World Bank Documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/482861468268198854/...Slow sand Filtration/ 2. Defluoridation/ 3. Chlorination/ 4. Others (Specify) 5. Type of Storage 1. GLSR

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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand

ANNEXURE-1

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FIELD DATA COLLECTION

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Annexure-1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FIELD DATA COLLECTION

1. Village Information Format (Collect information form Village Sarpanch, Village Secretary and other responsible village leaders) Identification

Name of the Habitation Name of the Village (GP)

Name of the Block Name of the District

General Information

Terrain 1. Plain/ 2. Sloping/ 3. Hilly/ 4. Forest / 5. Other (Specify)

Area in Acres

Population

Distance from Block Headquarters in Km

Nature of Soil (Clay, sand, gravel, rock)

Depth of Water Table (Location wise) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Water Supply

1. Type of Scheme 1. SVS / 2. MVS/ 3. HPs

2. Source 1. Bore well/ River/ Canal/ Tank/ Pond/ Others (Specify)

3. Treatment 1. Yes/ 2. No.

4. Type of treatment 1. Slow sand Filtration/ 2. Defluoridation/ 3. Chlorination/ 4. Others (Specify)

5. Type of Storage 1. GLSR/ 2. OHT/ 3. Others (Specify)

6. Distribution 1. HSC/ 2. PSP/ 3. Others

7. Supply duration From _____ Hrs to _____ Hrs

8. Supply Frequency 1. Daily/ 2. Once in ____ Days

9. Quality Perception 1. Muddy/ 2. Salty/ 3. Fluoride/ 4. Smell/ 5. Other (specify)

10. Quality Parameter (Specify parameter and value in ppm)

Environmental Sanitation

No of ISLs

11. ISL Coverage (% of households)

12. No of Public Latrines

13. Solid Waste Disposal? 1- Outside village / 2- In village / 3- Near fields/ Other

14. Use of waste as Manure? 1- Yes/ 2- No

15. Open Defecation places 1- Near Water Source/ 2- Sloping grounds/ 3- Catchments/ 4-Others _

16. Presence of Sewerage 1- Yes/ 2- No

17. Sewerage Coverage (% of households)

18. Sewage treatment 1. Yes/ 2. No.

19. Where Sewerage is disposed finally?

1- Nallah/ 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal/ 4- Pond/ 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others___

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20. Where this waste disposed finally?

1- Nallah/ 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal/ 4- Pond/ 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others___

Roads

21. Total Road Length (Km.)

22. Type of Roads (specify length in Km)

1. CC_________ / 2. Metal________ / 3. Kutcha ______ / 4. Other _______

23. Presence of Road side Drains 1- yes/ 2- No

24. Coverage in Km

Solid waste

25. Where do you dispose solid waste?

1- Inside the Village/ 2- Out Side/ 3- Others _____

26. Where do you dispose fodder waste/dung?

27. Locations

28. Distance from village Km

29. What is done with the waste? 1- Compost/ 2- Burnt/ 3. leave it alone/ 4.Other (specify)

30. Health

31. Health facility 1. PHC/ 2. Sub-Center/ 3. Others

32. Health staff in village 1. Govt. Doctor/ 2. Private Qualifid Doctor/ 3. ANM/ 4. Quack/ 5. None/ 6.Others (specify)

33. Common Diseases 1. Malaria/ 2. Typhoid/ 3. GE/ 4. JE/ 5. Others (Specify)

34. Season for Typhoid, Malaria, GE, JE, etc.

1. Rainy Season/ 2. Winter/ 3. Summer

1.

Other Information

Position Name Phone/ Mobile No.

GP President

GP Secretary

Revenue Secretary

AE (RWS) in charge

Village Leader 1

Village Leader 2

Village Leader 3

Village Leader 4

2. HH ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVIEW FORMAT Identification Habitation Village

Block District

Demographic Profile

1. Name of the Household Head:

2. Religion 1- Hindu/ 2- Muslim/3- Christian/4-Others

3. Caste 1- General/2- SC/ 3- ST/4- BC

4. Sub caste / sub tribe

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HH Environmental Sanitation

5. Where do you defecate? 1- Individual Sanitary Latrine (ISL)/ 2 – Public Latrine/ 3- Open

6. If ISL, do all members of your family use? 1- Yes/ 2- No

7. Is your ISL / Public Latrine connected to 1 – Leach pit/ 2- Septic Tank

8. How do you dispose effluent from Septic Tank?

9. Where do you dispose septic tank/ leach pit waste?

1- Outside village / 2- In village / 3- Near fields/ Other

10. Do you use this waste as Manure? 1- Yes/ 2- No

Open Defecation

11. Do you resort to open defecation? 1 –Yes/ 2- No

12. If Open defecation, then where do you go 1- Near Water Source/ 2- Slope grounds/ 3- Catchments/ 4-Others __

Sewerage

13. Is your HH connected to Sewerage? 1- Yes/ 2- No

14. If Yes, any treatment is done? 1- Yes/ 2- No

15. Where it is disposed finally? 1- Nallah/ 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal/ 4- Pond/ 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others___

Waste Water

16. Where do you dispose sullage? 1- Drain/ 2- Soak pit

17. Where does this waste water lead to 1- Nallah/ 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal/ 4- Pond/ 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others___

18. Do this waste water treated? 1- Yes/ 2- No

Personal Hygiene

19. Do you practice hand washing after defecation?

1- Yes/ 2- No

20. When do you generally wash hands? 1- Before & After eating/ 2- After Defecation/ 3 – Both

21. What do you use for cleaning hands? 1- Soap/ 2- Mud/ 3- Ash/ 4- Others ___

22. How often do members of your family bath?

1. Daily/ 2. Once in two days/ 3. Twice a week. 4. Weekly once/ 5. DKCS

23. Cleaning practice after defecation in open 1- Water/ 2- Stone/ 3- Leaves/ 4- Sticks/ 5- Paper/ 6- others

24. Where do your children defecate? 1- Inside house/ 2- Outside/ 3- latrine/ 4- Field/ 5- Others ____________

25. How do you dispose children faecal matter?

26. Do you wash your hands after cleaning children’s faeces?

1 – Yes/ 2- No

Drinking Water

27. Where from you get your drinking water? 1- Panchayat tap/ 2- Hand pump/ 3 - Public Open well/ 4- Individual open well

28. Do you treat drinking water in case obtained from open well?

1- Yes/ 2- No

29. If Yes, how do you treat? 1- Filtering using Cloth/ 2- Candles/ 3- Boiling/ 4- Chlorine Tablets/ 5- Alum or herbs/ 6 – Others ________

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30. How do you handle drinking water? 1-Use ladle/ 2- Cover or lid/ 3- Customized pot or tank with tap/ 4- Other______

Solid Waste

31. Where do you dispose Solid waste? 1- In bins/ 2- Outside on lane/ 3. In front of house/ 4. In compost pit / 5. Other Places (specify)

Livestock

32. Where do you dispose fodder waste/dung? 1- House back yard / 2- Outside village/ 3 – Others _________

33. Do you have a compost pit for this waste? 1. Yes/ 2. No.

3. Focus Group Discussions/ Public Consultation Facilitator Checklist

1. Background Information Date and Time of FGD

Habitation

Location/Venue of FGD

Focus Group Category General/ Women/ SC/ST/ Others

Sub-category (specify)

Number of Participants Men: Women: Total:

Moderator

2. Water Sources

What are the major sources of water supply?

What are your main sources of drinking water?

Which sources do you use for cattle purposes?

What is the quality of these sources?

How do these sources get contaminated?

What are the probable areas for groundwater extraction?

What are the groundwater levels during the last 10 years? 3. Present Sanitation (Human Waste, Waste Water, Animal Waste,

How many have ISLs in the village?

