World History Chapter 4 The Rise of Ancient Greece 12/13/2015John 3:161

World HistoryWorld History

Chapter 4Chapter 4

The Rise of Ancient The Rise of Ancient GreeceGreece

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Chapter 4, Section 1, Chapter 4, Section 1, BeginningsBeginnings

The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Aegean CivilizationsAegean Civilizations Poets and HeroesPoets and Heroes A Family of DeitiesA Family of Deities

Overview

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ObjectivesObjectives

Understand how being close Understand how being close to the sea made the Greeks to the sea made the Greeks seafarersseafarers

Know where and how the Know where and how the early civilizations of Greece early civilizations of Greece developeddeveloped

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Terms to KnowTerms to Know Labyrinth: A Labyrinth: A

maze; e.g. maze; e.g. passages or passages or hallways hallways twisting and twisting and turning in all turning in all directionsdirections

Bard: A singing Bard: A singing storyteller. storyteller. Bards were Bards were used in the used in the “dark age’” to “dark age’” to keep traditions keep traditions alive.alive.

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

Sir Arthur EvansSir Arthur Evans The MinoansThe Minoans The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans HomerHomer Heinrich SchliemannHeinrich Schliemann

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Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

CreteCrete MycenaeMycenae

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Did You Know?Did You Know? One of the adventures in Homer’s One of the adventures in Homer’s

“Odyssey” involved a one-eyed “Odyssey” involved a one-eyed giant—called a Cyclops—who shut giant—called a Cyclops—who shut Odysseus in his cave and blocked Odysseus in his cave and blocked the entrance with a huge rock. the entrance with a huge rock. Odysseus made the Cyclops Odysseus made the Cyclops drunk, blinded him by driving a drunk, blinded him by driving a burning stake into his eye while burning stake into his eye while he slept, and escaped by clinging he slept, and escaped by clinging to the belly of a sheep let out to to the belly of a sheep let out to pasture. pasture.

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The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Greece is made up largely of low-lying Greece is made up largely of low-lying

rugged mountains and a long, indented rugged mountains and a long, indented coastline; the mountains both protected and coastline; the mountains both protected and isolated Ancient Greeks on the mainland, isolated Ancient Greeks on the mainland, who never united under one government.who never united under one government.

The Greeks did speak one language and had The Greeks did speak one language and had the same religionthe same religion

Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea; Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea; the mild climate allowed Greeks to spend the mild climate allowed Greeks to spend much of their time outdoorsmuch of their time outdoors

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The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Greeks turned to become fishers, Greeks turned to become fishers,

traders and pirates.traders and pirates. The climate allowed people to The climate allowed people to

spend time outdoors, assembling spend time outdoors, assembling for meetings and performing for meetings and performing plays.plays.

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Aegean Civilizations Aegean Civilizations The MinoansThe Minoans

Greek myth referred to the existence Greek myth referred to the existence of an early civilization on the island of of an early civilization on the island of Crete; archaeologists have since Crete; archaeologists have since unearthed remains of this unearthed remains of this Minoan Minoan civilization, which flourished from civilization, which flourished from about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The Minoans Minoans were the first were the first in the Aegean Region.in the Aegean Region.

British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who discovered Minoan remains about who discovered Minoan remains about 1900 A.D. 1900 A.D.

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The Minoans (cont)The Minoans (cont) The Minoan civilization, which earned its The Minoan civilization, which earned its

living from sea trade, reached its peak living from sea trade, reached its peak around 1600 B.C.; it collapsed about 250 around 1600 B.C.; it collapsed about 250 years later.years later. Both men and women curled their hair, Both men and women curled their hair,

bedecked themselves with gold jewelry, set bedecked themselves with gold jewelry, set off narrow waists with wide metal belts.off narrow waists with wide metal belts.

Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than many other civilizations.many other civilizations.

Minoan ships help keep the seas free from Minoan ships help keep the seas free from piratespirates

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The Minoans (cont)The Minoans (cont)

Minoan ships dominated the Minoan ships dominated the Mediterranean Mediterranean

Ships protected coast—no need Ships protected coast—no need for wallsfor walls

The destruction or collapse of The destruction or collapse of the Minoan civilization believed the Minoan civilization believed by a tidal wave after an by a tidal wave after an earthquake or from attack from earthquake or from attack from MycenaeansMycenaeans

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Aegean Civilizations Aegean Civilizations The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans, from Indo-The Mycenaeans, from Indo-European peoples of central Asia, European peoples of central Asia, began moving from their homeland began moving from their homeland around 2000 B.C. around 2000 B.C.

