World Geography Exam Review EuropeVocabulary (define)

1. Dikes- Large banks of earth and stone that hold back water.2. Polder- Drained area of land-Windmills are used to extract water, Dikes are used to hold back the

water. Regained land is used for farming.3. Fjord-Narrow, steep sided inlets carved out by glaciers.4. Loess- A fine mineral-rich soil deposited by the wind.5. Timberline- The elevation above which trees cannot grow.6. Permafrost- soil permanently frozen below the surface.7. Ethnic group- people who share ancestry, language, customs, and often religion.8. Ethnic Cleansing- The expelling of an ethnic group from a particular area.9. Refugee- Person who flees a country for safety.10. Urbanization- The concentrations of populations in town and cities.11. Cultural diffusion- The sharing and spreading of ideas and culture to other countries-give an

example of western culture in Europe. (McDonald’s-Western Culture in Europe).

Questions (answer the questions fully):12. Why is Europe called a "peninsula of peninsulas"? –It is one large Peninsula-surrounded by many

smaller peninsulas. 13. Why does Western Europe have a generally milder climate than other locations in the world at the

same latitude? The Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf Stream and its northern part, the North Atlantic Drift, bring warm waters to Western Europe. The prevailing winds that blow with these currents bring warm, moist air across Europe. Because of this phenomenon, Western Europe is warmer compared to other places in the world. For Example Boston, Massachusetts has the same latitude but is much colder.

a. What type of climate does Western Europe have? Western Europe has a marine west coast climate, with mild winters, cool summers, and adequate rainfall. b. What type of vegetation grows there? Deciduous trees, Coniferous trees grow in Alpine areas

to the timberline. The Alps have a highlands climate. Sudden weather changes can occur when dry winds called Foehns blow down the mountains into the valleys.

14. Why does most of southern Europe have a Mediterranean climate? The Alps block winds from the Atlantic. As a result, southern Europe receives less precipitation than northwestern Europe.

a. How do the Alps Mistral and Africa’s Sirocco winds impact this? The Mistral, a strong north wind from the Alps, sends gusts of cold air into southern France. Siroccos, dry south winds from North Africa, sometimes bring hot temperatures to the region

b. What type of vegetation grows there? Chaparral, shrubs, and small trees.15. Why do temperatures in eastern and northern Europe vary more widely than in other parts of Europe? These areas are not affected by warm Atlantic currents within the continent. a. What types of vegetation grows there? Eastern Europe: deciduous and coniferous trees. Eastern Europe: Grasslands. Northern Europe: subarctic and Tundra Climates have permafrost. Vegetation in Northern Europe: includes mosses, shrubs, and wildflowers.16. What are the climates of Iceland? The island lies in the path of the North Atlantic Current, which

makes the climate of the island more temperate than would be expected for its latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Marine West Coast climate exists in the Southern Region and Tundra in the Northern Region.

17. What are the sources of energy for Iceland? Volcanism- Geothermal18. What is the capital of Iceland? Reykjavik 19. What river is Western Europe's busiest River? The Rhine20. What is Eastern Europe's major river? Danube

21. What is the importance of the Danube canal? The Rhine and The Danube were connected by canal-linking the North Sea to the Black Sea

22. What country in Europe has the longest life expectancy? Andorra Where is it located? Between France and Spain-within the Pyrenees Mountains.

23. What is the cause of diversity in European countries? Migration, cultural diffusion, conflict, and changing borders.

24. How many ethnic groups does Europe have? 16025. Europe is the world's second smallest continent in land area, but its population density is greater than

all other continents except for Asia. What features do the higher than average population density areas share? Favorable climates, plains, fertile soil, mineral resources, and inland waterways.26. Why is Europe's population decreasing? Low birthrates and a larger aging population27. What happened in Yugoslavia in 1990s? Yugoslavia broke up into separate republics in the early

1990’s, several ethnic groups began fighting. Serbian leaders followed a policy of ethnic cleansing. They expelled the rival ethnic groups from Serb-controlled areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the province of Kosovo. Many people became refugees.

28. Why are people who live in Europe able to think of themselves as Europeans? They share common values: family, commitment to democracy and a free market. They believe that government should provide people with social welfare and should regulate the economy.

29. What ancient civilizations laid the foundation of Western Civilization? Greece and Rome30. What were the Crusades? In the 1000’s, western European armies fought in a series of religious wars

to free Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule. Although Europeans failed to gain control of the area, they extended trade to the eastern Mediterranean.

31. What was the Renaissance period? 1300’s AD The 300 year period of discovery and learning known as the Renaissance renewed interest in ancient Greece and Roman culture led to scientific advances. One of the major advances was movable type -this helped spread new ideas more quickly and easily.

32. What was the Reformation? A religious movement that began with Martin Luther who wrote, the 100 thesis paper and posted on the doors of a local Catholic Church. The Thesis listed the corruptions of the Catholic Church with led to the beginnings of Protestantism. One of the major complaints of corruption was something called Indulgences -people were able to pay the Priest and buy their way into heaven-money was used to build massive cathedrals.

33. What were the results of explorations by European nations in the 1400's? Their search for new trade routes to Asia led to the conquest of other lands and brought great wealth and power to Western Europe.

34. What was the Enlightenment? 1600-1700’s educated Europeans began to question long standing traditions and values. Desire for a voice in government led to political revolutions that changed the power of the monarchs. By 1900 most European countries had Constitutions that limited rulers’ powers and gave some political rights to citizens.

35. What was the Industrial Revolution? power driven machinery changed everyday life36. What is Industrial capitalism? An economic system that was born at the same time as the industrial

revolution in which business leaders used profits to expand their companies. New social groups emerged: a middle class made up of merchants and factory owners, and a working class made-up of factory workers. The middle class grew wealthy while the working class was poor.

37. What is communism? Philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality. In this society, workers would control factories and industrial production. In 1917 the Russian Revolution established a communist state called the Soviet Union.

38. What problems led to the birth of communism in the Mid-1800? The disparity between the wealthy middle class and the poor and unhealthy conditions for workers led to the birth of communism in the Mid-1800.

39. What was the Holocaust? The mass killing of more than 6 million European Jews by Germany’s Nazi leaders.

40. What was the Berlin wall? When was it taken down? Why? It was a wall constructed by the German Democratic Republic, in 1961, and completely cut off the city of West Berlin, separating it from East Germany. The life in West Germany was much better than East Germany after 1948. West Germany including West Berlin had received financial help through the Marshall plan from the USA. In East Germany a communist system was established and many people had to suffer under repressions of the Communist party. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. After several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro-Soviet governments in nearby Poland and Hungary, the East German government announced on November 9, 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification. It was formally concluded on October 3, 1990.