How many do use them?

What are the reasons for not using the ISLs?

What are the reasons for not building ISLs?

Where do you dispose of the contents of the septic tanks/ leach pits?

What percentage of village is covered with drainage?

Why the remaining portion is not covered?

How often your drainage is clogged?

Who maintains the drainage?

Would contribute for providing underground drainage to the entire village? How much?

Would you contribute to maintain the underground drainage properly? How much?

Where does the village wastewater go finally?

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Do you think your village is clean?

How far it is clean? Can it be better?

What are your suggestions to keep it clean?

Are the roads paved in your village? 4. Water Quality

What are your perceptions about the drinking water quality? If the water is not good do you have any other means? What is sustainability of these sources?

Has the quality deteriorated over past few years? How and Why? (e.g. color, taste, smell)

Due to what reasons the water quality has deteriorated? 5. Awareness Generation

What are the various awareness programmes regarding water and sanitation taken up in your village?

How can the people be motivated to water sources clean and keep water at home clean?

How can people be motivated to built ISLs and use them?

Who all need to be educated and on what specific aspects? (e.g. women, children, general public, officials)

6. Indigenous Knowledge/ Village Wisdom

How do you protect your drinking water sources? How do you traditionally clean/ treat water? At household level/ community level: Are there any occasions during which the whole village is compulsorily cleaned and sanitized?

7. Suggestions

What are the environmental problems that you perceive from the project?

What are your suggestions to overcome these problems?

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ANNEXURE-2

WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

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Annexure -2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

Water Quality Standards The Bureau of Indian Standards specifications IS:10500-1991 govern the quality of drinking water supplies in India by public agencies. These are based on International standards for drinking water quality issued by the WHO and the manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies, ICMR, 10500 (2004-2005).

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ANNEXURE-3

GUIDELINES FOR WQM&S

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Annexure 3 GUIDELINES FOR WQM&S

Guidelines in this Annexure are based on the Community-based Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance system documented in the Implementation Manual on National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme published in 2004 by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. These guidelines will be applicable on the Jharkhand Project. Plan for WQM&S Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance: The actions planned for integrating a Community-based system for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance programme are:

Identifying suitable user-friendly field kits for Water Quality Testing.

Initiating an action research (pilot) on Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance in few villages.

Using the piloting experience to develop a scaling-up strategy for all the project villages.

Using the pilot villages as models for training (a) first, the Technical and Community Development Staff of all DSUs, and through them, (b) the engineers at Block/ sub-division level and technical staff of Sos, and (c) the GPWSCs.

Implementing the Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance programme in all the project villages through the use of user-friendly Water Quality Testing Kits and by involving the GPWSCs, community institutions (such as SHGs), local educational institutions, PHCs, etc.

Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance through Laboratory Infrastructure: The water to be supplied is tested at two stages.

Firstly, at the time of development of source to ascertain if the source would yield water within safe chemical-content limits.

Secondly, after commissioning of the water supply schemes, to monitor any change in quality of the water supply source over the years.

Water samples, apart from the source, are also taken from different points in the distribution system including the consumer end and tested in the laboratories.

Testing personnel Frequency Responsibility

Pump operator/ caretaker of water distribution

Once in a day Checking and ensuring the safety of water

Maintaining a record of residual chlorine

Junior Engineer Once in a week

Checking turbidity of treated water from filters in case of surface water sources

Testing residual chlorine

Checking the water quality record maintained by operator

Maintaining the record of treated water quality

Assistant Engineer Once in a month

Testing residual chlorine in the water sample

Checking the record of tests conducted by the pump operator and Junior Engineer and will record his comments over the

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results.

Executive Engineer Once in three months

Collecting and sending samples for bacteriological analysis;

Maintaining the records of bacteriological water quality

Superintending Engineer Twice in a year before and after monsoon

Collecting and sending samples to district laboratories for Chemical analysis;

Maintaining the records of chemical water quality

Key guidelines for WQM&S Objective of the water quality monitoring:

To ascertain the quality of water in various rural water supply schemes (tube wells or canal based) as well as in the distribution network.

To examine physico-chemical and bacteriological quality to establish whether the drinking water is fit for human consumption and meets the drinking water standards as laid down in IS - 10500: (2004-2005).

Sampling: Recommended Frequency:

Source Minimum frequency of sampling and analysis Remarks

Bacteriological Physical/Chemical

Ground Water

Shallow tube wells with hand pump

Every fortnight Once initially, then 4 times yearly

Situations requiring testing: change in environmental conditions, outbreak of water borne disease or increase in incidence of waterborne diseases

Deep tube wells with hand pump

Once initially, then as situation demands 4 times yearly

Once initially, then two4 times yearly.

Residual chlorine test – daily

Wells and piped supplies

Once initially, thereafter as situation demands

Once initially, then 4 times yearly

Test weekly for residual chlorine if water is chlorinated

Surface Water

Filtered and/or chlorinated and piped supplies

Once monthly Once initially, then 4 times yearly.

Residual chlorine test – daily

Increase frequency of bacteriological test if situation demands

Recommended Location: Selection of location for sampling should indicate true representative samples.

Public stand posts (PSPs)

Selected consumer locations at random

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In addition to above, raw water source and treated water should also be analyzed in case of canal/surface water based water supply schemes.

Water Quality Record: The water quality test results should be entered in a logbook as per the prescribed format (sample shown below) and should be submitted to the DSU once every 3 months.

Sl. No.

Point of Sampling (Distribution system)

Turbidity (NTU)

Residual Chlorine

Fecal coliform MPN/ 100mL

Quantity of bleaching powder/ sodium hypochlorite being added/day

Initials of pump operator carrying test

Initials of Engineer carrying test

Remarks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The information on water quality will be integrated into the Computerized Sector Management Information System.

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ANNEXURE-4

DISPOSAL OF REJECT BRINE FROM RO PLANT

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Annexure-4 DISPOSAL OF REJECT BRINE FROM RO PLANT

Desalination process with RO plant for treating the brackish/saline groundwater with high TDS is the solution to supply drinking water to isolated habitations where the groundwater is brackish and supplying water from the distant surface water source is not feasible. Production and disposal of reject brine are an integral part of an overall desalination process. Reject brine is in the range of 40 to 60% of the feed water depending upon the TDS of the feed water. For inland (located away from the sea coast) desalination plants, this poses a serious challenge, as the option of ocean disposal of reject brine is not available. Various disposal options currently used for the reject brine are:

disposal in lined evaporation ponds (lined with polyethylene or other polymeric sheets), where land is available

disposal in unlined evaporation ponds, where land is available deep well injection after assessment of geological conditions disposal in natural depressions if no drinking water supply is depending on ground water in

the vicinity of 100 m. An alternative approach is further processing the reject brine to extract all the salts involving multiple-evaporation and/or cooling, supplemented by chemical processing. However, this may not be economically viable. Of all the disposal options, disposal of brine in lined evaporation ponds is preferable (technologically simple, risk of groundwater contamination is lesser). Dried salts resulting out of the evaporation process have to be suitably disposed after careful environmental assessment.

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ANNEXURE-5

GUIDELINES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

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Annexure-5 GUIDELINES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Groundwater aquifers are one of the main source of water in Jharkhand for tapping water for various uses. The aquifers are classified as confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer. The wells tapping water from confined aquifer are called deep wells, which have the recharge zone far away from the well location. In some locations the water quality of deep wells may have problems (fluoride/arsenic/nitrate/iron etc.). The wells tapping water from unconfined aquifer are called shallow wells, which have the recharge zone around the wells. These wells are likely to dry up during summer and liable for contamination from local pollution sources unless sanitary protection is provided. Presently the DDWS broadly follows the below procedure for identification of sources. A. Priority for the selection of sustainable sources for rural water supply

1. Groundwater source with acceptable quality (without any treatment except disinfection). These sources are preferred for single village schemes (SVSs).