When they entered the Balkan When they entered the Balkan Peninsula, the Mycenaeans Peninsula, the Mycenaeans intermarried with local people, intermarried with local people, known as the Hellenes, and set up a known as the Hellenes, and set up a group of kingdoms.group of kingdoms.04/21/23 John 3:16 13

The Mycenaeans (con’t)The Mycenaeans (con’t) The palaces in the center of The palaces in the center of

Mycenae served as government Mycenae served as government officesoffices

The Mycenaeans adopted many The Mycenaeans adopted many Minoan cultural elements: Minoan cultural elements: metalworking, shipbuilding, and metalworking, shipbuilding, and navagationnavagation

Each kingdom created centered Each kingdom created centered around a hilltop. Stone walls around a hilltop. Stone walls circled the fortress.circled the fortress.

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The Mycenaeans (cont)The Mycenaeans (cont)

Made swords of bronzeMade swords of bronze Kept good records and collected Kept good records and collected

taxes based on wealthtaxes based on wealth WheatWheat LivestockLivestock HoneyHoney

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The Mycenaeans and the The Mycenaeans and the DoriansDorians

By the mid-1400s B.C.,the By the mid-1400s B.C.,the Mycenaeans had conquered the Mycenaeans had conquered the Minoans and controlled the Minoans and controlled the Aegean area Aegean area

Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Greek-speaking Greek-speaking Dorians Dorians conquered Greece from the Northconquered Greece from the North Myceneaen walls weakened by civil Myceneaen walls weakened by civil

warwar Dorians had iron weapons Dorians had iron weapons

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The Mycenaeans, Dorians, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ioniansand Ionians

Historians call the next 300 years of Greek Historians call the next 300 years of Greek history a “dark age” because overseas trade history a “dark age” because overseas trade stopped, people lost skills, and poverty stopped, people lost skills, and poverty increased.increased.

Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian influence and go to Aegean islands and across influence and go to Aegean islands and across the Aegean Sea to Asian Minor and a place the Aegean Sea to Asian Minor and a place called called Ionia.Ionia.

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The Mycenaeans, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and IoniansDorians, and Ionians

By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced culture, crafts and skills to Greece…culture, crafts and skills to Greece…mostly Mycenaean. mostly Mycenaean.

New Greek culture called New Greek culture called HellenicHellenic flourished from 700s until 336 B.C. flourished from 700s until 336 B.C.

Ionians introduce Phoenician Ionians introduce Phoenician alphabet and other cultural elements alphabet and other cultural elements in Ionia and their former homeland. in Ionia and their former homeland.

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The Mycenaeans, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and IoniansDorians, and Ionians

The Phoenician alphabet limits The Phoenician alphabet limits Greek reading and writing to just Greek reading and writing to just 24 letters and made learning 24 letters and made learning simpler. simpler.

The Dorian “Dark Ages” went The Dorian “Dark Ages” went away and a new Greek civilization away and a new Greek civilization formed from mostly Mycenaean formed from mostly Mycenaean elements. elements.

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Poets and HeroesPoets and Heroes

During “Dark Ages”, bards—singing During “Dark Ages”, bards—singing story tellers—kept Mycenaean story tellers—kept Mycenaean traditions alivetraditions alive

Now able to write, Greeks began to Now able to write, Greeks began to record bard storiesrecord bard stories

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The Iliad and the The Iliad and the OdysseyOdyssey

According to tradition, an eighth-According to tradition, an eighth-century B.C. blind poet named century B.C. blind poet named Homer composed the two most Homer composed the two most famous Greek epics famous Greek epics ““Iliad” and the “Odyssey” Iliad” and the “Odyssey” Set during and after the legendary Set during and after the legendary

Trojan War in the mid-1200s B.C.Trojan War in the mid-1200s B.C. Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s

A.DA.D. .

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Iliad begins with Trojan prince falling in Iliad begins with Trojan prince falling in love with Helen, wife of Mycenaean love with Helen, wife of Mycenaean kingking

He takes her with him to TroyHe takes her with him to Troy Avenging Helen’s kidnapping, Avenging Helen’s kidnapping,

Mycenaeans lay siege to Troy for 10 Mycenaeans lay siege to Troy for 10 yearsyears

Unable to capture the city, Mycenaeans Unable to capture the city, Mycenaeans resort to trickery, using a wooden horse resort to trickery, using a wooden horse to gain entry to gain entry

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According to IlliadAccording to Illiad Trojan War lasted 10 yearsTrojan War lasted 10 years Troy in present day TurkeyTroy in present day Turkey Greeks built large wooden horse Greeks built large wooden horse

Soldiers hid in bellySoldiers hid in belly Gave to Troy as gift and pretended to sail Gave to Troy as gift and pretended to sail

awayaway Once inside gates, Greek soldiers leapt out Once inside gates, Greek soldiers leapt out

and conquered Troyand conquered Troy

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The Iliad and the Odyssey are epic The Iliad and the Odyssey are epic poems, not reliable historic accounts poems, not reliable historic accounts of the Trojan Warof the Trojan War

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The Odyssey describes the wonderings of the The Odyssey describes the wonderings of the Mycenaean king, Odysseus, and his return to his Mycenaean king, Odysseus, and his return to his faithful wifefaithful wife

His 10-year journey resulted in people referring His 10-year journey resulted in people referring to any long, adventure-filled journey as a odyssey to any long, adventure-filled journey as a odyssey

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The Illiad and the The Illiad and the OdysseyOdyssey

Schools in ancient Greece used Schools in ancient Greece used Homer’s epics to teach values. Homer’s epics to teach values.