Its fall marked the End of THE COLD WAR -A POWER STRUGGLE BETWEEN COMMUNIST AND NON-COMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.41. How many countries are in the EU? The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of

27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities.The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development.

42. What is the goal of the EU? The goal of the European Union is to form a stronger, more unified Europe in order to have greater stability and strength in global markets.

43. What is the name of the currency used by the EU? The Euro44. How many languages and dialects are in Europe? 50 different languages and more than 100 dialects.45. Most Christians in Europe are _Roman Catholics_.46. There are conflicts between Roman Catholics and Protestants in __Northern Ireland___.47. What are welfare states? Country that offers complete education, health care, and Pension programs

to their citizens.48. What kinds of industries employ about 60% of workers in Western Europe? Sixty percent of the

Workforce in Europe is employed by service industries, including banking and tourism. 49. More Europeans make a living from farming than any other single economic activity-Why do some

Europeans oppose the sale of genetically modified foods? Has not been tested enough to ensure safety.

50. What has caused the pollution of Eastern Europe's environment? The high concentration of industry and population in Europe has severely damaged the land, air, and water in certain areas.

51. How have European countries addressed the results of pollution? Preserve wilderness areas; take legal action against countries who do not uphold environmental protection laws, Protect buildings and statues with acid resistant coating, add lime to lakes to reduce acid levels, require large companies to recycle their waste, and all countries requesting to be in the EU must meet environmental standards.

Russia:Vocabulary (define):

52. Taiga - Russia’s vast sub-arctic forest that makes up 1/5 of the world’s remaining forests53. Tundra- A vast treeless plain54. Chernozem- A rich black fertile soil55. Sovereignty- The right to rule ones self56. Socialism- A belief that calls for greater economic equality57. Czar- Supreme Ruler58. Serf- An enslaved workforce under the control of a class of nobility.

59. Cold War - Power struggle between the Soviet-led communist world and the US-led non-communist world.

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):60. Socialist Realism- Style of Art that glorified the achievements of Soviet Communism. 61. Command Economy- Economy were government makes most decisions.62. Market Economy- An economy in which businesses are privately owned.63. Lake Baikal – Lake in Russia that contains 20% of the world’s surface fresh water. It is threatened

by pollution from a nearby paper mill.64. Siberia – East of the Ural Mountains. Few people live here because it is very cold for the majority

of the year. Much of Russia’s mineral resources are found here in the harsh living conditions.65. Chernobyl - Nuclear explosion at a power plant in Ukraine. The citizens were not immediately

notified of the problem. Cancer (especially thyroid), and birth defects are a serious problem. 66. Ural Mountains – Mountain range that historically has been the division between European and

Asian Russia. The majority (75%) of all Russians live on the western side of the Urals because the climate on the eastern side is very harsh.

67. What river is most important for European Russia? The VolgaPeople (What did this person / group accomplish?):

68. Ivan the Great- Ivan the Great united many provinces and succeeded in freeing Russia from the Mongols (Tatars). The Grand Dukes of Moscow had been attempting to overthrow the Mongols for many years and even won some battles against them. However the Mongols always retaliated. Ivan the Great first refused to pay the taxes to the Mongols. This set the stage for a battle that never happened. The troops for both sides faced off against each other but no battle was ever fought. Instead, both sides retreated. This was in effect victory for Ivan the Great because he hadn't paid the taxes and taxes were never again demanded. The Russians were free from Mongol lordship. Ivan the Great became the first national sovereign leader of Russia.

69. Peter the Great- Peter the Great was the Russian czar who transformed Russia from an isolated agricultural society into an Empire on a par with European powers. Peter and his half-brother Ivan were co-czars who served under the regency of Ivan's sister, Sophia. Ivan died and Peter outmaneuvered Sophia to rule alone as czar from 1689. Peter toured Europe (sometimes in disguise to avoid being recognized) and educated himself in western culture and science, then returned to Russia and introduced military, civil and social reforms to make Russia more like Europe (especially Germany). He spent much of his time fighting wars, first against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire, then (from 1700) against the Swedes in the Great Northern War. He succeeded in conquering land on the Baltic Sea, where he founded St. Petersburg. A gateway to Europe, St. Petersburg became the new capital of Russia. Peter was reportedly more than six and a half feet tall and was often in the battlefield, occasionally returning home to address domestic issues and put down revolts. In 1725 he dove in the water to help rescue some drowning sailors; he ended up with a bad cold and died a short time later.

70. Vladimir Lenin- Vladimir I. Lenin was a driving force behind the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became the first great dictator of the Soviet Union. After his brother was executed in 1887 (for plotting to kill the Czar), Lenin gave up studying law and became a full-time revolutionary. He studied Karl Marx and formed workers' groups, but was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1895. In 1900 he went to Europe, and in 1903 he led the Bolsheviks in the split of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' party. When revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, he led the Bolsheviks to control the government. Lenin had complete political control over the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) until his death, and is remembered as the man who put Marx's ideas to practical use.

71. Catherine the Great - She expanded the empire to include the Black Sea and access to the Mediterranean Sea.

72. Czar Nicholas the II- The last emperor of Russia, He succeeded his father Alexander III as czar in 1894. Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra were coronated as rulers of Russia in 1896. As Czar he directed the construction of the Trans-Siberian railroad, made peace with France and shared entente

with Great Britain (Alexandra was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria). His disastrous war with Japan (1904-05), however, led to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the creation of the Duma (parliament). The autocratic emperor unwisely took personal charge of the armies during World War I -- replacing his uncle, Grand Duke Nicholas, in 1915 -- and left domestic affairs to Alexandra and her favorite advisor, Rasputin, neither of whom were much interested in social reform. Years of popular discontent with policies at home and abroad led to the Russian Revolution, and Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, 1917. He and his entire family were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, the last of the royal Romanov line.

73. Mikhail Gorbachev - He was the last Soviet Premier. He introduced the reforms of Perestroika, Glasnost, and Demokratzia. These are vocabulary terms.