2. When option (1) is not possible as the groundwater quality is problematic (fluoride/ arsenic /nitrate/iron etc.), distant surface water source which requires only simple filtration and disinfection will be preferred. These sources are preferred for multi-village schemes (MVSs) involving number of habitations (MVSs may be located away from the habitations and require treatment and pumping adding to O&M costs).

3. When option (1) and (2) are not possible due to isolation of the habitation and its location at high elevation, and if the local groundwater source is sustainable throughout the year but high TDS (> 2000 mg/L) is the only problem, the local source will be selected. Water from the local source will be treated with innovative technology such as Reverse Osmosis (RO). As RO plants have certain problems (for example, safe disposal of brine) as listed in Annexure 11, this option will be chosen only under exceptional circumstances.

4. Availability of sustained quantity based on yields and water balance considerations. B. Water Quality Testing Before selecting the source the raw water quality will be tested to check conformity with the drinking water standards as per B.I.S. 10500, 2004-2005

Box1: Designated Best Use Criteria for Surface Waters (Source: CPCB)

Designated Best Use Class Of criteria

Criteria

Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

A 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/ 100ml shall be 50 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg / l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2 mg/l or less

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Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 1. Fecal Coliforms Organism MPN/ 100 ml shall be 2500 (Imax permissible), or 1000 (desirable) 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3 mg/l or less

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/ 100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less

Propagation of Wildlife and Fisheries D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (asN) 1.2mg/l or less

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

E 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micromhos/cm Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max.26 4. Boron Max.2mg/l

In correct land use leading to heavy soil erosion and sediment transport into the lake is resulting in nutrient enrichment of lake (Nitrate & Phosphate) signifying eutrophication. C. Spacing between the proposed well and the existing groundwater structure to avoid interference

When a new well is located close to an existing well, the cone of influence of both wells may overlap and affect the yielding potential of both the wells. While locating new wells the spacing between new well and the existing well will, therefore, be fixed appropriately. The following table recommends the spacing between the existing groundwater abstraction structures and the proposed wells.

S. No. Situation Recommended spacing between any two wells (m)

Filter point or shallow wells Deep bore wells

1. Non-command area 120 300 – 500

2. Command area 160 200 – 300

3. Near perennial source like river or pond (within 200 m)

160 200 – 300

4. Non-perennial stream 180 300 – 500

Source: NABARD

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ANNEXURE-6

SANITARY SURVEY OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

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Annexure-6 SANITARY SURVEY OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Current Practice

The DDWS has an existing practice of sanitary survey of rural water supply sources while initially installing the source. However annual survey of the sources after installation is not being done systematically.

Guidelines for Sanitary Survey in Jharkhand The guidelines for Sanitary Survey given in this Annexure are in line with the guidelines documented in the Implementation Manual on National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme published in 2004 by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. These guidelines will be applied for Sanitary Surveys.

Sampling Frequency

SOURCE AND MODE OF WATER SUPPLY

Minimum number of sanitaty inspections per year

By GPWSSC / SO By JE / AE By EE / SE

Ground Water

Shallow tube wells with hand pumps

4 (including once initially while filling the EDS of the scheme)

Once initially (while filling the EDS) and thereafter as situation demands

Deep tube wells with hand pumps


Once initially (while filling the EDS) and thereafter as situation demands

Wells and piped supplies 1 (including once initially while filling the EDS of the scheme)


Once initially thereafter once every 5 years or as situation demands

Surface Water and/or chlorinated and piped supplies

Population upto 5000 12 (including once initially while filling the EDS of the scheme)


Once initially thereafter once every 5 years or as situation demands

Population 5000-20000 24-48 (including once initially while filling the EDS of the scheme)

Once a year

Community rainwater collection systems



Sanitary Survey Procedure and Recording Forms

Sanitary inspection requires detailed examination of the water-supply system, especially at its key points in order to check whether the installations are satisfactory and whether the various operations are being carried out properly. The recommended method of undertaking an inspection is to follow the natural sequence: starting with the source water and its intake, and going on to treatment, disinfection, storage, distribution, etc. Observations are recorded on preset forms.

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ANNEXURE-7

SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES

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Annexure-7 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER

SOURCES I Type of facility : SHALLOW AND DEEP HANDPUMPS (TUBEWELL) General Information i. Location : Village…………………………………. : Gram Panchayat……………………….. : District…………………………………… ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken-----------------------Sample No------------Acceptable/Rejectable II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks Yes No

1. Is there a latrine with in 10 m of handpump

2. The nearest latrine or defecation ground / pit latrines higher than the hand pump?

3. Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of the hand pump?

4. Is there any work of stagnant water within 2m of the cement floor of hand pump?

5. Is the hand pump drainage channel broken? Does it need cleaning?

6. Is there any pounding on the cement floor around the hand pump?

7. Are there any cracks on the cement floor around the hand pump?

8. Is priming of bore well required during dry season?

Total Score of risks___/8__

Containment Risk Score: 8 = V. high 6-7 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-3 = low Number of YES to be counted III. Result and recommendation: The following importance point of risks (Serially from top) will be noted and the authority advised on remedial action.

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ANNEXURE-8


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SOURCES

I Type of facility : DEEP BOREHOLE General Information i. Location : Village…………………………………. : Gram Panchayat……………………….. : District……………………………………

ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. In Water Sample Taken------------------------Sample No----------Acceptable / Rejectable II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks

Yes No

1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 30m of the pump house?

2. Is the nearest latrine unsewered? (a pit latrine that percolates to soil)

3. Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of the hand pump?

4. Is there any other source of pollution within area of the well?

5. Is the drainage are removed from the pump house fully?

6. Is there fencing around the installation drainage which prevents animals access or any entry?

7. Is the floor of the hand pump permeable to water?

8. Is the well seal insanitary?

9. Does the chlorination record show any interruption in dosing? If there is no recorded chlorination, risk (yes) should be recorded

10. Is the free chlorine residual at the sample tap less than 0.2 mg/l?

Total Score of risks _____/10

Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V. high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted III. Result and recommendation: The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action.

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ANNEXURE-9


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SOURCES I Type of facility : GRAVITY FEED PIPED SUPPLIES General Information

i. Location : Village…………………………………. : Gram Panchayat……………………….. : District……………………………………

ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is water Sample Taken-------------------------Sample No------------Acceptable/Rejectable

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risk

Yes No

Conduction pipe to reservoir

1. Is there any point leakage between the source and the reservoir?

2. If there are any pressure break boxes, are their covers insanitary?

3. Is the inspection cover on the reservoir insanitary?

4. Are any air vents insanitary?

5. Do the roof and walls of the reservoir allow any water to enter (is the reservoir cracked?)

6. Is the reservoir water unchlorinated?

Distribution pipes

7. Does the water entering the distribution pipes have less than 0.4 ppm free residual chlorine (< 0.4 ppm)

8. Are there any leaks in any part of the distribution system?

9. Is pressure low in any part of the distribution system

10. Does any sample of water in the principal distribution pipes have less than 0.2 ppm free residual chlorine?

Total Score of risks ______/10

Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V.high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted III. Result and recommendation: The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action.

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ANNEXURE-10


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SOURCES I Type of facility : RAIN WATER TANK CATCHMENT General Information i. Location : Village…………………………………. : Gram Panchayat……………………….. : District…………………………………… ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken---------------------------Sample No-------Acceptable/Rejectable II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks

Yes No

1. Is there any containment of the roof catchment area? e.g. plants,

2. Are the gathering channels which collect water dirty?

3. Is there any deficiency in the cover at the tank inlet?

4. Is there other point of entry to the tank which is not properly covered?

5. Is the any defect in the walls on top of the tank? e.g. Cracks, which could be water accessible?

6. Is the water collection area inadequately drained?

7. Are there any cracks on the cement floor around the handpump?

8. Is priming of bore well required during dry season?

9. Is there any source of pollution around the tank or water collection area?

10. Is the water tank left in a position than it may be contaminated?

Total Score of risks ________/10

Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V. high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted III. Result and recommendation: The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action.