His epics talked about values such His epics talked about values such as courage and honoras courage and honor..

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Teaching Greek ValuesTeaching Greek Values

The Iliad and Odyssey also The Iliad and Odyssey also represented of the thingsrepresented of the things Love of natureLove of nature Husband and wife relationshipsHusband and wife relationships Tender feelingsTender feelings Loyalty between friendsLoyalty between friends Strive for excellenceStrive for excellence Meet life with dignityMeet life with dignity

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A Family of DeitiesA Family of Deities Explained why people behaved like that Explained why people behaved like that Why their lives took a certain direction.Why their lives took a certain direction. More than other civilizations, the Greeks More than other civilizations, the Greeks

humanized their deitieshumanized their deities The Greeks didn’t fear their gods, they The Greeks didn’t fear their gods, they

approached their gods with dignityapproached their gods with dignity They humanized their godsThey humanized their gods Their gods took human formTheir gods took human form Their gods possessed super-human powersTheir gods possessed super-human powers Tried to be like them—striving for excellenceTried to be like them—striving for excellence

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Gods and GoddessesGods and Goddesses Greeks took features of both Greeks took features of both

Minoan and Mycenaean godsMinoan and Mycenaean gods Each community took a particular Each community took a particular

god or goddess as its patron and god or goddess as its patron and protectorprotector

Greeks believed 12 most important Greeks believed 12 most important deities lived on Mount Olympus deities lived on Mount Olympus

Believed that each controlled a Believed that each controlled a specific part of the natural world, specific part of the natural world, e.g. Zeus, the chief god ruled the e.g. Zeus, the chief god ruled the sky, weather and thunderstormssky, weather and thunderstorms

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Gods and GoddessesGods and Goddesses

Apollo, god of light, drove the sun Apollo, god of light, drove the sun across the sky every day in his chariotacross the sky every day in his chariot

Apollo considered god of prophecyApollo considered god of prophecy Brought gifts to oracle at Delphi honoring Brought gifts to oracle at Delphi honoring

himhim Asked for hidden knowledge to be Asked for hidden knowledge to be

revealedrevealed Priests and priestesses would interpret Priests and priestesses would interpret

Apollo’s answers to questionsApollo’s answers to questions

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Gods and Goddesses Gods and Goddesses

As Hellenic civilization developed, As Hellenic civilization developed, certain religious festivals became certain religious festivals became part of Greek life—including the part of Greek life—including the Olympic GamesOlympic Games Held in city of OlympiaHeld in city of Olympia ““For the greater glory of Zeus” For the greater glory of Zeus” Drama (a celebration of Dionysus, the Drama (a celebration of Dionysus, the

god of wine and fertility).god of wine and fertility).

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Gods and GoddessesGods and Goddesses

Originted the playOriginted the play Celebrated of DionysusCelebrated of Dionysus Audience around on hillsideAudience around on hillside Told stories and danced to the fluteTold stories and danced to the flute Permanent amphitheaters appeared Permanent amphitheaters appeared

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Chapter 4, Section 2, The PolisChapter 4, Section 2, The Polis

Greek Colonies Greek Colonies and Tradeand Trade

The Typical PolisThe Typical PolisPolitical and Political and Social ChangeSocial Change

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ObjectivesObjectives Know how economic Know how economic

prosperity brought prosperity brought significant political and significant political and social changes to the Greek social changes to the Greek city-statescity-states

Understand that the Greeks Understand that the Greeks founded colonies throughout founded colonies throughout the area of the the area of the Mediterranean and Black Mediterranean and Black SeasSeas

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Terms to KnowTerms to Know Polis: a city-state; the basic political unit of Polis: a city-state; the basic political unit of

the Hellenic civilizationthe Hellenic civilization Citizen: those who take part in governmentCitizen: those who take part in government Aristocrat: nobles; members of the upper Aristocrat: nobles; members of the upper

classclass Phalanx: rows of soldiers using their shields Phalanx: rows of soldiers using their shields

to form a wallto form a wall Tyrant: a person seizing power of a city-Tyrant: a person seizing power of a city-

state and controlling itstate and controlling it Oligarchy: where a few wealthy people hold Oligarchy: where a few wealthy people hold

powerpower Democracy: a government by the people Democracy: a government by the people

where power lies in the hands of the peoplewhere power lies in the hands of the people

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AthensAthens SpartaSparta

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The Typical PolisThe Typical Polis A typical polis included a city A typical polis included a city

and the surrounding villages, and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards; on the fields, and orchards; on the top of the acropolis in the top of the acropolis in the center of the city stood the center of the city stood the temple of the local deity, and temple of the local deity, and at the foot of the acropolis at the foot of the acropolis citizens gathered to carry out citizens gathered to carry out public affairs—the agora. public affairs—the agora.