74. Boris Yeltsin - He was the first democratically elected president of Russia.75. Joseph Stalin - Premier of the USSR after the death of Lenin. He was our ally during WWII. Under

his control the USSR had influence over most of Eastern Europe. He was ruthless with his own people.

76. Karl Marx - 19th century German philosopher that believed that the government should own all the land and the means of production. The citizens should share equally the profits.

77. Vladimir Putin- was elected president of the Russian Federation in 2000 as the hand-picked successor of Boris Yeltsin. He was the President of the Russian Federation, 2000-2008

Questions (answer the questions fully):78. Where do most of Russia’s people live and why? The majority (75%) of all Russians live on the

western side of the Urals because the climate on the eastern side is very harsh.79. Why did Russia need a warm water port? Majority of Russia’s ports are frozen for at least part of the

year. Access to the Black Sea (warm water) was vital for shipping and transportation purposes80. Most of the rivers in Siberia (Ob, Irtysh, Yenisey, Lena) flow__North__ to the __Arctic_ocean.

These rivers freeze in the winter. In the spring, the southern parts of the rivers thaw before the northern parts, creating floods and swamps.

81. Russia is the leading producer in _Hydroelectric___ power.82. Because of Russia's cold climate only _10__% of the land is usable for agriculture?83. Little farming occurs in northern Russia because of __Permafrost______.84. What countries were once in the USSR? Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Moldova,

Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan

85. Russia is the sixth most populous country in the world, but does not have a high population density. Most of Russia's population lives ____West__ (75%) of the ___Ural__ mountains.Russia has an abundance of Natural Resources, however, lies in places that are hard to reach. Russia has the greatest reserves of mineral resources in the world. It has large oil reserves and 50% of the World’s coal. Russia also produces: Copper, Silver, gold, lead, and salt.

86. Russia's history begins in the _600’s__s, when _Slavs___settled near waterways of the North European plain. Overtime, the Slavs separated into distinct groups. In the 800's the _Varangians__ settled among the East Slavs who were living among the Dnieper River in the west and the Volga River to the East. These Slav communities formed into city-states known as _Kievan_ __Rus_. In the 1200's __Mongol_ invaders conquered the ___Kievan__ _Rus___. Many Slavs fled to nearby forests, forming settlements there. One of these settlements grew into the city of Moscow__. The city became the center of a territory called _Muscovy__. By the late 1400's the ___Muscovites____ drove out the _Mongols___. _Ivan_ the Great became Muscovy's prince and expanded its territory to what became know as ___Russia___. In 1533, Ivan's grandson, Ivan _IV___, became the first __Czar_____, or supreme ruler. He crushed all opposition and expanded the territory. In the 1600's, the government tightened its grip on its people, and many peasants became enslaved to the nobles. These enslaved peasants were known as _Serfs__.

87. What is Russification? The czarist government required everyone to speak Russian and follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

88. Why did many Russian thinkers turn to socialism? They grew frustrated with the Governments actions and wanted economic equality.

89. Who were the Romanovs and What happened to Czar Nicholas the II? See Above

90. Explain the Russian Revolution? The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to the establishment of the limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the multi-party system and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

The 1917 Revolution- The Revolution that overthrew the imperial government and placed the Bolsheviks in power. Increasing governmental corruption, the reactionary policies of Tsar Nicholas II, and catastrophic Russian losses in World War I contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and economic hardship. In February 1917 riots over food scarcity broke out in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). When the army joined the rebels, Nicholas was forced to abdicate.

91. Who were the Bolsheviks? Members of the wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized control in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

92. What are the characteristics of Soviet communism? Economic system where the major resources and production are owned and controlled by the

Government.

Theory: Equal sharing of work, benefits and needs1. Government decides what to make, how much to make, what to charge, and how long it should take.2. Materials are not always available to produce the products3. Land and companies are owned by the government. Government makes all the profits to share

equally with people.4. Workers assigned by government needs and abilities.5. No competition6. Long lines, shortages, high prices, and little variety

93. What were the goals of the USSR? space program, industrial giant, and military power94. Why did Soviet communism fail? No incentive, quotas were unreasonable, quality of products was

low, availability of goods for the average person was unavailable, people were unhappy, government officials took care of themselves, no freedoms, supplies needed to produce were unavailable, lines for products were long.

95. What two challenges does Russia face in using its vast natural resources? Finding a way to manage its resources without damaging the environment, and also fix the damage to environment caused by industrialization.

96. Russia’s industrialization and disregard for the environment has damaged it’s water, air, and soil.97. Skip

During the soviet era Russia operated under a _Command___ economy, in which the central authority makes all of the economic decisions. The soviet government concentrated on making _Industrial___ goods, such as military machinery and ___electric___ generators. As a result, the Soviet Union became an __industrial___ __giant___ and a world power. However, the Soviet Union did not produce enough __consumer____ goods, or goods people needed for everyday life. Some goods could be bought on the __Black______ market, an illegal trade in scarce goods. In the 1970's and 1980's, western countries and some Asian countries began to focus on _computer___ technology. The Soviet Union continued to focus on industrial production. The economy __stagnated_, and the nations standard of living ___declined___.

Middle East (Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa:Vocabulary (define):

98. Oasis – an area in the desert where water is available.99. OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – these countries set the prices for oil around the world. If the price goes up – it will cost other nations (without their own source of fuel) more money100. PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organization- political organization representing the Palestinian

people in their drive for a Palestinian state. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various groups. After the Six-Day War of 1967, the PLO promoted a distinctively Palestinian agenda. In 1969 Yasir 'Arafat, leader of Fatah, the PLO's largest faction, became its chairman. From the late 1960s the PLO engaged in guerrilla attacks on Israel from bases in Jordan, from which it was expelled in 1971. PLO headquarters moved to Lebanon. In 1974 'Arafat advocated limiting PLO activity to direct attacks against Israel, and the Arab community recognized the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of all Palestinians. It was admitted to the Arab League in 1976. In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon and expelled PLO forces based there. In 1988 the PLO leadership, then based in Tunis, declared a Palestinian state and the following year elected 'Arafat its president. It also recognized Israel's right to exist, though several militant factions dissented. In 1993 Israel recognized the PLO by signing an agreement with it granting Palestinian self-rule in parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip .