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ANNEXURE-11

SANITARY PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

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Annexure 11 SANITARY PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Presently the DDWS is following some of the sanitary protection measures given below. The recommended procedures are for strengthening the existing DDWS practices for ensuring safe quality water supplies. The objectives of sanitary protection of the water supply sources are to avoid the sources getting contaminated. 1. Sanitary Protection of Surface Water Supply Sources

The area around the source should be inspected at least once in a year to identify and control any new pollution source.

Discharge of industrial/domestic wastewater on the upstream of the off-take arrangement should be prevented.

Activities that lead to contamination of the water such as washing clothes, washing cattle, dumping of solid waste and defecation should be prevented.

The area around sources including intake arrangements and upstream of river should be well protected and fenced. Trespassing by people and cattle around the source should be prevented.

2. Sanitary Protection of Ground Water Supply Sources

1. Direct runoff of rain water into bore well sources should be prevented; 2. A concrete mat of sufficient thickness for 75 cm radius around the bore well shall be provided to

seal the outer periphery of the bore well. The casing pipe should be raised 60 cm above ground level and provided with a sanitary plug until the pump is installed.

3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge structure should be located at least 15 m away from the bore well to avoid direct contamination.

4. Soak pit for the disposal of effluent from septic tank or other sanitation facility should not allowed within 15 m radius from the bore well of water supply source to avoid direct contamination.

5. For bore wells, the annular open space on the outside of the well casing needs to be filled with neat cement grout.

3. Other preventive measures for maintaining quality of drinking water i. Sources of water supply including wells fitted with hand pumps should be disinfected regularly. Free

residual chlorine level of not less than 0.2 mg/L and more than 0.5 mg/L should be maintained throughout the distribution system

ii. OHTs and storage sumps should be periodically cleaned at least once in three months iii. Leakages in pipelines should be arrested iv. Pit taps both at public stand posts and house service connections should be prevented- all taps and

stand posts should be above ground level provided with platforms around v. Surroundings of the OHTs, public stand posts and hand pumps should have clean and hygienic

environment

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ANNEXURE-12

FLUORIDE MITIGATION EFFECTS OF EXCESS FLUORIDE IN WATER

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Annexure 12

FLUORIDE MITIGATION EFFECTS OF EXCESS FLUORIDE IN WATER

Excessive fluoride > 1.5 mg/L in drinking water may cause dental fluorosis, a condition resulting in the

discoloration of the enamel, with chipping of the teeth in severe cases, particularly in children. With

higher levels of fluorides > 3 mg/L, skeletal fluorosis with its crippling effects is observed. Non-skeletal

and allergic manifestations of fluorosis can also occur. The effects of fluorosis are irreversible and there is

no treatment. Avoiding excessive intake of fluoride can help in prevention.

Fluorides are present mostly in ground waters and high concentrations have been found in Garhwa,

Palamau and Latehar districts of Jharkhand.

Strategy for mitigation When high levels of fluoride are detected in local ground waters, the ideal course of action to take would be: 1. Using alternate water sources. 2. Improving the nutritional status of the population at risk. 3. Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation).

Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation):

The following table gives an overview of the various defluoridation technologies that have been

implemented in Jharkhand.

Defluoridation Process

Principle Advantages Limitations

Activated Alumina

Adsorption Removes fluoride up to 90%. Treatment is cost-effective.

Sensitive to pH fluctuations, TDS, presence of other elements, etc. Regeneration needed every 4-5 months. Effectiveness reduces with each regeneration. Disposal of fluoride sludge is a problem.

Nalgonda technique

Coagulation and precipitation using alum and lime

Does not involve regeneration of media. Employs chemicals which are readily available. Colour, odour, turbidity, bacteria and organic contaminants are also removed simultaneously.

Removes only 18-33% of fluoride. Regular analysis of feed and treated water is required to calculate the correct dose of chemicals to be added, because water quality changes with time and season. High maintenance costs. Large space requirement for drying of sludge.

RO membrane process

Physical filtration

Fluoride removal (up to 98%) and

Expensive. Nearly all ions are removed so remineralization

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through semi-permeable membrane

disinfection are achieved simultaneously. Low maintenence and regeneration requirements.

and pH correction may be needed. Lot of waste brine water is generated and its disposal poses a problem.

Bone Char coal Adsorption Efficiency of the material in fluoride removal is independent of raw water characteristics such as hardness and alkalinity.

There is no technology to regenerate used bone char, so the material must be replaced periodically.

Recommended Strategy for Fluoride Mitigation In any attempt to mitigate fluoride contamination, it is recommended that the provision of safe, low fluoride water from alternative sources, either as an alternative source or for blending, should be investigated as the first option1. The following table presents the available options for fluoride affected villages and the situation for which they seem appropriate.

Recommended Options for Fluoride Affected Villages

Available options Situation for which the option seems appropriate

1. Alternate local / distant ground water source (with appropriate ground water recharge arrangements)

Where isolated small number of habitations are affected

2. Local/distant surface source Where large number of contiguous villages are affected

3. Blending with non-fluoride water wherever feasible

Where fluoride concentration is marginally higher (1.5-2 mg/l) and fluoride free water is available

4. Dual supply with different service level (drinking, cooking and other purposes)

Where community is aware and able to distinguish the difference (on pilot basis)

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Information, Education, Communication (IEC): In addition to providing alternative safe water, the project will focus on creating awareness on fluoride in the affected habitations. The focus of the IEC efforts will be on generating awareness:

fluoride, flurosis and flurosis prevention the role of nutrition (reducing fluoride-rich foods and cosmetics, intake of calcium and

Vitamin C rich foods, etc.) in fluoride mitigation the need for use of alternate safe water sources identification of unsafe water and need to discontinue its use for consumption

The IEC on fluoride will be part of the overall IEC strategy of the project.

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ANNEXURE-13

GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES

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Annexure-13 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES

Existing Practices in Ground Water Recharge in Jharkhand

The RWSS Department, Government of Jharkhand has implemented schemes involving several different types of water harvesting structures (depending on the local site conditions). These include:

Check Dams

Percolation Tanks

Sub-surface Dykes

Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting Structures

Infiltration Rings

Recharge Pits

Injection Wells/Recharge Wells

Guidelines for Ground Water Recharge in Jharkhand Rural Piped Water Supply Projects The guidelines presented in this Annexure are based on the guidelines provided in the publication Water Harvesting and Artificial Recharge published by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India (2004). These guidelines will be followed in the Jharkhand Rural Piped Water Supply Projects. The Recommended Water Harvesting Measures for Jharkhand are presented below. Roof Top Water Harvesting Systems Roof top water harvesting systems can provide good quality potable water with the design features outlined below are taken into account:

The substances that go into the making the roof should be non-toxic in nature

Roof surfaces should be smooth, hard and dense since they are easier to clean and are less likely to the damage and released material / fiber into the water.

Roof painting is not advisable since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off.

No overhanging tree should be left near the roof.

The nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented.

All gutter ends should be fitted with a wire mesh screen to keep out leaves etc.

A first-flush rainfall capacity, such as detachable down pipe section, should be installed.

A hygienic soak away channel should be built at water outlet and a screened overflow pipe should be provided.

The storage tank should have a tight fitting roof that excludes light a, manhole cover and a flushing pipe at the base of the tank (for standing tanks).

There should be a reliable sanitary extraction device such as a gravity tap or a hand pump to avoid contamination of the water in the tank.