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The Typical Polis The Typical Polis The The citizens citizens of a polis had both rights and of a polis had both rights and

responsibilities.responsibilities. The could vote, hold public office, speak The could vote, hold public office, speak

for themselves, and own property.for themselves, and own property. They were expected to serve in They were expected to serve in

government and defend the polis in war. government and defend the polis in war. Citizens, however, made up only a minority Citizens, however, made up only a minority

of the residents of the polis; slaves, foreign-of the residents of the polis; slaves, foreign-born residents, and women had no political born residents, and women had no political or legal rights.or legal rights.

Before 500 B.C., men not owning land were Before 500 B.C., men not owning land were excluded excluded

The “agora” served as the polis political The “agora” served as the polis political center center

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Greek Colonies and TradeGreek Colonies and Trade By 700 B.C. Greek farmers no By 700 B.C. Greek farmers no

longer grew enough grain to feed longer grew enough grain to feed everyone, so each polis sent out everyone, so each polis sent out groups of people to establish groups of people to establish colonies in coastal areas.colonies in coastal areas.

Each colony kept close ties with Each colony kept close ties with its mainland metropolis, its mainland metropolis, supplying grain and exporting supplying grain and exporting the mainland’s excess wine, olive the mainland’s excess wine, olive oil, and other cash crops.oil, and other cash crops.

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Greek Colonies and Trade Greek Colonies and Trade Soon, the Greeks replaced their Soon, the Greeks replaced their

barter system with a money economy, barter system with a money economy, and expanded overseas trade.and expanded overseas trade. Merchants started issuing coinsMerchants started issuing coins Cities soon over this responsibilityCities soon over this responsibility

The cities of Ionia in Asia Minor The cities of Ionia in Asia Minor assumed leadership in a growing assumed leadership in a growing textile industry; pottery made in textile industry; pottery made in Ionia was the earliest Greek pottery Ionia was the earliest Greek pottery to be exported. to be exported.

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Political and Social ChangePolitical and Social Change Economic growth changed Greek political Economic growth changed Greek political

life; where once kings had ruled, life; where once kings had ruled, landholding aristocrats took power.landholding aristocrats took power. Aristocrats would supply military forces Aristocrats would supply military forces

for king’s venturesfor king’s ventures Farmers became indebted to landowners Farmers became indebted to landowners

and had difficulty repaying loans, often and had difficulty repaying loans, often selling themselves into slavery selling themselves into slavery

Disputes arose between the aristocrats and Disputes arose between the aristocrats and farmers, who demanded political reforms.farmers, who demanded political reforms.

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Political and Social Political and Social ChangeChange

As Greek armies came to rely on foot As Greek armies came to rely on foot soldiers (generally farmers) more soldiers (generally farmers) more than cavalry (generally aristocrats), than cavalry (generally aristocrats), aristocrats began to lose influence.aristocrats began to lose influence. Farmers provide the core of the Farmers provide the core of the

phalanxphalanx—closely arrayed rows of —closely arrayed rows of soldiers with solid row of shieldssoldiers with solid row of shields

Merchants and artisans began Merchants and artisans began demanding change—wanted polis to demanding change—wanted polis to advance business interestsadvance business interests

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As a result of the unrest, As a result of the unrest, tyrannies arose, in which one tyrannies arose, in which one man seized power and ruled the man seized power and ruled the polis single-handedly.polis single-handedly.

Most tyrants ruled fairly, but a Most tyrants ruled fairly, but a few gave the term “tyrant” a bad few gave the term “tyrant” a bad namename

Tyrants ruled until 500 B.C.Tyrants ruled until 500 B.C.

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After the reign of tyrants, most After the reign of tyrants, most city-states become either city-states become either oligarchiesoligarchies or or democraciesdemocracies

The most famous democracy in The most famous democracy in Greece was Greece was Athens,Athens, and the most and the most famous oligarchy was famous oligarchy was SpartaSparta

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Chapter 4, Section 3, RivalsChapter 4, Section 3, Rivals

SpartaSparta AthensAthens Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy

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ObjectivesObjectivesKnow the difference Know the difference between the values, between the values, cultures, and cultures, and achievements achievements represented by Sparta represented by Sparta and those represented and those represented by Athensby Athens

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Terms to DefineTerms to Define

Constitution: The plan Constitution: The plan of governmentof government

Rhetoric: The art of Rhetoric: The art of public speakingpublic speaking

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People to KnowPeople to KnowDracoDracoSolonSolonPeisistratusPeisistratusCleisthenesCleisthenes

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Places to LocatePlaces to LocatePeloponnesusPeloponnesusAtticaAttica

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SpartaSparta The descendents of the The descendents of the

Dorian invaders of the dark Dorian invaders of the dark age founded Sparta, located age founded Sparta, located in Peloponnesus, a peninsula in Peloponnesus, a peninsula of southern Greece.of southern Greece.

