World History Honors

Mrs. Orzoff-Baranyk

Remember to answer the questions in grey,

thoughtfully.

World History Honors

Causes of World War I

Pages 2-5: Impact of the Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, and

Nationalism on the rise of WWI. Questions 1-5

Pages 6-9: The story of the event that started the war. Question 6

Page 10: Primary Source: The Blank Check: Germany’s response to

Austria-Hungary & the assassination. Question 7

Page 11-14: Primary Source: The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia.

Questions 8-13

Page 15-17: Primary Source: The Serbian Response to the Ultimatum.

Questions 14-16

Page 18: Primary Source: The Declaration of War. Question 17

Page 19-21: Primary source: The “Willy-Nicky” Telegrams. Questions 18-

25

Pag

e2

Causes of World War I

The Industrial Revolution/ Militarism Militarism: Belief that to be a truly great nation, you

had to have a powerful military.

1890s: Glorification of military made citizens feel patriotic/nationalistic.

1890s: Germany began to build a navy that rivaled England’s.

o In response, England enlarged their fleet. 1914: Every major power in Europe had a standing

army, ready to fight at a minute’s notice. o Generals created highly detailed mobilization

plans in case of war.

1. Why do you think the great powers of Europe

are spending so much on defense? Why do

you think Germany is spending more than all

the others?

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany,

Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Britain, Russia

1870: 94 million pounds

1880: 130 million pounds

1890: 154 million pounds

1900: 268 million pounds

1910: 289 million pounds

1914: 398 million pounds.

1910-1914 increase in defense expenditure

France: 10%

Britain: 13%

Russia: 39%

Germany: 73%

Pag

e3

Imperialism & Nationalism Rivalries

o By 20th c. big rivalries between the major European Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Italy, France, and Russia.

Competition o Glory, Wealth, Land, Raw Materials, Markets

Territorial Disputes o 1905 & 1911 – Germany & France almost went to war over control of Morocco

Europe supported France; Germany backed down. Rivalries and mistrust deepen between France & Germany. France still bitter about loss of Alsace-Lorraine in Franco-Prussian War

o 1908 – Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Balkans. Serbs in Serbia wanted the Serbian population in Bosnia-Herzegovina to be part

of Serbia! Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc. want independence from Austria-Hungary,

who refuses. Russia also wanted to control this area.

2. Looking at the information above, figure out which countries already had issues with

each other before WWI. Also, describe the problems that could come from rivalry &

competition between European nations.

The Map to the left shows the mixture of different ethnic groups in the Balkans. It will help if you view it in color on our class website.

Before WWI there was a movement in the Balkans called “Pan-Slavism.”

Pan = all

movement for unity of all Slavic peoples. Used as a tool by the Russian Empire to gain control over this region, as the people of Russia are Slavic.

In 1908 Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina (located in the Northwest corner of the map above.

3. Given what you just read &

looking at this map, how could the

annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina

bring Austria-Hungary into conflict

with Russia?

Pag

e4

Within the movement for Pan-Slavism, there was also a movement for “Pan-Serbianism,” or a

goal to have all Serbian people in one country. Due to ethnic tensions in the region, the Balkans in 1914 were called the “Powder Keg of

Europe.”

4. What is a powder keg? What do you think this phrase means?

Alliances Caused by Military rivalries and feeling the need for protection.

DEFENSIVE ALLIANCES: If one country in the alliance is attacked, the others will help. However, if one country in the alliance is an aggressor nation – the others are not obligated to help.

1870: Otto von Bismarck feared that France would try to seek revenge after the Franco-Prussian War & tried to isolate France.

o 1879: Austria-Hungary & Germany (The Dual Alliance)

o 1882: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy (The Triple Alliance) o 1890: A treaty between Russia & Germany lapsed after Bismarck was fired by Kaiser

Wilhelm II, who wanted more power for himself.

1892 & 1894: France & Russia

1904: Britain & France

1907: Britain, France, & Russia (The Triple Entente)

5. During World War I, the bolded groups above

represented the two main alliances. One of these

groups became known as the “Central Powers” the

other was called the “Allies.” Looking at the

information above and the map to the right, which

group do you think will be the Allies? Which group will

become the Central Powers?

Pag

e5

Pag

e6

The Spark that Started the War!