There should be no possibility of contaminated wastewater flowing into the tank (especially for tanks installed at ground level)

Water from other sources, unless it is reliable source, should not be emptied into the tank through pipe connections or the manhole cover.

During the rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment, gutters, pipes, screens, first-flush and overflow) should be checked before and after each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month.

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At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed all sediment and debris (the tank should be re-filled afterwards with a few centimeters of clean water to prevent cracking). Ensure timely service (before the first rains are due) of all tanks features, including replacement of all worm screened and servicing of the outlet tap or hand pump.

Percolation Tanks

Percolation tanks should normally be constructed in a terrain with highly fractured and weathered rock for speedy recharges; in case of alluvium the boulder formations are ideal. However, the permeability shouldn’t be too high that may result in the percolated water escaping the downstream.

Submergence area should be uncultivated as far as possible.

Rainfall pattern based on long-term evaluation is to be studied so that the percolation tanks gets filled up fully during monsoon ( preferably more than once)

Soil in the catchment area should preferably be of light sandy type to avoid silting upon the tank bed.

The location of the tank should preferably be downstream of runoff zone or in the upper part of the transition zone, with a land slope gradient of 3 to 5%.

While designed, due care should be taken to keep the height of the ponded water column about 3 to 4.5 m above the bed level. It desirable to exhaust the storage by February since evaporation losses becomes substantial from February on wards. It is preferable that in the downstream area, the water table it is depth of 3 to 5 m below level during the post monsoon period, impaling that the benefited area possesses a potential shallow aquifer.

Construction–wise there is not much difference between a percolation tank and a minor irrigation tank, except for providing outlets for surface irrigation and the depth of the cut-off trench. The cut-off trench is to be provided below the earthen bund with depth limited to one fourth of the height between bed level and full storage level.

Check Dams Check Dams are constructed in the drainage course of narrow streams in low rainfall area to impound run-off

rainwater. The following are some guidelines for consturcin of check dams.

The total catchment of the nala should normally be between 40 to 100 hectares though the local situations can be guiding factor in this

The rainfall in the catchment should be less than 1000mm/ annum

The Nala bunds should be preferable located in area where contour or graded bunding of lands have been carried out

The rock strata exposed in the ponded area should be adequately permeable to cause ground water recharge through ponded water

Nala bund is generally a small earthen dam with cutoff core wall of bricks work, though masonry and concrete bunds/plugs are now prevalent

Dams should be built at sites that can produce relatively high depth to surface area so as to minimize evaporation loses.

Rocky surface should not be fractured or cracked, which may cause the water to leak away to deeper zones or beneath the dam.

Dam foundation must of solid impermeable rock with no soil pockets or fracture line

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No soil erosion in the catchment area

Dams should be site along the edges of depressions or directly across the lower ends of deep gullies into rock.

Ponds/ Tanks A good pond should possess the following traits:

The site should be narrow gorge with a fan shaped valley above: so that amount of earthwork gives a large capacity. Junctions of two tributaries, depressions and other sites of easily available fill material and favourable geology should be preferred

The capacity catchment ratio should be such that the pond can be fill upto about 2-3 months of rainfall. The capacity should not be too small to be choked up with sediments very soon

The pond should be located where it could serve a major purpose e.g. if irrigation it should be above irrigated field

The site should not have excessive seepage losses

The catchment areas should be put under conservative practices Bandhara The following care need to be taken in maintaining Bandhras:

Periodically it should be checked for seepage of surface pollutants

Periodic checking of the dam site for erosion after each large flood and correction by refinishing the clay and protecting it with large rocks.

Any any channel erosion that might undermine or expose the dam should be arrested by filling it with large boulders and using silting traps to catch sandy material.

With raised dams, the gravity pipe should be checked frequently along its length for signs of damage or leaks and the tapping station should be kept in good order.

Ensure there is no open defecation in/near the river bed upstream

No tethering of animals at the well

Check bathing/ laundry upstream of the dam

There must be no pit-latrines on the bank upstream

There must be no unprotected wells in the river bed near the protected well

Regular maintenance of the protected well-site and the hand pump must be assured

Ensure use and maintenance of a downstream gravity out-take

Avoid use of pesticides/ chemicals upstream of the dam site Gully plugging, Contour bunds The gully plugging measures includes vegetative plantings and brushwood check dams, boulder bunds, brick masonry and earthen bunds or a combination of both, sand bag plugs etc. Contour bunds involve construction of horizontal lines of small earthen or boulder bunds across the slopping land surface.

Ensure there is no open defecation in/near strucrture

No tethering of animals at the site

There must be no pit-latrines on the bank upstream

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Avoid use of pesticides/ chemicals upstream of the site Rainwater Harvesting Structures Guidelines for Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Structures for Sustainability of Drinking water supply sources:

The rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures should be site specific closer to the source but 15 m away from the bore well to prevent direct contamination; the location should be certified by the hydrogeologist of the Jharkhand Rural Piped Water Supply Projects department.

The local geological and hydrogeological conditions have to be studied in conjunction with the location of the groundwater source to facilitate maximum recharge from the structure.

No RWH structure should be installed in the supply/feeder channel of tanks.

RWH structure should be simple and suitable to the location and economically viable to the community.

All the works of RWH structure should be implemented before the onset of the monsoon.

Pre and post water level and water quality monitoring should be carried out in the well for water supply source to evaluate the benefit accrued of the RWH structures.

Erosion control in catchment There is no unique solution for erosion control. The following are some of the erosion control measures used in many parts of the country. Conservation cover: Establish and maintain perennial vegetative cover to protect soil and water resources. Contour bunding/trenching: Forming contour bunding or trenching along the contour in steep sloped areas may be taken up for reducing runoff and erosion. Terraces are constructed with earthen embankments that retard runoff and reduce erosion by breaking the slope into numerous flat surfaces separated by slopes that are protected with permanent vegetation. Critical area planting: Planting vegetation such as trees, shrubs, grasses or legumes on highly erodable or eroding areas. While undertaking any plantation programme care must be taken to plant only indigenous species with involving and close coordination with local people

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ANNEXURE-14

SELECTION OF SAFE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LOCATION OF TOILETS

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Annexure 14 SELECTION OF SAFE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN

LOCATION OF TOILETS Selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies to suit the local soil characteristics and hydrogeology is necessary so as to minimise ground water contamination. For selecting the most appropriate system for any location the following factors are to be considered:

Number of people to be served Per capita water supply rate and the water availability for ablution and flushing Extent of space available within the plot/street for sanitation facility Hydrogeologic characteristics of the subsoil Depth to groundwater table from the ground surface (summer and rainy season) Quality of groundwater in the vicinity and their present uses Locations of the existing water supply wells sources

Technologies

Latrine Type

Suitable for high Ground Water table

Suitable for areas prone to floods, tidal floods or flushes

Suitable for loose soils

Suitable for soils of low permeability

Water requirement

Ease of construction

Ease of maintenance Remarks

Direct Single Pit Latrine Without Pour flush

Yes, if raised Yes, if raised

Yes, if fully clay soils lined Not for No Easy Easy

Sludge unsafe

Direct Twin Pit Latrine Without Pour flush

Yes, if raised Yes, if raised

Yes, for fully lined

Not for, clay soils No Easy EAsy

Safe sludge

Offset Single Pit Latrine with Pour-flush

Yes, if raised and with soak away Yes, if raised


Yes, with soak away Yes Easy Easy

Sludge unsafe

Offset Twin Pit Latrine with Pour-flush

Yes, if raised and with soak away Yes, if raised


Yes, with soak away Yes

Fairly Easy Fairly

Safe sludge easy

Urinal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a bit Easy Easy

Considering the various sanitation options available and the factors to be considered, the following on-site sanitation options are recommended as suitable sanitation for the rural habitations:

two-pit pour-flush toilet (TPPT) composting toilet or eco-sanitation (Eco-san)

The SOs should play a crucial role in facilitating the choice of appropriate sanitation system for the site specific situation.

