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Revolutionary Europe: 1789 -1848

Elizabeth Hyde

Growth of public sphere Print Places Organizations

Weakened image of monarchy Unpopularity of Louis XVI and (especially) Marie

Antoinette Desacralization of monarchy From Royal grandeur to Rococo luxury

Government economic crisis Taxes insufficient; tax code exempted first and second

estate Rise of prices

Intermittent bad harvests Bread prices rising, jobs lost

1. What is the Third Estate? Everything.2. What has it been until now in the political

order? Nothing.3. What does it want? To become

something.

1. Work in the countryside with raw materials.

2. Industry3. Merchants4. “service” industry

Who does all this work? The Third Estate.

1789 Revolution breaks out 1789-1971 Moderate Phase

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen Work towards constitutional monarchy

1792-1794 Radical Phase Rise of Jacobins, Sans-culottes, Robespierre Reign of Terror

1795-1799 Reaction

The Bastille

Most important political club Two radical groups within the Jacobins

Girondists: supported harsh treatment of nobles, clergy, supported the war, but balked at popular violence (e.g. Marquis de Condorcet)

Mountain: manipulated the crowd against Girondists, believed war could consolidate support (e.g. Marat, Danton, Maximilien Robespierre)

Support of Sans-culottes (working classes) crucial to Jacobin success.

A sans-culotte you rogues? He is someone who always goes on foot, who has no millions as you would all like to have, no chateaux, no valets to serve him, and who lives simply with his wife and children…

He is useful, because he knows how to work in the field, to forge iron, to use a saw, to use a file, to roof a house, to make shoes, and to shed his last drop of blood for the safety of the Republic….

In the evening he goes to his section, not powdered or perfumed, or smartly booted in the hope of catching the eye of the citizenesses in the galleries, but ready to support good proposals….

Finally, a sans-culotte always has his sabre sharp, to cut off the ears of all enemies of the Revolution. . .

From “First Consul” to “Consul for Life” to Emperor.

Napleonic (or Civil) Code ensured the survival of many revolutionary reforms. Imposed the code on conquered territories. Brought new (but short-lived) freedoms to some. Ensconced patriarchal and paternalistic language in

French government.

Placed family members on thrones of conquered countries.

Europe in Napoleonic Era

Map 17.1: Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815 (p. 706)

Waves of Revolution 1820 1830 1848

Some liberal gains

But divisions between liberals and workers proved costly

Radicalization of working classes Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,

Communist Manifesto