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand & his family are pictured to the left. Franz Ferdinand was the brother of Emperor Franz Joseph. Born in 1863, he had been privately educated and went on to serve in the Austro-Hungarian military. He met his wife Sophie von Chotkovato at a dance in Prague. Their marriage had been frowned upon by the royal family because she was not royalty, herself. Franz Ferdinand did not care and married her anyway even though it meant his children could never succeed to the throne. Theirs was a true love story. Over the next few years they had three children. In June of 1914, Sophie was pregnant with their fourth child.

Also in June of 1914, the royal couple were invited by General Oskar Potoirek (pictured to the right) to watch his troops perform military maneuvers in the newly annexed territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Archduke knew that it could be dangerous. Many people in Bosnia-Herzegovina were unhappy about the annexation and would have perferred to join with Serbia. The archduke knew that in 1910 a Serb had tried to kill the Austrian governor when he opened the Parliament in Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The attempted assassination was carried out by a member of a Serbian nationalist group that had formed in 1908, the same year that Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. The group was Narodna Odbrana (The People’s Defense). There was a large Serbian population in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Black Hand felt that they should join with Serbia.

Colonol Dragutin Dimitrijevic (pictured to the left) was one of the leaders of the Black Hand (offically called “Unity or Death,”) a secret military society founded in Serbia in 1911 that joined with Narodna Odbrana and made them into one group. By 1914 there were over 2000 members, many were Serbian army officers. Dimitrijevic was also chief of the Intelligence department in the Serbian Army. He considered Franz Ferdinand a serious threat to union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. He was worried the Ferdinand’s plans to to give the South Slavs of Bosnia-Heregovina some of the political concessions they were asking for would make an independent Serbian state more difficult to achieve. When the Archduke’s plans to visit Bosnia-Herzegovina were announced Dimitrijevic began to plan his assassination.

Dimitrijevic recruited three men to carry out the assassination. Each man was given a gun, two grenades, and a small vile of cyanide. Each man was told to commit suicide after the assassination so that none of them could be caputred and share vital information with the Austro-Hungarian government about the Black Hand. It was especially important that the Austro-Hungarian government never be made aware of Dimitrijevic’s involvenment, as he was a part of the Serbian army. The three men recruited were all suffering from Tuberculosis, which was a death sentence in the early 20th century anyway. Dying for their nation was considered a more honorable death

Pag

e7

Before 10 am on June 28, 1914 the Archduke and his wife, Sophie, arrived in Sarajevo by train. The Governor of Austrian provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, was waiting to take the royal party to the City Hall for the official reception. In the front car was the Mayor of Sarajevo and the city’s commissioner of Police. The Archduke and his wife were in the second car with the governor. The car’s convertible top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants. The local police were in charge of the security and had arrested 35 potential trouble makers. 120 police were on the route the royal family was taking to city hall.

Unknown to the police 7

members of the Black Hand

were also lining the route.

Spaced out, each one was

told to try to kill the

archduke when the car

reached his position.

The Assassin’s Locations on the above map: 1. Muhamed Mehmedbasic, 2. Nedjelko Cabrinovic, 3.

Vaso Cubrilovic, 4. Cvijetko Popovic, 5. Gavrilo Princip, 7. Trifko Grabez, 8. Danilo Ilic

The first conspirator to see the Archduke’s car was Muhamed Mehmedbasic(pictured

left). Standing by the Austro-Hungarian Bank, he lost his nerve and allowed the car to

pass without taking action. He later said that policeman was standing behind him and

he feared he would be arrested before he could throw the bomb.

Nedjelko Cabrinovic (pictured right) was the second to see the car. At

10:15am he stepped forward and hurled one of this grenade’s at the

Archduke’s car. The driver accelerated when he saw the object flying

towards him and the bomb exploded under the wheels of the next car.

The two occupants were seriously injured. About a dozen spectators were

hit by shrapnel.

After throwing his bomb Cabrinovic swallowed the cyanide he was carrying

and jumped into the River behind him. Unknown to Cabrinovic, the river was at its low

point for the year and was only about three feet deep; the poison was flawed as well. It

Pag

e8

was old and had lost its potency causing him to throw up on himself, but not

much more. He was arrested and immediately taken to prison for questioning.