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Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets Specific topic on which information/ data is needed Considerations

Type of soil –stability

Loose, sides of wall collapse

Line the pits. In very sandy soils,sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of each other without cement.

Hard to dig

Use the pits. In very sandy soils, sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of each other without cement.

permeability (how water is absorb by soil)

Clay soil

Test by pouring water into a hole and measuring how long it takes to be absorbed. Pits in dense clay may need back filling about 1.2 meters with more sandy soil.

Coarse sand

Back fill around the rings with denser soil and /or locate the latrine pipes far 9 for example, 40 meters or more)from a well used for drinking.

Hard Latrine

If there might be cracks in the laterine, the latrine pits can pollute nearby drinking water sources. Place the latrine far from these sources.

Ground water level in wet season (deepest level)

Water rises higher than one meter from bottom of the latrine pit, but never completely floods the latrine pits

Locate thelatrine pit far from any well used for drinking purpose and should be away for example, 40 meters or more

Water rises to or above the ground level and sludge comes out the latrines

Raise the latrines above the ground level so that the top third of the pit is always above the water level. Place latrines far from drinking water sources.

Distance to Water sources

Distance from latrines pit to drinking water sources At least 15 meters

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ANNEXURE-15

RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE AND POLLUTION SAFEGUARDS FOR TWIN PIT POUR FLUSH LATRINES

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Annexure-15 RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE AND POLLUTION SAFEGUARDS FOR TWIN PIT

POUR FLUSH LATRINES2

Construction of Pits 1. Pits in Water logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas In high sub-soil, water logged or flood-prone areas, the pits should be raised above the ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drains/pipes is just above the likely flood water or sub-soil water level. Raising the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine floor also. In pits located in water logged or flood prone areas, earth should be filled and well compacted all around the pits in 1000 mm width and up to the top. It is not necessary to raise the pits by more than 300 mm above the plinth of the house. In these situations, the pits should be designed as wet pits, taking into consideration the infiltration rate of the type of soil. 2. Pits in Rocky Strata In rocky strata with soil layers in between, leach pits are designed on the same principles as those for low sub-soil water level taking the infiltration capacity of the soil as 20 litres per sq.m per day. However, in rocks with fissures, chalk formations, or old root channels, pollution can flow over a very long distance; hence these conditions demand careful investigation and adoption of pollution safeguards. In impervious rocky strata the pits will function as holding tanks since there will be no infiltration of liquid. In such situations, a PF latrine with leaching pits is not a suitable system. 3. Pits in Soils with Low Infiltration Capacity Leaching capacity tends to be the limiting factor when the infiltration capacity of soil is low. In these circumstances, there are two options: construct a larger pit, or increase the critical leaching area by backfilling and compacting with brick ballast, gravel, sand etc., for the required width all around the pit. Emptying of Pits/Septic tanks Emptying of pits becomes essential when they get filled. The three most important issues related to emptying of pits are frequency, cost, and hygiene. Manual methods of emptying are common for pour-flush latrines. The responsibility for emptying latrines is with the users. The main guidelines relating to latrine emptying include

Advising householders that the filling/ emptying cycle is likely to be between three to six years and that they need to make their own arrangements for emptying the pits.

Emptying costs are location-specific; anticipated emptying costs should be ascertained with local contractors during programme planning.

Groundwater pollution A problem that is related to on-site sanitation is the potential for pollution of groundwater that is associated with these systems. Groundwater under or near pit latrines may become polluted, which can be a serious problem when it affects the quality of drinking-water drawn from wells and boreholes.

2Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines (1992), Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India

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Water in leaky pipes may also be contaminated if the pressure drops and polluted groundwater levels are above the pipes. A particular problem in densely populated areas is the possible proximity of latrine pits and shallow wells on neighboring plots. The key guideline is that a minimum distance of 15 m, other than in fractured formations, between a pit and a downstream water-point, is normally sufficient to remove all contaminants. Pollution safeguards for twin pit pour flush latrines To ensure that the risk of polluting ground water and drinking water sources is minimal, the following safeguards should be taken while locating the pits of the pour flush latrines:

Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer but at a point beyond the reach of any fecal pollution from the leach pits.

If the soil is fine (effective size 0.2 mm or less), the pits can be located at a minimum distance of 3 m from the drinking water sources, provided the maximum ground water level throughout the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom (low water table). If the water table is higher, i.e., less than 2 m below the pit bottom, the safe distance should be increased to 10 m.

If the soil is coarse (effective size more than 0.2 mm), the same safe distances as specified above can be maintained by providing a 500 mm thick sand envelope, of fine sand of 0.2 mm effective size, all around the pit, and sealing the bottom of the pit with an impervious material such as puddle clay, a plastic sheet, lean cement concrete, or cement stabilized soil.

If the pits are located under a footpath or a road, or if a water supply main is within a distance of 3 m from the pits, the invert level of the pipes or drains connecting the leach pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or 1 m below the ground level. If this is not possible due to site considerations, the joints of the water main should be encased in concrete.

Operation and Maintenance - Dos and Don’ts of Twin-pit Pour-flush Latrines DO s

Keep a bucket full of water outside the toilet.

Keep a 2 liters can in the toilet filled with water for flushing.

Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the pan so that excreta can slide smoothly into the pit.

Flush the excreta after each use. o Pour a little quantity of water, say half a liter, in the squatting pan after urination. o The squatting pan should be cleaned daily with a soft broom or soft brush with a long

handle after sprinkling a small quantity of water and detergent powder/soap. o Use minimum quantity of water in washing the pan and toilet floor. o Wash hands, using soap or ash, after defecation at the assigned place. o If any construction defect is observed during the defect-liability period, report the

matter to the local authority or the construction agency. o When the pit in use is full, divert the flow to the second pit o If the trap gets choked, rodding should be done from the pan side as well as from the

rear side by means of a split bamboo stick, after removing the cover of the drain or junction chamber.

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Care should be taken while desludging the pits located in water-logged or high water sub-soil water areas and in case of combined pits, as humus may not be safe for handling.

DON'T s

Do not use both the pits at the same time.

Do not use more than 2 litres of water for each flushing (if the waste is not flushed with 2 litres, pour more water at the specific spots for flushing the waste).

Do not use caustic soda or acid for cleaning the pan.

Do not throw sweepings, vegetable or fruit peelings, rags, cotton waste, and cleaning materials like corn cobs, mud balls, stone pieces, leaves, etc. in the pan or the pits.

Do not allow rain water, kitchen or bath waste to enter the pits.

Do not provide water tap in the toilet.

Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan.

Do not desludge the pit before 1½ years of its being in use.

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ANNEXURE-16

GUIDELINES FOR SAFE SULLAGE DISPOSAL AT HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY LEVELS

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Annexure-16 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE SULLAGE DISPOSAL AT HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY LEVELS

1.0 Introduction The guidelines in this annexure on sullage disposal at household and community levels are based on the guidelines in the publication - 'Solid and Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas - A Technical Note' (TSC, UNICEF). These guidelines will apply to the sullage disposal activities undertaken in the rural areas of Jharkhand.

2.0 Technical options for household level management The village level water management system should be as simple as possible for a village level person to understand and implement and it should be decentralized. The technological options should based on domestic (Household) level management and/ or community level management. It will always be better to manage and treat domestic grey water generated in the house in the area/courtyard/land surrounding the house. The following technological options will be suitable for this purpose:

Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system

Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system

Leach pit

Soakage pit. Out of these options only soak pits are planned in Jharkhand Rural Piped Water Supply Projects. There is a possibility that the other options may be taken up as innovative sub-projects.