Instead of founding overseas Instead of founding overseas colonies, the Spartans colonies, the Spartans invaded neighboring city-invaded neighboring city-states and enslaved the local states and enslaved the local people.people.

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SpartaSparta The Spartans owned many slaves The Spartans owned many slaves

known as helots. They farmed known as helots. They farmed Spartan estates.Spartan estates.

A group of Free individuals called A group of Free individuals called “perioeci” were artisans and “perioeci” were artisans and merchants from conquered territories merchants from conquered territories who worked for the Spartans.who worked for the Spartans.

Together, these two groups Together, these two groups outnumbered the Spartans 200,000 to outnumbered the Spartans 200,000 to 10,000. 10,000.

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SpartaSparta

Around 650 B.C. the slaves Around 650 B.C. the slaves revolted against their Spartan revolted against their Spartan masters; masters;

Took 30 years to quell the revolt Took 30 years to quell the revolt The Spartans decided to The Spartans decided to

maintain power by establishing a maintain power by establishing a military society military society

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A Military SocietyA Military Society All life in Sparta revolved around the All life in Sparta revolved around the

army.army. Men strove to be first-rate soldiersMen strove to be first-rate soldiers Women worked to be good mothers Women worked to be good mothers

of soldiersof soldiers Spartans didn’t like other Greeks Spartans didn’t like other Greeks

who chose to live behind walls for who chose to live behind walls for protectionprotection

Spartan men provided the best Spartan men provided the best protection.protection.

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A Military SocietyA Military Society Spartan women given more freedom Spartan women given more freedom

than other Greek women and were than other Greek women and were brought up to be healthy like Spartan brought up to be healthy like Spartan men.men.

Women could not take part in Women could not take part in government.government.

Newborn infants were examined by Newborn infants were examined by the government to determine health. the government to determine health.

Unhealthy babies were placed on a Unhealthy babies were placed on a hillside at night to die. hillside at night to die.

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A Military SocietyA Military Society At age 7, Boys placed in military At age 7, Boys placed in military

trainingtraining Taken from home and placed in barracksTaken from home and placed in barracks Reading, writing, and use of weaponsReading, writing, and use of weapons

At 20, they were soldiersAt 20, they were soldiers Sent to frontier areasSent to frontier areas

At 30, they were expected to marryAt 30, they were expected to marry But did not maintain households of their But did not maintain households of their

ownown Lived in barracks until 60, then retired Lived in barracks until 60, then retired

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Role of WomenRole of Women

Raised to be healthyRaised to be healthy Given as much food as men, unlike Given as much food as men, unlike

rest of Greecerest of Greece Girls trainedGirls trained

WrestlingWrestling GymnasticsGymnastics Boxing Boxing

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Role of WomenRole of Women Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece)Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece)

Increased likelihood of healthy babyIncreased likelihood of healthy baby More rights accorded Spartan womenMore rights accorded Spartan women

Could shop marketplaceCould shop marketplace Attend dinners with non-family members Attend dinners with non-family members Own property in their namesOwn property in their names Express opinions in publicExpress opinions in public

Could Could notnot participate in polis participate in polis government government

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Sparta’s Government Sparta’s Government

• There were two Spartan kings—an oligarchy

• Didn’t have much power• Primarily religious and military leadership

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Sparta’s GovernmentSparta’s Government The Assembly was made up of all males The Assembly was made up of all males

over 20 and passed laws and made over 20 and passed laws and made decisions on war and peace.decisions on war and peace.

Each year, the Assembly elected five Each year, the Assembly elected five ephors who could veto laws and ephors who could veto laws and performed certain administration performed certain administration functions.functions.

A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, proposed laws to Assembly and served as proposed laws to Assembly and served as a supreme courta supreme court..

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Result of MilitarismResult of Militarism Succeeded in holding power over Succeeded in holding power over

perioeci and helots for 250 yearsperioeci and helots for 250 years Suspicious of new ideas and lagged Suspicious of new ideas and lagged

behind other cities in businessbehind other cities in business Much poorerMuch poorer Lagged in intellectual developmentLagged in intellectual development Exceptional athletes and best Exceptional athletes and best

protector of Greeceprotector of Greece

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AthensAthens On a peninsula of central On a peninsula of central

Greece named Attica, Greece named Attica, Mycenaean descendants Mycenaean descendants established the city-state established the city-state of Athens. The polis was of Athens. The polis was named after the goddess, named after the goddess, AthenaAthena

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Athens Athens Initially, non-landowning citizens could not Initially, non-landowning citizens could not

participate in Athens’s Assembly.participate in Athens’s Assembly. Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its

definition of citizenship to include more people definition of citizenship to include more people Eventually, all free men could be members of the Eventually, all free men could be members of the

Assembly regardless of what class they belonged Assembly regardless of what class they belonged to, even the to, even the meticsmetics—foreign-born citizens—foreign-born citizens

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AthensAthens The political change that permitted more The political change that permitted more

people to participate in government people to participate in government reduced much of the friction between reduced much of the friction between social classes.social classes.