After the attempted assassination, the Archduke’s driver went extremely fast

and other members of the Black Hand decided it was useless to try to kill the

archduke when the car was going so fast. They had failed at their task and

broke up. 19 year old Gavrilo Princip (pictured right), one of the would-be

assassins, went across the street to a deli called

Moritz Schiller's café (location number 6 on the

map on the previous page) for a sandwich.

Meanwhile, after attending the official reception

at City Hall, Franz Ferdinand asked about the injured members of his party

and was told they were badly injured and in the hospital. He insisted on

going to see them. A member of the archduke’s staff suggested it could be

dangerous but the Governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, who was responsible

for their safety & who was a proud man, replied “Do you think Sarajevo is

full of assassins?” Although he did suggest Sophie stay behind. She refused.

To avoid the center of the city the governor decided

the driver should travel directly down Appel Quay, but

forgot to tell the driver. On the way to the hospital

the driver took a right into Franz Joseph Street.

Gavrillo Principe had just exited Schiller’s, where he

had had lunch after the failed assassination attempt,

and was standing on the corner as the governor told

the driver he was

going the wrong

way. The driver

stepped on the

break, and went to back

up.

Principe stepped forward,

drew his gun, and at a

distance of about 5 feet,

fired several times into

the car. Before he could

turn the gun on himself, police officers seized Princip. According

to a fellow member of the Black Hand: “They beat him over the

head with the flat of their swords. They knocked him down, they kicked him, scraped the skin from his

neck with the edges of their swords, tortured him, all but killed him.

The next day they put chains on Princip's feet, which he wore till his death.... “

Pag

e9

Gravilo Princip

Franz Ferdinand had been shot in

the neck piercing his jugular vein.

Before losing consciousness he

pleaded “Sophie dear! Sophie

dear! Don’t Die! Stay alive for our

children!”

Sophie was hit in the abdomen.

The archduke, his wife, and their

unborn child died from their

wounds.

6. While in prison, Princip was awaked in the middle of the night to be

moved to another prison. He was said to have appealed to the

Governor: “There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away. I suggest

that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their

path to freedom.” What did he mean by this statement?

You will be asked to review several primary sources in the next part of this packet

that will help to explain why this conflict expanded from being just about Serbia &

Austria-Hungary, to a bigger conflict. Please read the sources carefully and answer

the questions at the end.

Pag

e10

6 July, 1914: The 'Blank Check'

After the assassination, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, drew up

a letter for the Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II, the Kaiser of Germany, to try and

convince both of Serbia's responsibility.

On July 6th, eight days after the assassination, Wilhelm II and his Imperial Chancellor, Theobald von

Bethmann-Hollweg, replied.

Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor, von Bethmann-Hollweg, to the German Ambassador at

Vienna. Tschirschky, July 6, 1914

Berlin, July 6, 1914

Confidential. For Your Excellency's personal information and guidance

The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador yesterday delivered to the Emperor a confidential personal letter

from the Emperor Francis Joseph, which depicts the present situation from the Austro-Hungarian point

of view, and describes the measures which Vienna has in view. A copy is now being forwarded to Your

Excellency.

I replied to Count Szagyeny today on behalf of His Majesty that His Majesty sends his thanks to the

Emperor Francis Joseph for his letter and would soon answer it personally. In the meantime His Majesty

desires to say that he is not blind to the danger which threatens Austria-Hungary and thus the Triple

Alliance as a result of the Russian and Serbian Pan-Slavic agitation. Even though His Majesty is known to

feel no unqualified confidence in Bulgaria and her ruler, and naturally inclines more toward our old ally

Romania and her Hohenzollern prince1, yet he quite understands that the Emperor Francis Joseph, in

view of the attitude of Romania and of the danger of a new Balkan alliance aimed directly at the Danube

Monarchy2, is anxious to bring about an understanding between Bulgaria and the Triple alliance [...]. His

Majesty will, further more, make an effort at Bucharest3, according to the wishes of the Emperor Francis

Joseph, to influence King Carol to the fulfillment of the duties of his alliance, to the renunciation of

Serbia, and to the suppression of the Romanian agitations directed against Austria-Hungary.

Finally, as far as concerns Serbia, His Majesty, of course, cannot interfere in the dispute now going on

between Austria-Hungary and that country, as it is a matter not within his competence. The Emperor

Francis Joseph may, however, rest assured that His Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is

required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.

