. July 14, 1789July 14, 1789: Mob surrounded Bastille to : Mob surrounded Bastille to

steal weapons & defend National Assembly.steal weapons & defend National Assembly. Mob freed 7 prisoners. 98 rioters killed. Mob freed 7 prisoners. 98 rioters killed.

Prison commander & several soldiers killed.Prison commander & several soldiers killed. Outbreak led to formation of Outbreak led to formation of revolutionaryrevolutionary

government in Paris.government in Paris. Bastille’s storming led to the Bastille’s storming led to the Great Fear-Great Fear-

violence. Hearing rumors, peasants feared violence. Hearing rumors, peasants feared losing land & armed themselves.losing land & armed themselves.

Peasants’ anxiety grew & turned to violence. Peasants’ anxiety grew & turned to violence. Drove landlords off property & refused to Drove landlords off property & refused to pay feudal dues. Broke into manors & pay feudal dues. Broke into manors & robbed granaries. First wave of robbed granaries. First wave of French French RevolutionRevolution..

The Great Fear