101. Hezbollah- Lebanese Shi'ite Islamist organization. Founded in southern Lebanon in 1982 as a response to Israel's invasion there, its original goals were to drive Israeli troops out of Lebanon and form a Shi'ite Islamic republic similar to that created by the Iranian revolution of 1979. Its political stance, in the main, has been anti-Western, and its members have been implicated in many of the terrorist activities that were perpetrated in Lebanon during the 1980s, including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings, a number of which were directed at U.S. citizens. It has purportedly received strong material support from Syria and Iran and throughout the 1990s engaged in an intensive guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces in southern Lebanon. At the same time, Hezbollah actively aided the long disfranchised Shi'ite community in Lebanon, providing social services not offered by the government. In the 1990s the party's candidates won seats in Lebanon's parliamentary elections, and the group's leaders have since sought to soften its earlier image. Despite a unilateral withdrawal of Israeli troops from Lebanon in 2000, the party continued sporadic attacks across the Lebanese-Israeli border, and in 2006 it fought a 34-day war with Israel.

102. Hamas- Militant Palestinian Islamic movement. The group is dedicated to the destruction of Israel ( Suicide bombing largest tactic) and the creation of a Palestinian Islamic state. It was founded in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmad Yasin, and its leadership comes from the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas's aims are more militant: it takes the position that Palestine cannot be surrendered to non-Muslims.

103. Check-points- is a barrier erected by the Israel Defense Forces with the stated aim of enhancing the security of Israel and Israeli settlements and preventing those who wish to do harm from crossing. Most of the checkpoints in the West Bank are not located on the boundary between Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory, but rather throughout the West Bank. Checkpoints may be manned by the Israeli Military Police, who perform security checks on Palestinians, the Israel Border Police, and / or other soldiers.

104. Al-Qaeda- An international terrorist organization founded in the late 1980s, by Osama bin Laden and Muhammad Atef, al-Qaeda calls for the use of violence and force in bringing about the end of non-Islamic governments and, in particular, a wish to drive the US armed forces out of Saudi Arabia and Somalia. Establishing training camps in areas such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya and Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda is responsible for the proliferating of terrorists throughout the world, and providing them with military equipment and financing.

105. Taliban- "one who is seeking" but the word has evolved to mean "someone who is seeking religious knowledge."

The Taliban Militia (Students of Islamic Knowledge Movement) rules approximately two thirds of Afghanistan . It was established in 1994, shortly after the Pakistani government announced its intention to establish a trade route through Afghanistan to Central Asia. At this time, Afghanistan was in a state of chaos and under mujahideen rule. The Taliban Militia's aim was to disarm Afghan warlords, return law and order to the country and enforce Islamic law over a united Afghanistan. By February 1995 the Taliban Militia had captured half of the southern provinces of Afghanistan from mujahideen rebels and in September 1996 it took Kabul, the capital city, establishing a strict Islamic rule of law.Initially, Taliban Militia rule was welcomed. It was successful at restoring law and order and reducing corruption. However, the Taliban Militia has no desire to mold Afghanistan into a centralized state. It has no established foreign, economic or infrastructure policies. As a result, Afghanistan's standard of living has declined. There are high levels of unemployment, hunger, malnutrition and disease. A high percentage of the population, especially those in urban areas, rely on foreign aid provided by the United Nations and other humanitarian organizations for their daily existence. Furthermore, the United Nations and other international communities have condemned the Taliban Militia's enforcement of their extreme interpretation of Islamic law and subsequent human rights violations. These violations include banning television, music and cinema (considered Western decadences); public amputations and executions; closure of girls' schools; and imposing restrictions on women's work, freedom of movement and dress. The Taliban Militia's rule in Afghanistan is recognized only by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. On October 10, 1999, the United States government imposed political and economic sanctions on Afghanistan for the Taliban Militia's refusal to extradite Osama Bin Laden , the Saudi billionaire thought to be the mastermind behind the August 7, 1998 bombings of the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and the September 11, 2001, bombings of the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon building in Washington, D.C. Mullah Mohammed Omar, a 35-year-old cleric who fought against the mujahideen, founded the Taliban Militia in the Maiwand district of Southern Afghanistan. Influential traders in Pakistan financed their early campaigns. The initial membership of the Taliban Militia was approximately 30 former students of madrasahs (Islamic religious seminaries) who had fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan. The Taliban militia was also supported by the madrassahs in the Afghani refugee camps, businessmen and religious leaders with connections to the Pakistani religious party, Jamiat-I-Ulema Islami. The Taliban Militia has grown to approximately 10,000-15,000 men. While the Taliban Militia came into existence in 1994, the Taliban are a group of Islamic fundamentalists — living in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Central Asia — whose origins have been traced back to the eighth century C.E.106. Nationalism- Loyalty and devotion to one's nation or country, especially as above loyalty to

other groups or to individual interests. 107. Zionist Movement- Jewish nationalism movement with the goal of establishing a Jewish state in

Palestine. In the 16th – 17th century, a number of "messiahs" tried to persuade the Jews to return to Palestine, but by the late 18th century interest had largely faded. Pogroms in Eastern Europe led to formation of the "Lovers of Zion," which promoted the settlement of Jewish farmers and artisans in Palestine.

108. Camp David Accords- is the popular name for a 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. The name stuck since President Jimmy Carter (1924-) met with Israel's Menachem Begin (1913-1992) and Egypt's Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) at the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland. The treaty was actually signed on March 26, 1979, in Washington, D.C., with Carter as a witness to the agreement between the warring Middle Eastern nations. The pact, which was denounced by Arab countries, provided for the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. The mountainous area, adjacent to Israel and at the north end of the Red Sea, had been the site of a major campaign during the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and had been occupied by Israel since. The transfer of the peninsula back to Egypt was completed in 1982. The United States Gives each country Foreign Aide $$$ yearly to sweeten the deal! To Keep The Peace.

109. Desalinization- is the removal of salts and dissolved solids from seawater.110. Aswan High Dam- Dam across the Nile River, north of Aswan, Egypt. Built 4 miles

upstream from the earlier Aswan Dam (1902), it is 364 ft high and 12,562 ft long. Differences with Gamal Abdel Nasser led the U.S. and Britain to withdraw their financial support of the project in 1956, whereupon Nasser turned to the Soviet Union for assistance. The dam, completed in 1970, impounds the reservoir Lake Nasser and controls the annual Nile flood, releasing floodwaters when needed for irrigation; it also enables the production of great amounts of electric power. Its construction necessitated the relocation of the ancient Abu Simbel ruins.

111. Occupied Territories - The Palestinian name for the parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip occupied by Israel.