BETHMANN-HOLLWEG

1 Remember, the Hohenzollerns also ruled Prussia, and then Germany.

2 The Danube River originates in southern Germany and runs through Austria & Hungary.

3 The capital of Romania.

Pag

e11

7. Why do you think this document referred to as “The Blank Check?” (Fyi: A check is

a document that can be filled out for an amount of money, and is used as a

promissory note to purchase things)

23 July, 1914: The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia The Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Berchtold, to the Minister at Belgrade4, von Giesl: (25 days after the assassination)

Vienna, July 22, 1914

Your Excellency will present the following note to the Royal Government on the afternoon of Thursday,

July 23: On the 31st of March, 1909, the Royal Serbian Minister at the Court of Vienna5 made, in the

name of his Government, the following declaration to the Imperial and Royal Government6:

Serbia recognizes that her rights were not affected by the state of affairs created in Bosnia, and states

that she will accordingly accommodate herself to the decisions to be reached by the Powers in

connection with Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin7. Serbia, in accepting the advice of the Great Powers,

binds herself to desist from the attitude of protest and opposition which she has assumed with regard to

the annexation since October last, and she furthermore binds herself to alter the tendency of her

present policy toward Austria-Hungary, and to live on the footing of friendly and neighborly relations

with the latter in the future.

Now the history of the past few years, and particularly the painful events of the 28th of June, have

proved the existence of a subversive movement in Serbia, whose object it is to separate certain portions

of its territory from the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. This movement, which came into being under the

very eyes of the Serbian Government, subsequently found expression outside of the territory of the

Kingdom in acts of terrorism, in a number of attempts at assassination, and in murders.

Far from fulfilling the formal obligations contained in its declaration of the 31st of March, 1909, the

Royal Serbian Government has done nothing to suppress this movement. It has tolerated the criminal

activities of the various unions and associations directed against the Monarchy, the unchecked 4 The capital of Serbia.

5 The capital of Austria.

6 Imperial & Royal Government always refers to Austria-Hungary. If you see “Royal Government” alone, it refers

to Serbia. 7 From the 1878 Treaty of Berlin Article 25 stated: "The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and

administered by Austria-Hungary." and continued "... Austria-Hungary reserves the right to maintain garrisons and

to have military and trading roads over the whole area of that portion of the ancient Vilayet of Bosnia."

Pag

e12

utterances of the press, the glorification of the authors of assassinations, the participation of officers

and officials in subversive intrigues; it has tolerated an unhealthy propaganda in its public instruction;

and it has tolerated, finally, every manifestation which could betray the people of Serbia into hatred of

the Monarchy and contempt for its institutions.

This toleration of which the Royal Serbian Government was guilty, was still in evidence at that moment

when the events of the twenty-eighth of June exhibited to the whole world the dreadful consequences

of such tolerance.

It is clear from the statements and confessions of the criminal authors of the assassination of the

twenty-eighth of June, that the murder at Sarajevo was conceived at Belgrade8, that the murderers

received the weapons and the bombs with which they were equipped from Serbian officers and officials

who belonged to the Narodna Odbrana, and, finally, that the dispatch of the criminals and of their

weapons to Bosnia was arranged and effected under the conduct of Serbian frontier authorities.

The results brought out by the inquiry no longer permit the Imperial and Royal Government to maintain

the attitude of patient tolerance which it has observed for years toward those agitations which center at

Belgrade and are spread thence into the territories of the Monarchy. Instead, these results impose upon

the Imperial and Royal Government the obligation to put an end to those intrigues, which constitute a

standing menace to the peace of the Monarchy.

In order to attain this end, the Imperial and Royal Government finds itself compelled to demand that the

Serbian Government give official assurance that it will condemn the propaganda directed against

Austria-Hungary, that is to say, the whole body of the efforts whose ultimate object it is to separate

from the Monarchy territories that belong to it; and that it will obligate itself to suppress with all the

means at its command this criminal and terroristic propaganda. In order to give these assurances a

character of solemnity, the Royal Serbian Government will publish on the first page of its official organ9

of July 26, 1914, the following declaration:

"The Royal Serbian Government condemns the propaganda directed against Austria-Hungary, that is

to say, the whole body of the efforts whose ultimate object it is to separate from the Austro-

Hungarian Monarchy territories that belong to it, and it most sincerely regrets the dreadful

consequences of these criminal transactions.