Four successive leaders brought changesFour successive leaders brought changes

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Draco’s Law CodeDraco’s Law Code Draco issued an improved code of written Draco issued an improved code of written

laws laws Aristocrats could no longer dictate what Aristocrats could no longer dictate what

was legal. was legal. Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death

for stealing cabbage.for stealing cabbage. Over time, the term “draconian” has Over time, the term “draconian” has

come to mean something cruel and come to mean something cruel and severe. severe.

Positive side—the laws were written down Positive side—the laws were written down and aristocrats could no langer take and aristocrats could no langer take advantageadvantage

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Solon’s ReformsSolon’s Reforms Leader of Athens 594 B.C.Leader of Athens 594 B.C. Cancelled all debts and freed Cancelled all debts and freed

debtors from slaverydebtors from slavery Solon improved economic Solon improved economic

conditions, promoted trade, fostered conditions, promoted trade, fostered industry, and introduced political industry, and introduced political reforms that moved Athens toward reforms that moved Athens toward democracydemocracy Ordered fathers to teach sons a tradeOrdered fathers to teach sons a trade Established 2-house government for Established 2-house government for

political equalitypolitical equality

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Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) divided large estates among landless divided large estates among landless

farmers farmers extended citizenship to men who did extended citizenship to men who did

not own land not own land offered the poor loans and jobsoffered the poor loans and jobs. .

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Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

Cleisthenes came to power in 508 Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C.B.C. Introduced laws that established Introduced laws that established

democracydemocracy Sought to Sought to

End local rivalriesEnd local rivalries Break power of aristocracyBreak power of aristocracy Extend guarantees to more citizensExtend guarantees to more citizens Reorganize central governmentReorganize central government

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to

help reform Athens, established help reform Athens, established democracy for Athens; under democracy for Athens; under Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Assembly won increased powers Assembly won increased powers and fully emerged as the major and fully emerged as the major political body.political body.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy All citizens could become a member of the All citizens could become a member of the

Assembly.Assembly. The Assembly served as a supreme court and The Assembly served as a supreme court and

appointed generals to run the military.appointed generals to run the military.

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Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens

chose members of the Council of 500, who chose members of the Council of 500, who carried out daily government business.carried out daily government business. Citizens favored a lottery believing all Citizens favored a lottery believing all

citizens were capable of holding office.citizens were capable of holding office. Elections, in their view, would Elections, in their view, would

unfavorably favor the rich who had the unfavorably favor the rich who had the advantage fame and training in public advantage fame and training in public speaking.speaking.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy AlthoughAlthough only 20 percent of only 20 percent of

Athenians were citizens, ancient Athenians were citizens, ancient Athens laid the foundation for the Athens laid the foundation for the Western concept of democratic Western concept of democratic government.government.

Because Athens expected every Because Athens expected every citizen to hold public office at some citizen to hold public office at some time in his life, it required Athenian time in his life, it required Athenian citizens to educate their sons; girls citizens to educate their sons; girls rarely received a formal education.rarely received a formal education.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy Jury system decided court casesJury system decided court cases

From 201 to 1001 membersFrom 201 to 1001 members The more jurors, the less likelihood that The more jurors, the less likelihood that

they would be bribed, threatened, or they would be bribed, threatened, or show prejudiceshow prejudice

Cleisthenes reforms lasted 200 yearsCleisthenes reforms lasted 200 years Foundation for Western concept of Foundation for Western concept of

democracy democracy

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Athenian EducationAthenian Education

Athenian men educated because they Athenian men educated because they were expected to hold public officewere expected to hold public office

Women rarely educatedWomen rarely educated Household duties—baking, weaving, etc.Household duties—baking, weaving, etc.

Private tutors educated wealthy boysPrivate tutors educated wealthy boys Agora was location for much educationAgora was location for much education Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18

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Athenian EducationAthenian Education

Main textbooks were Iliad and Main textbooks were Iliad and OdysseyOdyssey Knew them by heartKnew them by heart

Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, music music

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Discussion: Sparta vs Discussion: Sparta vs AthensAthens

Sparta represented:Sparta represented: The militaryThe military MonarchyMonarchy Severe, simple style of livingSevere, simple style of living

Athens represented:Athens represented: The artsThe arts DemocracyDemocracy

Which values do you appreciate most? Given the times, which Which values do you appreciate most? Given the times, which values would provide for more security, foreign and domestic, for values would provide for more security, foreign and domestic, for the given city-states. the given city-states.