3.0 Soak Pit

Soak pit is a dug out pit .lled with stones or preferably over burnt bricks. The large numbers of stones or bricks increase the surface area over which biological and chemical action takes place. The water seeps into the ground and reduces danger of polluting the ground water sources. Advantages

This is the cheapest technology for management of water at household level

Prevents greywater stagnation

Prevents vector breading. Operation and maintenance (O&M)

Filter to be cleaned every fortnight or month, depending on accumulation of dirt

Make a hook of thick wire and pierce it in the .lter and take .lter media out and clean/wash it and dry and replace it in the earthen pot

Soak pit looses its capacity within a period of 7 to 8 years of work. At that time take out the boulders from the pit, scrap the walls of the pit in order to remove the oily layer; let the pit dry for a period of 2 to 3 days and clean and dry the boulders and replace into the pit.

Limitations

Soakage pit is not suitable for rocky terrain

It will over .ow if wastewater .ow in the pit exceeds the design .ow

If suspended solids get into the pit, the choking of the pit will take place earlier.

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4.0 Off Site Community Level Management:

For the community greywater of this type, the .rst step would be to establish a system for collecting and transporting this greywater for the final treatment on a suitable location. It will be necessary to establish a suitable drainage system for this purpose. This drainage system could be of two types a. Open drain with technically sound design, involving semicircular base and trapezoidal cross section so

as to maximize self cleansing velocity for carrying away silt in greywater b. Closed drain-small bore greywater draining system with intercepting tanks at suitable points.

1. Open or Surface Greywater Drainage System

For collection and transportation of greywater .owing out from the houses, surface drain has been the simplest system, whereby, the community greywater is carried away from the village for onward .nal treatment. This system can be established easily with available local mason at minimum cost. Operation and maintenance (O&M)

Gram Panchayat will have to establish a system for periodical cleaning and silt removal from the drain

Community will have to be educated to keep the drain free from garbage, so as to avoid blockages in drain

Care needs to be taken to avoid over. flow water (effluent) from septic tank, from .owing to the open drain. This effluent should be led to leach pit covered at the top.

2. Closed Drainage

a. Small bore greywater drainage system

In rural areas, closed drain system akin to conventional sewerage systems will not be feasible because of the excessive capital & operation maintenance expenditure and the elaborate maintenance requirements. The small bore greywater drainage system which is laid close to the soil surface is suitable and appropriate as it is low cost and requires minimum maintenance which is easy. Advantages:

As the system is closed, materials like garbage, road side solid wastes, plastics, building materials etc. will not .nd access to the system

Operation and maintenance becomes easily manageable by Gram Panchayat

Construction cost is comparable to the cost for surface drain. It may be only marginally varying

Road space is fully utilized.

5.0 Final Treatment of Community Greywater Once the community greywater is collected at one or multiple points outside the village, final treatment is required to convert it into harmless and reusable water. The treatment technologies need to suit the following requirements.

As low cost as possible

O&M should be easy and low cost for Gram Panchayat

Same cost recovery may be possible by the farmers

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Selling the treated water. Treated water could be used for public gardens or horticulture. The produce may be sold portably

Vector breeding is avoided

Pollution of water from nala or river is prevented.

Some appropriate technologies easily manageable by Gram Panchayat could be as follows:

o Sullage stabilization pound and reuse o Sedimentation and .ltration and reuse o Screening stabilization tank systems like DOSIWAM, DEWATS etc.

A. Sullage Stabilization Ponds

The greywater collected via drainage system is passed to large shallow basins or ponds excavated at suitable land site and placed serially as a stabilization system in which greywater is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced and the stabilized water becomes useable. a. Anaerobic ponds

The greywater reaching the pond via drain, usually has high solid content. In the anaerobic pond, these solids settle at the bottom, where these are digested anaerobically. Thus, the partially clari.ed liquid is discharged onwards into a facultative pond for further treatment. b. Facultative ponds

The partially clari.ed water is led to facultative pond. In this pond oxidation of greywater takes place. It is called ‘facultative’ because in this pond in the upper layer aerobic conditions are maintained while in the lower layer, anaerobic conditions exist.

c. Maturation pond The stabilized water from facultative pond is led to a maturation pond. The main function of the maturation period is the destruction of pathogens. This pond is wholly aerobic. Operation and maintenance

It will be the responsibility of GP

Maintenance requirements are minimal. Regular cutting of grass on embankments and removal of any .oating scum from pond surface are the only requirements

Occasional anti mosquito spraying treatment may be necessary.

B. Screening, Sedimentation and Filtration The greywater collected from drainage system can be passed through a screening, sedimentation and filtration tank system. The treated water can be used for irrigation etc.

C. Reuse of Stabilized Water

Greywater stabilized and cleaned by the use of any of the above mentioned systems can be reused in many ways.

Irrigation for agricultural use

Irrigation for horticulture

Fish farming.

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ANNEXURE-17

GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Annexure-17 GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1.0 Introduction

The guidelines in this annexure on solid waste disposal at household and community levels are based on the guidelines in the publication - 'Solid and Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas - A Technical Note' (TSC, UNICEF). These guidelines will apply to the solid disposal activities undertaken in the Jharkhand Rural Piped Water Supply Projects.

Types of Solid Waste

Biodegradable and recyclable Non-biodegradable

Recyclable Non-recyclable

Kitchen waste Plastic - carry bags, milk covers PVC pipes etc. Syringes, Glucose bottles etc. Cotton and nylon cloth Tyres & Tubes

Nitrozen sealed packing for chips

Food Cow dung/animal waste Agriculture Leaves Egg cells Henna paste Vegetable Peels, Meat, Bones Dead animals Paper Wood

Shampoo Bottles Glass Books/notebook Wires Caps of mineral water bottles Plastic Tin can Metal Ash/dirt

Tetrapacks Thermo cal Carbon paper Plastic coated visiting cards Sachets Modern packing materials (plastic) for food packing PET mineral water bottles

2.0 Approaches for Solid Waste Management

For effective management of solid waste in rural areas, focus should be on management at household level. That which cannot be managed at household level should be managed at the community level. In general, the following approach should be followed:

Segregation of solid waste at the household level (Biodegradable and non biodegradable)

Reuse of non biodegradable waste at the household level to the extent possible

Household level treatment of bio degradable waste

Collection and transportation of segregated waste at the household level to a place identified at the community level (in cases where household level treatment is not possible)

Community level treatment or recycling/reuse of waste o All the biodegradable waste should be composted at the community level o Non biodegradable waste may be further segregated and sold or recycled o Waste which cannot be composted, reused or recycled may be disposed at the land.ll sites

following appropriate procedure, (such waste may usually be construction waste, debris etc).

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3.0 Community level composting

Community level composting may be resorted to when management of solid waste at household level is not possible. For community level composting, Panchayat should select a suitable site as Compost Yard for the village. Site should be selected taking into consideration wind flow direction, so that the inhabited areas don’t get any foul odour. The site should be easily accessible for transportation of waste and manure. It should not be a low lying area to avoid water logging. A. Underground unlined manure pit or garbage pit: This is applicable for rural areas with low rainfall and villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. This is not suitable for heavy rainfall areas and rocky terrain. Use and maintenance of the pits

Go on adding collected garbage in the pits (only biodegradable type)

Wherever possible, it is advisable to add cow dung slurry to the garbage to enhance the composting process

Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance

Continue to add garbage everyday

Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the pit is full. It is recommended to .ll the pit up to about 300mm above ground level

After 3-4 days the garbage above ground settles down

Plaster it with soil

Leave the pit as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start other pits sequentially

After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .fields. B. Underground brick lined manure pit or garbage pit: This is applicable for rural areas with low rainfall and villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. This is not suitable for heavy rainfall areas and rocky terrain and is a capital intensive option Use and maintenance of the pit

Go on adding collected garbage from the houses in the pits (only biodegradable type)


Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid avoid odour & fly nuisance


Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the pit is full. It is recommended to .ll the pit up to about 300mm above ground level



Leave the pit as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start other pits sequentially

After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds. C. Over ground heap: This is applicable for rural areas with high rainfall and rocky terrain and for villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. Use and maintenance of the heap

Go on adding garbage collected from the houses over the platform (only biodegradable type)


Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance

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The heaps should be sprinkled with water periodically to maintain the moisture level

Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the heap attains the height of 0.8m



Leave the heap as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start another heap

After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds

Till the manure in the heap matures, make another heap of the same dimensions at a minimum distance of 1m from the .rst heap.

