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World Energy Transitions
James Hayes-Bohanan, Ph.D.
Considerations
• Kinds of energy
• Patterns of energy use
• Sources of energy
• The future of energy
• No “magic bullets” for sale here!
Kinds of energy
• Perpetual
• Renewable
• Non-renewable
• Conservation
Historic energy use in U.S.
Cutter and Renwick, 1999.
Major commercial sources of energy
• Fossil Fuels– Coal– Oil– Natural Gas
• Nuclear
• Hydroelectric
Major Coal Reserves
Major Oil Reserves
Gulf Petroleum Exports
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr.http://www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
Petroleum dependence
Analysis from ForbesWhat is at stake in Saudi Arabia:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1112/064_print.html
Ten-dollar gasoline?:http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/10/2201022oilcosts_print.html
Patterns of trade:http://www.forbes.com/static_html/oil/oil.shtml
NuclearCycles
Note dfferencesbetween currentand “future”pathways.
U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr. http://www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
U.S. Car/Truck Mix
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr. http://www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
The future of energy
• Global
• National
• State and regional
• Institutional
• Individual
Global scale
• Resource limitations
• Climate change
• Other environmental harm
• Geopolitics
National scale - imported oil
• Slow rate of overall economic growth
• Increase taxes on imported oil
• Encourage conservation
• Promote domestic alternatives
• Region-specific incentives
• Strategic petroleum reserves
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr. http://www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
National scale - longer term
• The previous list simply “buys time” while alternatives are found.
• According to Verleger, “after 2015, the United States and other major consumers may have to admit that the resource base outside the Middle East is insufficient.”
• Therefore, the policies focused on “energy independence” are not useful long-term: Post-petroleum policies are needed.
Post-petroleum technologies
• Wind
• Solar
• Tides
• Fuel Cells
State and regional scale
• Electricity deregulation– Price– Air-quality– Promoting alternatives
• Government as consumer
• Mass-transit and highway decisions
Institutional scale
• Energy Bear!
• Information systems
• ROI: Return on Investment
Individual scale
• Motivation
• Consumption choices
• Geographic choices
• Technology choices: ROI
• Reduce, reuse, recycle, repair
Utility facts
Under energy deregulation, consumers may have greater control over the energy choices made on their behalf
Further information
• Environmental Geography web site at http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh
• Energy education page (choose “Energy” from drop-down menu)
• Includes this presentation and citations