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Chapter 4, section 4Chapter 4, section 4War, Glory, and DeclineWar, Glory, and Decline

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens The Peloponnesian WarsThe Peloponnesian Wars

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Objectives and Objectives and VocabularyVocabulary

How did the Persian and How did the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars effect Peloponnesian Wars effect democracy in the Greek City Statesdemocracy in the Greek City States

Terms:Terms:

- Symposium: A meeting and social - Symposium: A meeting and social session about politics and other session about politics and other affairs.affairs.

- Mercenary: Hired soldiers- Mercenary: Hired soldiers

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

Darius IDarius I XerxesXerxes ThemistoclesThemistocles LeonidasLeonidas PericlesPericles AspasiaAspasia

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IoniaIonia MarathonMarathon ThermopylaeThermopylae SalamisSalamis DelosDelos

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The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II, In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II,

conquered the Greek city-states in Ioniaconquered the Greek city-states in Ionia Ionians disliked themIonians disliked them Considered them to be barbariansConsidered them to be barbarians

Ionians revolted against the PersiansIonians revolted against the Persians Athens and others helped, but Darius Athens and others helped, but Darius

and his Persians defeated themand his Persians defeated them Darius decided to punish the Greeks Darius decided to punish the Greeks

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MarathonMarathon Darius sent his fleet directly across the Darius sent his fleet directly across the

Aegean Sea north of Athens.Aegean Sea north of Athens. The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000 The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000

to 10,000.to 10,000. The Persians decided to pack up and attack The Persians decided to pack up and attack

Athens directly, but at the moment of Athens directly, but at the moment of loading their ships back up, the Athenians loading their ships back up, the Athenians attacked.attacked.

As the Persian army was standing in knee As the Persian army was standing in knee deep water waiting to board the ships, the deep water waiting to board the ships, the Athenians attacked downhill and it was a Athenians attacked downhill and it was a rout—Persians lost 6,400 men; Athenians rout—Persians lost 6,400 men; Athenians lost 192 men.lost 192 men.

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SalamisSalamis The Persians returned 10 years later The Persians returned 10 years later

and leading the army was Xerxes, son and leading the army was Xerxes, son of Darius with 200,000 soldiers. Off of Darius with 200,000 soldiers. Off shore supply ships accompanied them.shore supply ships accompanied them.

The Greeks faced the Persians again, The Greeks faced the Persians again, this time under Spartan leadershipthis time under Spartan leadership

The Oracle at Delphi, a few years The Oracle at Delphi, a few years earlier, had said Greece would be earlier, had said Greece would be shielded by a wooden wallshielded by a wooden wall

Athenian general Themistocles Athenian general Themistocles believed that meant ships believed that meant ships

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SalamisSalamis To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying

action had to be establishedaction had to be established The Greek army set up a delaying action on The Greek army set up a delaying action on

land, led by King Leonidas of Sparta; knowing land, led by King Leonidas of Sparta; knowing that a traitor had showed the Persians a way that a traitor had showed the Persians a way to attack the Greeks and realizing that he to attack the Greeks and realizing that he would soon be surrounded, Leonidas would soon be surrounded, Leonidas neverthelsss stayed to face his death. neverthelsss stayed to face his death.

The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the Persians for three days with his 7,000 Persians for three days with his 7,000 Athenian soldiers.Athenian soldiers.

Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to fight another day but put in a delaying action fight another day but put in a delaying action using 300 Spartansusing 300 Spartans

Thermopylae—The Thermopylae—The Mountain PassMountain Pass

The site where King Leonidas chose The site where King Leonidas chose to make his stand.to make his stand.

The pass was narrow allowing the The pass was narrow allowing the Greeks to have the advantage Greeks to have the advantage against the large force of the against the large force of the Persians.Persians.

King Leonidas chose to fight to the King Leonidas chose to fight to the death—as their polis law called fordeath—as their polis law called for

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Themistocles—The Battle Themistocles—The Battle Near the Island of SalamisNear the Island of Salamis

The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed another spartan general, Themistocles, to another spartan general, Themistocles, to defeat the Persians in the Salamis Strait.defeat the Persians in the Salamis Strait.

He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet near the island of Salamis.near the island of Salamis.

Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait of Salamisof Salamis

After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident city-state.city-state.

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The Golden Age of The Golden Age of AthensAthens

The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was the period most of the Greek the period most of the Greek achievements in the arts and sciences achievements in the arts and sciences took place in Athens during this time.took place in Athens during this time.

The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt Athens into the most beautiful city in Athens into the most beautiful city in Greece; its most famous structure, the Greece; its most famous structure, the Parthenon, still stands. Parthenon, still stands.