"The Royal Serbian Government regrets that Serbian officers and officials should have taken part in

the above-mentioned propaganda and thus have endangered the friendly and neighborly relations,

to the cultivation of which the Royal Government had most solemnly pledged itself by its

declarations of March 31, 1909.

"The Royal Government, which disapproves and repels every idea and every attempt to interfere in

the destinies of the population of whatever portion of Austria-Hungary, regards it as its duty most

expressly to call attention of the officers, officials, and the whole population of the kingdom to the

fact that for the future it will proceed with the utmost rigor against any persons who shall become

8 The capital of Serbia, referring here to the plot being hatched within the Serbian government.

9 The official Serbian newspaper.

Pag

e13

guilty of any such activities, activities to prevent and to suppress which, the Government will bend

every effort."

This declaration shall be brought to the attention of the Royal army simultaneously by an order of the

day from His Majesty the King, and by publication in the official organ of the army.

The Royal Serbian Government will furthermore pledge itself:

1. to suppress every publication which shall incite to hatred and contempt of the Monarchy, and the

general tendency of which shall be directed against the territorial integrity of the latter;

2. to proceed at once to the dissolution of the Narodna Odbrana to confiscate all of its means of

propaganda, and in the same manner to proceed against the other unions and associations in Serbia

which occupy themselves with propaganda against Austria-Hungary; the Royal Government will take

such measures as are necessary to make sure that the dissolved associations may not continue their

activities under other names or in other forms;

3. to eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, everything, whether connected with

the teaching corps or with the methods of teaching, that serves or may serve to nourish the

propaganda against Austria-Hungary;

4. to remove from the military and administrative service in general all officers and officials who

have been guilty of carrying on the propaganda against Austria-Hungary, whose names the Imperial

and Royal Government reserves the right to make known to the Royal Government when

communicating the material evidence now in its possession;

5. to agree to the cooperation in Serbia of the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government in the

suppression of the subversive movement directed against the integrity of the Monarchy;

6. to institute a judicial inquiry against every participant in the conspiracy of the twenty-eighth of

June who may be found in Serbian territory; the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government

delegated for this purpose will take part in the proceedings held for this purpose;

7. to undertake with all haste the arrest of Major Voislav Tankosic and of one Milan Ciganovitch, a

Serbian official, who have been compromised by the results of the inquiry;

8. by efficient measures to prevent the participation of Serbian authorities in the smuggling of

weapons and explosives across the frontier; to dismiss from the service and to punish severely those

members of the Frontier Service at Schabats and Losnitza who assisted the authors of the crime of

Sarajevo to cross the frontier;

9. to make explanations to the Imperial and Royal Government concerning the unjustifiable

utterances of high Serbian functionaries in Serbia and abroad, who, without regard for their official

position, have not hesitated to express themselves in a manner hostile toward Austria-Hungary

since the assassination of the twenty-eighth of June;

10. to inform the Imperial and Royal Government without delay of the execution of the measures

comprised in the foregoing points.

Pag

e14

The Imperial and Royal Government awaits the reply of the Royal Government by Saturday, the twenty-

fifth instant, at 6 p.m., at the latest.

A reminder of the results of the investigation about Sarajevo, to the extent they relate to the

functionaries named in points 7 and 8 [above], is appended to this note.«

Explain the significance of the Serbian declaration made on March 31, 1909.

8. According to Austro-Hungarian officials, how did Serbia break their promise?

9. How does Austria-Hungary claim that the Serbian government was involved in the

assassination of the Archduke and his wife?

10. What kinds of statements did Austria-Hungary want the Serbian government to

make about the assassination? What is the Austro-Hungarian government implying

in these statements?

11. What demands did Austria-Hungary make of Serbia?

Pag

e15

12. Do you think any of the demands were unreasonable? If so, list which ones and

explain why.

13. How long did Serbia have to reply to this message?

25 July, 1914: The Serbian Response to the Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum The Royal Government10 has received the communication of the Imperial and Royal Government11 of

the 23rd inst. and is convinced that its reply will dissipate any misunderstanding which threatens to

destroy the friendly and neighborly relations between the Austrian monarchy and the kingdom of

Serbia.

The Royal Government is conscious that nowhere there have been renewed protests against the great

neighborly monarchy like those which at one time were expressed in the Skuptschina, as well as in the

declaration and actions of the responsible representatives of the state at that time, and which were

terminated by the Serbian declaration of March 31st, 1909; furthermore that since that time neither the

different corporations of the kingdom, nor the officials have made an attempt to alter the political and

judicial condition created in Bosnia and the Herzegovina. The Royal Government states that the I. and R.