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):112. Aral Sea – The Sea is shrinking because the 2 rivers – the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were

dammed to divert the water for irrigation. The Virgin Lands Project was to grow cotton around the Aral Sea in a desert / steppe climate. The lake went from the 4th to 8th largest lake in the world.

Questions (answer the questions fully):113. Where do most of the people of the region live and why? Near water. It is a desert.114. What is the main religion of the Middle East? Islam115. _Petroleum_ and __Natural Gas_ are the region’s most abundant and important resources116. What ethnic group built the Ottoman Empire? The Turks117. Most Iranians speak _Farsi____ and are _Shiite___ Muslims.118. What is the difference between a Shiite and Sunni Muslim? After Muhammad's death, Sunni felt

Islamic community should lead by community at large, and the Shiite believed only Muhammad's descendants should lead.

119. What group lives in the border areas between Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and the Caucasian Republics? They are considered a people without a homeland. The Kurds120. What decision about Palestine did the UN make in 1947? Split Palestine into 2 states – one for Jews and one for Palestinians121. Religions – Main beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? Public declaration of faith, Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), giving of alms, Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca, and Practice RamadanShabbat / Sabbath – Judaism – The holy meal and the holy day (sun down on Friday to Sun down on Saturday)Monotheism belief in one GodWhat are the holy book, building, language, and service leader and day of worship for each?

Islam - Koran, Mosque, Arabic, Imam, and Friday noon

Judaism – Torah, Synagogue, Hebrew, Rabbi, and Saturday morning service

(Friday sundown to Saturday sundown)

Christianity - Bible, church, no sacred language, ordained minister, and

Sunday morning service.

What do the religions have in common? God of Abraham, monotheism, history of the Hebrews, prophets, Covenant with Abraham, 10 Commandments, and service includes readings, prayer, and sermon, and Jerusalem is important

What is the main religion of the region? Islam

Africa South of the Sahara:Vocabulary (define):

122. Sedentary Farming - farming carried on at permanent settlements123. Subsistence Farming – when a farm family produces just enough for themselves and possibly a few others. 124. Pastoral Nomadism - African herder’s practice of moving their cattle from one pasture to another in arid areas.125. Desertification - spread of desert like conditions to non-desert areas. This is a huge issue in the Sahel.126. Apartheid - system of laws that legalized racial segregation in South Africa to keep the minority white South Africans in control

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):

127. Sahel - steppe area that borders the Sahara Desert to the south. It is an area that has unpredictable rain and is subject to droughts128. United nations: International organization founded (1945) at the end of World War II to maintain

international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations on equal terms, and encourage international cooperation in solving intractable human problems.

129. Declaration of Human Rights: Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Drafted by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, it was adopted without dissent but with eight abstentions. Among its 30 articles are definitions of civil and political rights (including the rights to life, liberty, and a fair trial) as well as definitions of economic, social, and cultural rights (including the right to social security and to participation in the cultural life of one's community), all of which are owed by UN member states to those under their jurisdiction.

130. Zulu - Kingdom flourished around 1440AD in West Africa, They were known for their 5 great warrior kings. Built good roads and defensive walls. Had a strong army and a legal system. Sons inherited the throne and daughters were married to rivals.

131. Asante- Kingdom controlled the important trade routes to the West coast at the beginning of the 1700’s? Taxes from the north paid in slaves and from the south paid in gold. All males were educated in the capital city. Professional army and police force.

132. Benin-Portuguese “discovered” the Benin in 1486. First Benin traded in ivory and gold.Portuguese would not sell weapons to non-Christians, so Benin began trade with British.The Benin traded conquered people as slaves for weapons. Africans were needed to work on the plantations in the New World 1 in 25 African slaves (4%) came to the US – majority to West Indies. Trade agreement with British in 1892 for fabric and gold. Benin did not keep up trade agreement – Brits burned city.

133. Kush- 700-300 BC Modern day Sudan. Also known as Nubia.1st to use elephants for warfare and ceremonies. Learned iron smelting from the Nok of West Africa. Meroe was the capital.Trade routes spread into west Africa and for about 600 miles downstream of the Nile River to the Egyptians.

134. Ghana- Kingdom was at their height around 750 AD in West Africa. They became wealthy because they taxed the Caravan trade across the Sahara desert. Flourished for 300 years until the gold source ran out.

135. Egyptians - First African kingdom. Located along the Nile River. Built pyramids for their pharaohs, knew astronomy, crop rotation, and mathematics

Questions (answer the questions fully):136. What is Africa’s main landform? Plateau137. What is a Rift Valley- A deep trench formed when large sections of the Earth’s crust drop

between two parallel cracks or faults – Where the plates are moving away from each other.138. Describe the Climate of Africa-139. What are the Major resources of Africa?

North Africa: Oil and Natural GasGold, Minerals, and Diamonds

140. Where were most of Africa’s cities located and why? On the coast – for trade with European nations141. Why did the Europeans want to colonize Africa? Wealth (gold, diamonds, natural resources, land), Spread Christianity, Glory142. Why is it difficult to travel in Africa’s interior? Strong African kingdoms, rough terrain (cliffs,

rapids, mountains), and disease.143. Why were African slaves needed in the Americas? To work on the plantations. Many of the Native Americans had been killed off by disease.144. How did each of these topics impact Africa?

Imperialism-Industrialization-Missionary Activity-

Charles Darwin-White Man’s Burden-

145. Which nation was the first to colonize Africa? Portugal146. What were the results of colonialism? 1) African nations had not history of being independent

and did not know how to govern themselves. 2) Ethnic warfare because groups were stuck together that did not get along, or groups were split up between nations that wanted to be together. 3) cash crops and industries were started to send products to developed nations instead of staying in the area where they were produced

147. What happened due to a conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda?148. Who is Paul Rusesabinga from the movie Hotel Rwanda? Was he Hutu or Tutsi?149. What country colonized Rwanda and created the division between the two groups? Belgium 150. What is Apartheid? Laws that mandated racial segregation in South Africa in order to keep

the MINORITY white government in control.151. Who are the Afrikaners? White MAJORITY Dutch farmers in South Africa were called the

Boers – later called Afrikaaners152. What is the African National Congress (ANC)? African National Congress (ANC), the oldest/black (now multiracial)

political organization in South Africa; founded in 1912. Prominent in its opposition to apartheid, the organization began as a nonviolent civil-rights group. In the 1940s and 50s it joined with other groups in promoting strikes and civil disobedience among the emerging urban black workforce. The ANC was banned in 1960 and the following year initiated guerrilla attacks. In 1964 its leader, Nelson Mandela, was sentenced to life in prison, and the leadership was forced into exile. Although outlawed, the ANC became the popularly acknowledged vehicle of mass resistance to apartheid in the late 1970s and the 1980s; the training of ANC guerrillas continued in neighboring countries. Following the end of the ban on the ANC and the release of Mandela in 1990, many of its leaders returned from exile, and the ANC negotiated with the government for black enfranchisement and an end to apartheid.

