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World Civilizations to 1600s Chapter 6. Africa, Early History to 1000 C.E. Civilization. In the narrow sense: has writing, urban centers, uses metals, hierarchy, central authority - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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World Civilizations to 1600s Chapter 6
Africa, Early History to 1000 C.E.
Civilization
In the narrow sense: has writing, urban centers, uses metals, hierarchy, central authority
In a broader sense: can be associated with the sophistication of a people’s intellectual, cultural, and artistic traditions
There are many societies that could be considered “civilized” in this broader sense
Africa
1/5 of earth’s land mass 31/2 the size of continental U.S. 12 million square miles Less than 10% is covered by rainforests, and those
are in West Africa In the north and south, 2 deserts: the Sahara and
the Kalahari Just north and south of equator are savannas or
grasslands Tropical forests along equator
Large rivers: Nile, Niger, Congo, & Zambezi High mountains: Kilimanjaro in the east and
Mt. Cameroun in the west
It is thought man originated in Africa because of fossil remains
False image, “the Dark Continent” They have technology, crops, ideas, & material
goods received from many areas
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Mt. Cameroun
Climate changes caused migration The Sahara used to receive up to 50% more
rain than it gets today; temperatures rose and rainfall decreased about 9,000 years ago
By 3000 B.C.E droughts had created a desert and migrations began
Initially, people were hunter/gatherers Agriculture reached them by 3000 B.C.E. and
populations increased
Sahara
It is thought agriculture came in from the Near East because crops grown were not native: millet and sorghum
New crops from S.E. Asia introduced: rice and bananas
New crops from the Americas introduced: maize and manioc
Livestock arrived from new areas: cattle and the camel from Asia, and horses from W. Asia
Camel played an important role in opening up Africa Its feet were good for walking in the sand of the
desert It could consume large amounts of water and then
do without for long periods Camels increased the efficiency of the trans-
Saharan trade and contributed to the growth of major trading centers
Nomadic people also raised other livestock like goats and wandered to find forage
Livestock was limited by the tse-tse fly which brought sleeping sickness to many animals
Iron came in from W. Asia by the last 1000 years B.C.E.; iron tools replaced stone ones
Bronze reached Africa by 1000 C.E.
Migrations
Migrations of people and the diffusion of agriculture and iron are probably linked to the desiccation or desertification of the Sahara
Bantu people of eastern Nigeria began to move south throughout sub-Saharan Africa and are traced through the spread of their language, Proto-Bantu
Bantus were successful in overcoming others they encountered as they migrated; had iron weapons
Bantus reached today’s South Africa by the 13th century C.E.
Bantus: Depended on farming & fishing Villages developed around kinship groups Council of elders ruled Practiced animism Asked ancestors for help Spread culture and it then blended with other
cultures
Kingdom of the Kush 1000 B.C.E. – 300 C.E. Smaller yet important society appearing at the
southern end of the Nile River Influenced by the Egyptians Skilled in the use of iron Both their writing and their political systems were
similar to the Egyptian Had extensive trade routes to the west Produced fine pottery and jewelry Began to decline in 100 C.E. Taken over by Axum to the south in 300 C.E. Their influences still felt in Ethiopia
Kingdom of the Kush
Axum
In Ethiopian highlands Trading state Christian Population was a mix of Arab settlers from
Yemen, people of Eritrea and the Ethiopian highlands
Existed since the 1st century C.E. Was an elephant and ivory market in its port
of Andulis
Axum
Cosmopolitan urban center Located close to Indian trade routes that gave
access to goods and ideas from India, East Indies, Iran, Arabia, East African coast, & the Roman Mediterranean
Traded in obsidian, slaves, & gold dust 200 C.E. Axum was involved in wars on Arabian
peninsula Became dominant power and controlled areas in
southern Arabia - Yemen
King of Axum converted to Christianity in 350 C.E. and the religion, churches, and monasteries spread
Ghana
Peoples of the savanna Great trade area Trades salt for gold with those in Niger and Senegal
and then sent the gold north to markets in North Africa
Along these trade routes in the 8th century, the states of Takur, Ghana, Gao, and Kanem were established
Ghana received manufactured goods in return for gold
Ghana grew and controlled other states Kumbi Saleh, capital, divided into 2 areas 6
miles apart One was for the king, his court, the houses of his
people, shrines, and worship centers The other was for long distance Muslim traders,
religious leaders, scholars, mosques, and houses; this area was for Muslims
It was a powerful, well-organized kingdom dominated by a royal family
Its influence spread into the Sahara until the coming of the Almorvids (Muslims) who began to take control of the gold trade of the Sahara
Almorvids conquered Ghana in 1076 Ghana still existed but was greatly weakened
The coming of Islam broke down established kingdoms
Eventually, the Kingdom of Mali took hold