[Imperial and Royal] Government has made no protestation in this sense excepting in the case of a

textbook, in regard to which the I. and R. Government has received an entirely satisfactory explanation.

Serbia has given during the time of the Balkan crisis in numerous cases evidence of her pacific12 and

moderate policy, and it is only owing to Serbia and the sacrifices which she has brought in the interest of

the peace of Europe that this peace has been preserved.

The Royal Government cannot be made responsible for expressions of a private character, as for

instance newspaper articles and the peaceable work of societies, expressions which are of very common

appearance in other countries, and which ordinarily are not under the control of the state. This, all the

less, as the Royal Government has shown great courtesy in the solution of a whole series of questions

which have arisen between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, whereby it has succeeded to solve the greater

number thereof, in favor of the progress of both countries.

The Royal Government was therefore painfully surprised by the assertions that citizens of Serbia had

participated in the preparations of the outrage in Sarajevo. The Government expected to be invited to

10

The Serbian Government 11

The Austro-Hungarian Government. 12

Peaceful.

Pag

e16

cooperate in the investigation of the crime, and it was ready, in order to prove its complete correctness,

to proceed against all persons in regard to whom it would receive information.

According to the wishes of the I. and R. Government, the Royal Government is prepared to surrender to

the court, without regard to position and rank, every Serbian citizen for whose participation in the crime

of Sarajevo it should have received proof. It binds itself particularly on the first page of the official organ

of the 26th of July to publish the following enunciation:

The Royal Serbian Government condemns every propaganda which should be directed against

Austria-Hungary, i.e., the entirety of such activities as aim towards the separation of certain

territories from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and it regrets sincerely the lamentable

consequences of these criminal machinations....

The Royal Government regrets that according to a communication of the I. and R. Government certain

Serbian officers and functionaries have participated in the propaganda just referred to, and that these

have there fore endangered the amicable relations for the observation of which the Royal Government

had solemnly obliged itself through the declaration of March 31st, 1909....

The Royal Government binds itself further:

1. During the next regular meeting of the Skuptschina to embody in the press laws a clause, to wit, that

the incitement to hatred of, and contempt for, the Monarchy is to be most severely punished, as well as

every publication whose general tendency is directed against the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary.

It binds itself in view of the coming revision of the constitution to embody an amendment into Art. 22 of

the constitutional law which permits the confiscation of such publications as is at present impossible

according to the clear definition of Art. 12 of the constitution.

2. The Government possesses no proofs and the note of the I. and R. Government does not submit them

that the society _Narodna_ _Odbrana_ and other similar societies have committed, up to the present,

any criminal actions of this manner through any one of their members. Notwithstanding this, the Royal

Government will accept the demand of the I. and R. Government and dissolve the society _Narodna_

_Odbrana_, as well as every society which should set against Austria-Hungary.

3. The Royal Serbian Government binds itself without delay to eliminate from the public instruction in

Serbia anything which might further the propaganda directed against Austria-Hungary provided the I.

and R. Government furnishes actual proofs of this propaganda.

4. The Royal Government is also ready to dismiss those officers and officials from the military and civil

services in regard to whom it has been proved by judicial investigation that they have been guilty of

actions against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy; it expects that the I. and R. Government

communicate to it for the purpose of starting the investigation the names of these officers and officials,

and the facts with which they have been charged.

5. The Royal Government confesses that it is not clear about the sense and the scope of that demand of

the I. and R. Government which concerns the obligation on the part of the Royal Serbian Government to

permit the cooperation of officials of the I. and R. Government on Serbian territory, but it declares that

Pag

e17

it is willing to accept every cooperation which does not run counter to international law and criminal

law, as well as to the friendly and neighborly relations.

6. The Royal Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all

those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory. As far as

the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the I. and R. Government is

concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure.

Yet in some cases the result of the investigation might be communicated to the Austro-Hungarian

officials.

7. The Royal Government has ordered on the evening of the day on which the note was received the

arrest of Major Voislar Tankosic. However, as far as Milan Ciganovitch is concerned, who is a citizen of

the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and who has been employed till June 28th with the Railroad

Department, it has as yet been impossible to locate him, wherefore a warrant has been issued against

him.