153. Define the Truth and Reconciliation Commission? The aim of the commission was to uncover the real history of the apartheid period, through the examination of particular incidents and the testimony of those who took part in the political conflict in South Africa. Whilst the commission uncovered a huge amount of evidence about human rights abuses, and was generally seen to be a fair forum for discussion of the events which occurred during the apartheid era, there were questions about the objectivity and purpose of the TRC. The granting of amnesties to encourage witnesses to appear before the commission was seen as a distortion of the judicial process, and highlighted the conflict between the desire for reconciliation and the feeling that the perpetrators of human rights abuses should be punished. In Bolivia and Argentina national commissions were established (1982 and 1983, respectively) to investigate the disappearance of citizens during military rule. Other countries have used similar commissions to attempt to address the causes and consequences of state abuse of power and civil conflict; including Germany (to examine human rights abuses in East Germany between 1949 and 1989), East Timor (looking at the period between 1974 and 1999), and Yugoslavia (investigating war crimes carried out in the Balkans).

154. Who is Nelson Mandela? Nelson Mandela spent 27 years as a political prisoner in South Africa before becoming the country's first black president. Mandela was a leading member of the African National Congress (ANC), which opposed South Africa's white minority government and its policy of racial separation, known as apartheid. The government outlawed the ANC in 1960. Mandela was captured and jailed in 1962, and in 1964 he was convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison. He began serving the sentence as prisoner 46664 on Robben Island, near Cape Town, but instead of disappearing from view, Mandela became a prison-bound martyr and worldwide symbol of resistance to racism. South African President F.W. de Klerk finally lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela in 1990. Mandela used his stature to help dismantle apartheid and form a new multi-racial democracy, and he and de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Mandela was elected the country's president in 1994. He served until 1999, when he was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki. Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, was published in 1994.

155. Who were Stephen Biko and Donald Woods? Stephen Biko- was raised and educated in a Christian home, Biko became a student at Wentworth, a White medical school in Durban. There in 1968 he formed SASO (South African Students' Organization), an activist group seeking equal rights for South African black people. Expelled from Wentworth in 1972 (the stated cause being poor academic performance), Biko devoted his time to activist activities. His concept of black consciousness continued to develop as he next went to work for BCP (Black Community Programmes). By 1973 his political activities had caused him to be banned from Durban and restricted to his hometown. Back in King Williamstown, undaunted, he set up a new branch of BCP - only to have it banned there as well. Still, Biko continued to work for black consciousness. This led to repeated detentions and caused him to be placed in security over and over again. Yet he was never charged. In 1977 he became honorary president of the Black People's Convention he had founded in 1972. His appointment was to be for a period of five years, but nine months later he died of brain damage after being beaten by police officers while in detention.Donald Woods-was a white South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist. As editor of the Daily Dispatch from 1965 to 1977, he befriended Steve Biko, leader of the anti-apartheid Black Consciousness Movement, and was banned by the government soon after Biko's death, which had been caused by serious head injuries, sustained while in police custody. The government denied giving Biko these injuries, even though police officers admitted to beating Biko to the point of nerve and brain damage. Woods fled to London, where he continued to foster opposition to apartheid. In 1978, he became the first private citizen to address the United Nations Security Council.156. Why has food production declined in Africa South of the Sahara in recent years? Cash crops instead of food crops, soil erosion, and desertification

157. What disrupted famine relief efforts in the Horn of Africa? Ethnic and civil warfare158. Why is life expectancy low and infant mortality high in the region? Malnutrition, war, poverty, disease, and a hard life as subsistence farmers.159. Which country received the largest percentage of slaves from Africa? The West Indies160. What percentage of slaves from Africa came to the U.S.? 1 in 25 African slaves (4%) came to the

US.

South AsiaVocabulary-Define

161. Cottage industry - a business that employs workers in their homes162. Tsunami - Japanese term for used for a huge sea wave caused by an undersea earthquake163. Green revolution– program, begun in the 1960’s to produce higher-yielding, more productive strains of wheat, rice, and other food crops

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):164. Ganges Plain - World’s largest alluvial plain. 1/10th of the world’s people live on this plain. Rich soil. 165. Himalaya Mountains - – world’s tallest mountain range separates South Asia from the rest of Asia

People (What did this person / group accomplish?):166. Mohandas K. Gandhi – Indian national hero that led the non-violent movement for independence from British control by leading sit-ins, boycotts, and non-violent protests.167. What is the importance of spinning and weaving? Gandhi made his own clothes to boycott

buying material from Great Britain.168. Which areas do Pakistan and India dispute? Kashmir and Jammu169. What created the dispute? In 1947, areas with a Hindu majority became India and areas with a Muslim majority became Pakistan170. What direction are the monsoon winds in the summer? Winter? the summer monsoon blows from the south and southwest across South Asia bringing warm, moist air. The winter monsoon blows from the north and northeast across South Asia bringing dry, cold air171. Religions – Main beliefs of :

Hinduism – one god in many forms, scared writings – Vedas set up rigid social system know as the caste system (outlawed in 1947) Goal: Join Collective Soul. Reincarnation, karma, and practice yoga as a form of meditation

Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama “the Awakened One” – Buddha. Reincarnation, karma, and the four Noble Truths :

1. Suffering and sorrow are part of life2. Cause of suffering is self-centered desires3. The way to escape suffering is to overcome desires and reach state of “not wanting”4. People can reach Nirvana (enlightenment)by following the 8 Fold Path

Define: Vedas – sacred writings of the Hindu brought to India by the AryansKarma – belief that for every action there is a positive and a negative. (If you do evil – evil will happen to you)Reincarnation – the atman (soul) is born again after death. Good karma (good actions) and dharma (living the right way) will progress the atman up the steps. Bad karma and dharma will go down

East Asia:Vocabulary (define):