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Athenian Daily LifeAthenian Daily Life

Athenian men usually worked in the Athenian men usually worked in the morning as farmers, artisans, and morning as farmers, artisans, and merchants, before attending the merchants, before attending the Assembly or exercising in the Assembly or exercising in the gymnasium; slaves generally did the gymnasium; slaves generally did the heavy work in craft production and heavy work in craft production and mining, while women worked at home mining, while women worked at home or in the market.or in the market.

Athenians kept their homes simple but Athenians kept their homes simple but their public buildings were very lavish.their public buildings were very lavish.

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Athenian Daily LifeAthenian Daily Life

Athenian house contained two main Athenian house contained two main rooms with several smaller ones rooms with several smaller ones around a central courtyard.around a central courtyard.

The dining room for entertaining and The dining room for entertaining and frequently had couches. Athenian frequently had couches. Athenian wives would not join their husbands wives would not join their husbands unless there were no guests. unless there were no guests.

Work for the Men and Work for the Men and WomenWomen

Usually worked in the morning then went Usually worked in the morning then went to the gymnasium in the afternoon.to the gymnasium in the afternoon.

Slaves did the heavy work—one third of Slaves did the heavy work—one third of the population.the population.

Women spent making time at home, Women spent making time at home, cooking and making wool cloth.cooking and making wool cloth.

Upper class Athenian men spent time in Upper class Athenian men spent time in the symposium—basically a drinking the symposium—basically a drinking session followed by a banquet. Women session followed by a banquet. Women were not allowed. The discussed were not allowed. The discussed literature, philosophy, and public issues. literature, philosophy, and public issues.

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AspasiaAspasia As some freedom became allowed for As some freedom became allowed for

some classes of women, she invited some classes of women, she invited women into her home and gave them women into her home and gave them advice on home, education, and how to advice on home, education, and how to gain more freedom.gain more freedom.

Her recommendations to women for Her recommendations to women for more responsibility in society led to more responsibility in society led to charges against hercharges against her

She was charged with “impiety” She was charged with “impiety” (disloyalty to the gods) but was (disloyalty to the gods) but was acquitted.acquitted.

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The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War

With the ongoing threat of the With the ongoing threat of the Persians, Athens formed the Delian Persians, Athens formed the Delian league of city-states for protection…league of city-states for protection…Sparta would not participate.Sparta would not participate.

The treasury was kept on the sacred The treasury was kept on the sacred island of Delos.island of Delos.

The League freed the Ionians from The League freed the Ionians from Persian rule, cleared the seas of Persian rule, cleared the seas of pirates, and fostered (promoted and pirates, and fostered (promoted and helped) trade.helped) trade.

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The Athenian EmpireThe Athenian Empire

Athens transformed the Delian Athens transformed the Delian League into an Athenian empire.League into an Athenian empire.

Athens began to dominate other city-Athens began to dominate other city-statesstates

The empire required the use of the The empire required the use of the same coins and made other changes same coins and made other changes that were for all city-states to adopt that were for all city-states to adopt

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The ConflictThe Conflict

The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C.B.C. to 404 B.C.

Sparta formed an alliance against Athens.Sparta formed an alliance against Athens. They didn’t have a navy but used money the They didn’t have a navy but used money the

Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to the Persians to buy ships and prep for war.the Persians to buy ships and prep for war.

The Spartan-led alliance eventually The Spartan-led alliance eventually destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself. The Athenians surrendered to Athens itself. The Athenians surrendered in 404 B.C.in 404 B.C.

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The ConflictThe Conflict

Athens developed many problemsAthens developed many problems A disease—probably typhus--killed a A disease—probably typhus--killed a

third of its populationthird of its population Pericles died from the diseasePericles died from the disease Athens couldn’t come to a decision Athens couldn’t come to a decision

about making peace with Spartaabout making peace with Sparta Athenian allies switched sides and Athenian allies switched sides and

joined the Spartansjoined the Spartans

Effects of the WarEffects of the War The Peloponnesian War brought The Peloponnesian War brought

disaster to the Greek city-states, both disaster to the Greek city-states, both victors and vanquishedvictors and vanquished

Populations declined, much land was Populations declined, much land was destroyed, and unemployment caused destroyed, and unemployment caused many men to become hired soldiers in many men to become hired soldiers in the Persian army the Persian army

The Greeks also lost faith in democracy.The Greeks also lost faith in democracy. The length of the war caused people to The length of the war caused people to

think only of making money.think only of making money.

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Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Feelings between aristocrats and Feelings between aristocrats and commoners became more strained. commoners became more strained. People began to look down on free People began to look down on free political discussion.political discussion.

Rulers came and went. City-states Rulers came and went. City-states were unable to join together for were unable to join together for ultimate power. Then came the ultimate power. Then came the Macedonians—and someone called Macedonians—and someone called Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Documents

World History Chapter 4 The Rise of Ancient Greece 12/13/2015John 3:161