The I. and R. Government is asked to make known, as soon as possible for the purpose of conducting the

investigation, the existing grounds for suspicion and the proofs of guilt, obtained in the investigation at

Sarajevo.

8. The Serbian Government will amplify and render more severe the existing measures against the

suppression of smuggling of arms and explosives.

It is a matter of course that it will proceed at once against, and punish severely, those officials of the

frontier service on the line Shabatz-Loznica who violated their duty and who have permitted the

perpetrators of the crime to cross the frontier.

9. The Royal Government is ready to give explanations about the expressions which its officials in Serbia

and abroad have made in interviews after the outrage and which, according to the assertion of the I. and

R. Government, were hostile to the Monarchy. As soon as the I. and R. Government points out in detail

where those expressions were made and succeeds in proving that those expressions have actually been

made by the functionaries concerned, the Royal Government itself will take care that the necessary

evidences and proofs are collected.

10. The Royal Government will notify the I. and R. Government, so far as this has not been already done

by the present note, of the execution of the measures in question as soon as one of those measures has

been ordered and put into execution.

The Royal Serbian Government believes it to be to the common interest not to rush the solution of this

affair and it is therefore, in case the I. and R. Government should not consider itself satisfied with this

answer, ready, as ever, to accept a peaceable solution, be it by referring the decision of this question to

the International Court at The Hague or by leaving it to the decision of the Great Powers who have

participated in the working out of the declaration given by the Serbian Government on March 18/31st,

1909.

14. What are the goals of Serbia in this reply?

Pag

e18

15. In the second, third, and fourth paragraphs, what is Serbia trying to

explain to Austria-Hungary?

16. Which of Austria-Hungary’s demands did Serbia object to?

28 July, 1914: The Austro-Hungarian Declaration of War on Serbia

"At 11:10 A.M. on July 28, 1914, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Minister for

Foreign Affairs, sent the following telegram from Vienna to M. N. Pashitch, Serbian Prime Minister and

Minister for Foreign Affairs. This declaration of war was received at Nish at 12:30 P.M."

[Telegraphic]

Vienna, July 28, 1914

The Royal Serbian Government not having answered in a satisfactory manner the note of July 23, 1914,

presented by the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade, the Imperial and Royal Government are

themselves compelled to see to the safeguarding of their rights and interests, and, with this object, to

have recourse to force of arms. Austria-Hungary consequently considers herself henceforward in state

of war with Serbia.

COUNT BERCHTOLD

17. . Why did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia? How did

imperialism, alliances, militarism, and nationalism lead to this point?

Pag

e19

Kaiser Wilhelm II and Czar Nicholas II were cousins. They called each other Willy & Nicky. They only

reverted to their formal names when they were upset with each other. The following were secret

telegrams between them before the start of WWI.

Tsar to Kaiser, July 29, 1:00 A.M.

Peter's Court Palais, 29 July 1914

Am glad you are back. In this serious moment, I appeal to you to help me. An ignoble war has been

declared to a weak country. The indignation in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I foresee that very

soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures

which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war I beg you in the name of our

old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.

Nicky

Kaiser to Tsar, July 29, 6:30 P.M.

Berlin, 29. July 1914

I received your telegram and share your wish that peace should be maintained. But as I told you in my

first telegram, I cannot consider Austria's action against Serbia an "ignoble" war. Austria knows by

experience that Serbian promises on paper are wholly unreliable. I understand its action must be judged

as trending to get full guarantee that the Serbian promises shall become real facts. This, my reasoning, is

borne out by the statement of the Austrian cabinet that Austria does not want to make any territorial

conquests at the expense of Serbia. I therefore suggest that it would be quite possible for Russia to

remain a spectator of the Austro-Serbian conflict without involving Europe in the most horrible war she

ever witnessed. I think a direct understanding between your Government and Vienna possible and

desirable, and as I already telegraphed to you, my Government is continuing its exercises to promote it.

Of course military measures on the part of Russia would be looked upon by Austria as a calamity we both

wish to avoid and jeopardize my position as mediator which I readily accepted on your appeal to my

friendship and my help.

Willy

Tsar to Kaiser, July 30, 1:20 A.M.