172. Paddy - flooded field in which rice is gown

173. One Child Policy - 1979 Chinese policy that limits a couple to one child. This plan was to slow

population growth174. Great Leap Forward - Mao Zedong’s plan to turn all the subsistence Chinese family farms into large communist run collective farms in order to more efficiently feed the people of China. However, it did not work and 20 million died of starvation175. Cultural Revolution - Mao Zedong’s plan to create a communist culture in China. The plan was to change China from a country of farmers to an industrial super power. Many of the educated people fled the country or were killed176. Samurai - In medieval Japan, a class of professional soldiers who lived by a strict code of personal honor and loyalty to a noble177. Silk Road - trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea starting around 100 BCE178. Dynasty - a ruling house or continuing family of rulers, especially in China

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):179. Taiwan - The Republic of China. China considers this country to be the 23rd province of China. The US supports Taiwan’s right to exist, but has not formally recognized it.180. People’s Republic of China - mainland China (communist China) started by Mao Zedong

181. Plateau of Tibet - nicknamed the rooftop of the world because it averages 15,000 feet above sea level. This is where most of Asia’s major rivers begin. Tibet was absorbed into China in 1960, and the Dalali Lama (the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people) has been trying to gain world recognition for 40+ years182. Three Gorges Dam - located on the Yangtze River, when completed in 2009 it will be the world’s largest hydro-electric dam. It will produce 20% of China’s electricity183. Hong Kong / Macau - Hong Kong was leased by Britain and Macau by Portugal for 100 years – both areas are very westernized and became centers of economics. They were both returned at the end of the 1900’s

People (What did this person / group accomplish?):184. Mao Zedong - Leader of China that led the communists to victory against Chang Kai-Shek. He is hailed as a national hero for uniting the people of China. However, the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward were a disaster

Questions (answer the questions fully):185. What are the top three countries in size (area) and population? Size – Russia, Canada, USA. In Population – China, India, USA186. Where did East Asia’s culture begin? Yellow River Valley, China187. What are some of the major historical events of East Asian history? China was ruled by dynasties

and Japan was ruled by a shogun. The Silk Road was a trade route established between the Mediterranean and East Asia. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 12/7/1941. After WWII, the Korean War ended in a stalemate with the dividing line between communist North Korea and US –backed democratic South Korea at the 38th Parallel (the DMZ – demilitarized zone is located at this border) Mongolia was communist from 1925 – 1991

188. Religions – Main beliefs of Shinto – Official religion of Japan. Millions of Kami (gods), Everyone is capable of becoming a Kami Spirit.

4 Affirmations: 1. Tradition and family are very important 2. Love each other and nature 3. Physical cleanliness 4. Honor spirits

Confucianism – based on the teachings of Kung Fu Tzu – Confucius. His writings are the Shi Shu – includes the Analects of Confucius and the Wu Jing (Classics). The goal is to

live an ethical life. Confucians believe there are 5 “Great Relationships” and 4 passages of life.

Taoism – symbol is the ying-yang, sacred writing is the Tao-Te-Ching (The Way and its Power), The Tao (The Way) is a presence that is everywhere. Everything in the

Universe is constantly changing, there are 2 forces in everything (yin-yang) which balance each other. 3 Jewels – compassion, moderation, and humility Goal: Become one with the Tao, perfect balance. Acupuncture, herbalist, holistic medicine, Meditation and martial arts, live a simple life, reflect on the Tao, and Use your Chi

Southeast Asia:Vocabulary (define):

189. ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations – 1967 organization to promote regional development and trade in Southeast Asia190. Archipelago - a chain or group of islands

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):191. Indochina - peninsula that was controlled by France that includes Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

192. Singapore - 100% urban. This country is a free port

Questions (answer the questions fully):193. How did the early cultures of Southeast Asia develop? They developed because of the maritime (sea) trade194. What caused the Vietnam War? When French Indochina was divided into communist and non- communist areas the US supported non-communist South Vietnam against the spread of communism from North Vietnam. The war was very unpopular at home and the US withdrew in 1973195. Why did East Timor want independence from Indonesia? They were a Roman Catholic minority in a Muslim country196. What are some of the major historical events of Southeast Asian history? Started by sea trade. The Europeans – Dutch, French, British, Spanish, and Portuguese all had colonies in the area. Only Thailand remained independent and was known as Siam. Burma was a British colony and later renamed Myanmar. US won the Philippines in the Spanish-American War. The Vietnam War. 12/26/2004 – a tsunami killed 200,000

Australia, Oceania and Antarctica:Vocabulary (define):

197. Antarctic Treaty - The treaty that states that Antarctica should be used for scientific research only.198. Outback - vast, barren area in the center of Australia that is home to the Aborigines199. Trust Territory - territory that is temporarily placed under the protection and administration of another country or the United Nations to prepare the country for independence

Places (What is it like? / What happened there? / Where is it? / type of landform?):200. Oceania – Vast area of the Pacific Ocean – made up of three areas:

Micronesia - a group of islands and archipelagoes in Oceania that include Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, and the Caroline Islands.Melanesia - a group of islands and archipelagoes in Oceania that include Papua-New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and others.Polynesia - a group of islands and archipelagoes in Oceania that include Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa,and others.

201. Antarctica -World’s highest, driest, windiest, and coldest continent. 98% of landmass is covered with ice as much as 2 miles thick. No government. US does not recognize any country’s rights to Antarctica

People (What did this person / group accomplish?):202. Maori – original people of New Zealand203. Aborigine native people of Australia

Questions (answer the questions fully):204. Where did the early people of this region come from? Probably from Asia by way of Polynesia205. What was Britain’s original purpose for Australia? Convict colony206. Which territories / protectorates in this region are administered by the US? In the region, the US

controls (administers) Guam, Northern Marianas Islands, American SamoaCurriculum Based Assessment

207. Command Economy / Market Economy / Traditional Economy – Traditional / Subsistence Economy - People make enough for self and maybe village. Motivation is survival. Hard to maintain for a large population because it takes large amounts of land and benefits only a small few.Market economy - Individuals and private companies make the economic decisions. Supply and demand determines what people will buy / sell. Command economy - government owns the means of production and makes all the economic decisions. Government keeps the profit to share equally with the citizens.