Peter's Court Palais, 30 July 1914

Thank you heartily for your quick answer. Am sending Tatischev this evening with instructions. The

military measures which have now come into force were decided five days ago for reasons of defense on

account of Austria's preparations. I hope from all my heart that these measures won't in any way interfere

with your part as mediator which I greatly value. We need your strong pressure on Austria to come to an

understanding with us.

Pag

e20

Nicky

Kaiser to Tsar, July 30, 1:20 A.M.

Berlin, 30. July 1914

Best thanks for telegram. It is quite out of the question that my ambassador’s language could have been

in contradiction with the tenor of my telegram. Count Pourtalès was instructed to draw the attention of

your government to the danger & grave consequences involved by a mobilization; I said the same in my

telegram to you. Austria has only mobilized against Serbia & only a part of her army. If, as it is now the

case, according to the communication by you & your Government, Russia mobilizes against Austria, my

role as mediator you kindly entrusted me with, & which I accepted at you[r] express prayer, will be

endangered if not ruined. The whole weight of the decision lies solely on you[r] shoulders now, who have

to bear the responsibility for Peace or War.

Willy

Kaiser to Tsar, July 31

Berlin, 31. July 1914

On your appeal to my friendship and your call for assistance began to mediate between your and the

Austro-Hungarian Government. While this action was proceeding your troops were mobilized against

Austro-Hungary, my ally. Thereby, as I have already pointed out to you, my mediation has been made

almost illusory.

I have nevertheless continued my action. I now receive authentic news of serious preparations for war on

my Eastern frontier. Responsibility for the safety of my empire forces preventive measures of defense

upon me. In my endeavors to maintain the peace of the world I have gone to the utmost limit possible.

The responsibility for the disaster which is now threatening the whole civilized world will not be laid at my

door. In this moment it still lies in your power to avert it. Nobody is threatening the honor or power of

Russia who can well afford to await the result of my mediation. My friendship for you and your empire,

transmitted to me by my grandfather on his deathbed has always been sacred to me and I have honestly

often backed up Russia when she was in serious trouble especially in her last war.

The peace of Europe may still be maintained by you, if Russia will agree to stop the military measures

which must threaten Germany and Austro-Hungary.

Willy

Pag

e21

Tsar to Kaiser, July 31

Petersburg, Palace, 31 July 1914

I thank you heartily for your mediation which begins to give one hope that all may yet end peacefully. It

is technically impossible to stop our military preparations which were obligatory owing to Austria's

mobilization. We are far from wishing war. As long as the negotiations with Austria on Serbia’s account

are taking place my troops shall not make any provocative action. I give you my solemn word for this. I

put all my trust in Gods mercy and hope in your successful mediation in Vienna for the welfare of our

countries and for the peace of Europe.

Your affectionate

Nicky

Kaiser to Tsar, August 1

Berlin, 1. August 1914

Thanks for your telegram. I yesterday pointed out to your government the way by which alone war may be

avoided. Although I requested an answer for noon today, no telegram from my ambassador conveying an

answer from your Government has reached me as yet. I therefore have been obliged to mobilize my

army.

Immediate affirmative clear and unmistakable answer from your government is the only way to avoid

endless misery. Until I have received this answer alas, I am unable to discuss the subject of your

telegram. As a matter of fact I must request you to immediately order your troops on no account to

commit the slightest act of trespassing over our frontiers.

Willy

18. In the first telegram, what does Czar Nicholas think of about the

Austro-Hungarian declaration of War on Serbia? Who is the “old ally” he

wants Kaiser Wilhelm to appear to? What do you think he wants Kaiser

Wilhelm to do?

19. In the second telegram, what does Kaiser Wilhelm want Russia to do?

Pag

e22

20. In the third telegram, what military measures for defense do you think

Czar Nicholas is referring to?

21. In the fourth telegram, why does Kaiser Nicholas say that the

responsibility for peace or war is now on the shoulders of Russia?

22. Referring to the fifth telegram: In 1914, what country was on the

eastern border of Germany. You may want to refer to maps earlier in this

packet. What country is now mobilizing troops on the eastern border of

Germany?

23. Referring to the sixth telegram: What country is Russia protecting?

From what you have learned in other parts of this packet, why is Russia

protecting this country?

24. In the seventh telegram, Kaiser Wilhelm reveals that he has also

mobilized his troops. Why did he do so?

Pag

e23

25. From what you have read so far, which country is most responsible for

the start of WWI: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, or Serbia?