208. Characteristics of Communism and Capitalism – COMMUNISM:

Economic system where the major resources and production are owned and controlled by the government. Theory: Equal sharing of work, benefits and needs

1. Government decides what to make, how much to make, what to charge, and how long it should take.2. Materials are not always available to produce the products3. Land and companies are owned by the government. Government makes all the profits to share equally with people.4. Workers assigned by government needs and abilities.5. No competition6. Long lines, shortages, high prices, and little variety7. Black market is needed for consumer goods8. No freedom of speech, movement, and assembly9. No incentive. Workers paid equally regardless of production10. 1 party government (socialist)11. Examples: Cuba, USSR, and North Korea

CAPITALISM:Economic system where private individuals and businesses own means of production and carry on exchange of goods and services through supply and demand

1. Individuals or companies decide what to make, charge, etc.2. Consumers will pay for quality after shopping around for the best deal.3. Materials are abundant for a price4. Land and companies are individually owned5. Workers choose where to work.6. Companies decide who to hire7. Supermarkets8. Black market not for essentials. Usually for illegal substances.9. Freedom to talk out against the government (except to overthrow), freedom to move around out of the country, and

freedom to assemble.10. Paid by production11. At least 2 party government (democracy)12. Examples: USA, Australia, Canada, UK

209. Autocracy / Oligarchy / Democracy – Autocracy – any government ruled by one person Oligarchy - ruled by a small groupDemocracy – ruled by the people

210. Trade Surplus / trade deficitTrade deficit - spending more money on imports than earning from exportsTrade surplus - – earning more money from export sales than spending for imports.

211. Light / Heavy Industry

Light industry- manufacturing aimed at making consumer goods such as textiles or food processing rather than heavy machineryHeavy Industry - the manufacture of machinery and equipment needed for factories and mines

212. Embargo / Quota / TariffQuota – number amount allowed from country

Tariff – tax Embargo – ban on trade213. Characteristics of a developed / developing country

Developed Nations - low birth rates, low death rates, low infant mortality, high literacy rates, long lifeexpectancy, environmental controls, high per capita GDP, urban, few in agriculture, energy consumption is high, and transportation and communication networks are developed.

Developing - high birth rates, high death rates, high infant mortality, low literacy rates, short life expectancy, few environmental controls, low per capita GDP, rural or urban slums, most in agriculture, energy consumption is low, and transportation and communication networks are not well developed

214. Push / Pull Factors – Push Factors – things that make a person want to leave a place (war, famine, unemployment)Pull Factors – things that attract a person to a new location (jobs, family, money, land, natural resources)

215. Ethnocentrism - Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture group216. Material & Non-Material Culture

Material culture – things that people in a culture make (clothing, buildings, utensils, etc)Non – material culture – things that are part of a culture that are not “made” (government s

systems, economic systems, rights of women)217. Civilization - highly organized, city based society with advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art, and science218. Ethnic group - people who share a common language, history, place of origin or a combination of these219. Nationalism – desire of an ethnic group to have its own nation (Palestinians, Kurds, Tamils)220. Agricultural revolution – also called the Neolithic revolution - 10,000 years ago humans began to settle and build permanent crops221. Culture Hearth – what, where, what have in common culture hearth where civilization begins and spread

Where were the cultural hearths? Mesoamerica – MexicoNile River Valley – EgyptMesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates – IraqIndus River – PakistanYellow River – ChinaWith the exception of Mesoamerica, they were all located near major rivers.

222. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary economic activitiesPrimary - Use natural resources directly. Usually found at the site – ex. Mining and farmingSecondary - secondary - Manufacture into something new. Found close to the market or close

to the natural resource. Ex. Refining oil, making wheat into bread.Tertiary - service – locate near customers. Ex. Waitress, teacher, truck driverQuaternary - Process and distribute information. Located anywhere with skilled labor. Ex –

plant geneticist, AIDS researcherSKILLS:

223. Using latitude and longitude coordinates – start at ) latitude _ (horizontal) and 0 longitude l (vertical). The first number is latitude and you go north (up) or south (down). The second number is latitude and you go east (right) or west (left)224. Finding latitude and longitude coordinates – see above225. Lines of latitude/ longitude (Tropics, Poles, Circles, Prime Meridian, Equator, etc.) 0 longitude – Prime Meridian. 0 latitude – Equator. 23 ½ N – Tropic of Cancer. 23 ½ S – Tropic of Capricorn. 66 ½ N – Arctic Circle. 66 ½ S – Antarctic Circle. From 0 – 23 ½ are the

Tropics (Low). Between 23 ½ and 66 ½ are the Temperate Zone (Mid) and 66 ½ - 90 are the Polar regions (high)226. Hemispheres – Northern Hemisphere is north of the Equator. Southern Hemisphere is south of

the Equator. Western Hemisphere is west of the Prime Meridian and Eastern Hemisphere is east of the Prime Meridian. Each spot on the earth is in 2 hemispheres.

227. Continents (7) Asia, Antarctica, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia228. Oceans (5) Pacific, Arctic, Indian, Southern, Atlantic229. Reading Population Pyramids – right of the center is almost always female. Each row is a different age group. A population pyramid that is a triangle in shape means rapid population growth. 230. Graphs – the trick to graphs is to read the question carefully. 231. Charts – the trick to charts is just like graphs – read the questions. Make sure what you are answering is what the question was asking.232. Reading Maps – You have had a bunch of practice at this skill. Use it to answer questions233. Major landforms of each region – You need to know the MAJOR rivers, plains, bodies of water, and mountain regions in each region.234. Climographs –

Desert is going to have less than 10 inches of rain in a year. Steppe is 10 – 20 inches of rain in a year. Tropical rainforest – temperatures stay high (80 or above – many times in almost a straight line) and significant rainfall every month. Tropical Savanna – at least 3 months without rain and a very wet season – high temperatures. Mediterranean will have a dry summer and wet winter (any time it is raining in the winter months and almost desert in the summer) Humid subtropical – rain amounts vary, but there will be rain every month. Hot summers and mild winters. Marine – influenced by the ocean – it will have fairly constant high amounts of rain and a mild winter and summers in the 60’s. Humid Continental – cold winters and hot summers with consistant rainfall 20 – 50 inches. Subarctic – widest temperature range from summer to winter (will make a big arch) long winter with a few months below freezing – summer 60 degrees(possibly up to 80) 5 – 15 inches of precipitation in the summer. Tundra – Never gets above 50 degrees. Very dry. Less than 10 inches a year. 9 months below freezing some below 0. Icecap – no month above freezing. Very little precipitation (usually below 5 inches)