D. Over ground brick lined compost tank: This is applicable for rural areas with high rainfall and rocky terrain and for villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. Use and maintenance of the tank

Go on adding collected garbage from the houses in the tank (only biodegradable type)


Spread a very thin (1-2 inch) layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance


Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the heap attains the height of 1m



Leave the heap as it is for 3-6 months for maturation

After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds

Till the manure in the tank matures, make another tank of the same dimensions at a minimum distance of 1m from the first tank.

4.0Vermicomposting at Community Level

The following steps need to be followed for vermicomposting at community level:

Appropriate site selection: the site should be protected from direct sunlight and should not be in low lying areas

Vermiculture site preparation; Proper ramming of soil or preparation of platform is required before preparation of vermicompost beds

Construction of appropriate shed: thatched roof/tin sheds on bamboo/metal poles with proper slope to drain rain water, and proper ventilation

The biodegradable waste should be predigested in a separate bed before transferring to the treatment beds.

Precautions to be taken

Proper covering of feed bed (local available materials such as coconut leaves etc may be used for covering of the vermi compost pit)

Avoid excess water (only sprinkling)

Protect the shed area and the beds from red ants, cockroaches etc. by using haldi (turmeric) sprinkling atta (.our) all around the perimeter of the shed and the bed

Keep the feed beds away from birds/chicken/ducks/rodents from eating the worms.

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5.0 Recycling A. Recycling of Papers It is possible to convert waste paper into useful recyclable product. Making pulp from waste paper is an old art. The process has now been refined. Various articles including showpieces may be made using the pulp. The articles are so sturdy that they can be an alternative to wood to some extent. Hence it is also called Pepwood. Women/ SHG members/ Unemployed youths after receiving thorough training can undertake this activity. It is also necessary to attain a certain level of skill. Materials such as Waste paper, Flour of fenugreek or tamarind seed as adhesive, Water, Rough .at stones for macerating paper, Colors, Moulds of different shapes and sizes, well ventilated cupboard for storing the articles, etc. are required. B. Recycling of Plastics In all types of solid waste in rural areas, plastics have become a major cause of concern due to Non-biodegradability, nuisance value in waste stream and blockage of drainage channels, pollution of surface water and random burning here and there causing air pollution problem. There is no proper collection or disposal system of plastic waste.

6.0Land Fill In spite of composting, re-use and recycling, some waste remains untreated/unmanaged which requires final disposal, either by incineration or by land filling. Incineration is a technology where waste is burnt in a specially engineered machine called Incinerator. Incineration is not simply burning, but complete combustion. Incinerators are considered to be causes of air pollution. This is not a viable option for waste management. A landfill is a properly designated area and used for the disposal of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable inorganic solid waste. Landfill is considered to be a viable option. This land fill takes care of the problem of disposal of non recyclable solid waste.

Selection of Landfill Site: Gram Panchayat in consultation with Zilla Parishad/Block Panchayat (as the case may be) should select the landfill site which should be: o Located at the outskirts of the village o Accessible o On vacant/uncultivated land o Located in the natural depressions with slight slopes o Waste from landfills leaches into the aquifer below site should be such as to avoid surface

water and groundwater pollution o Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be

collected and kept as a record for future reference. Procedures to be followed for landfill construction

o Wastes should be compacted to achieve high density o Wastes should be immediately covered with a minimum 10cm of soil/debris/ o Before the monsoon season, an intermediate cover of soil approximately 40-65cm thick

should be placed on the landfill to prevent infiltration o Proper drainage system should be constructed to divert run-off water o After the completion of landfill a final cover should be provided to prevent infiltration and

erosion. This should be according to the given diagram

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o Landfill site should be properly fenced with a provision of a gate with locking arrangements by the gram panchayat/community

o Plantation at landfill site should be encouraged to combat pollution. It should be in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion

o The plants should be locally adapted, non-edible, drought and extreme temperature resistant, short rooted and of low nutrient demanding variety.

Operation and maintenance

Gram Panchayat/community should prevent entry of stray animals and unauthorized persons through protective measures

Regular Monitoring of groundwater is required for maintaining groundwater quality.

Avoid entry of cattle and grazing on the landfill site in an unfenced landfill as it would be hazard

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ANNEXURE-18

FORMATS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEETS (EDS)

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Annexure-18 FORMATS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEETS (EDS)

A. EDS for Water Supply

S. No. Description Particulars Remarks

GENERAL

1. Name of Habitation

2. Name of Gram Panchayat

3. Name of Block

4. Name of District

5. Population (present)

6. Total water demand (Litres per day)

7. Present water supply (Litres per day)

8. Present classification of habitation NC / NSS / PC

9. Problem with present water supply

10. Net demand of water from the proposed source (Litres/day)

11. Type of source Groundwater source Surface water

12. Type of scheme Single Village Scheme (SVS)

Multi Village Scheme (MVS)

13. Is de-fluoridation planned? Yes No

LOCATION

14. Where is the source located?

15. Has a sanitary survey of the source location been done? (Enclose the report of the sanitary survey) Refer to Annexure: 13

16. Is any component of the scheme located in a forest area? Yes No

If yes, obtain permission in writing from the Forest Department

17. Is the source is near (within 5 km) any ecologically sensitive area (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries)? Yes No

Avoid the sensitive areas. If not possible, obtain permission in writing from the Forest Department and follow mitigation measures as suggested by the Forest Department

18.

Are any trees likely to be cut at the location for construction of the scheme? If yes, mention the number of trees.


IN CASE OF GROUNDWATER SOURCE

AQUIFER STATUS AND SUSTAINABILITY

19. What is the type of aquifer? Shallow aquifer Deep aquifer

20. Total depth of well (metres)

21. Depth to groundwater table below GL (m)

22. Summer

23. Winter

24. Is the groundwater tapping in safe zone (classified based on exploitation)? Yes No

25. What are the measures proposed for source sustainability?

Groundwater recharging structure

Limiting the draft to safe yield

LOCATION OF THE WELL

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26.

What is the distance of this source from the nearest leach pit of any existing sanitation facility? (It should be more than 15 metres)

27.

What is the distance of this source from the nearest rain water harvesting pit? (It should be more than 15 metres)

28. What is the distance of the source from the nearest existing well? (It should be more than 300 metres)

29. STRUCTURE OF THE WELL

30. Will the well be provided with sanitary plug till the pump is installed? Yes No

31. Is a concrete mat (of at least 75 cm radius) planned around the bore well? Yes No

32. Is grouting of the space outside the well casing planned? Yes No

WATER QUALITY

33. Is the quality of water acceptable? (enclose the water quality test report) Yes No

34. If not acceptable, mention the type of water quality problem

35. What is the alternative proposed?

36. If the water is to be treated, mention the treatment process

37.

What is the frequency planned for testing water for bacteriological contamination? (should be 1 initially and later as required)

38.

What is the frequency planned for testing water for physical and chemical contamination? (should be 4 times/year)

39. What is the frequency planned for testing residual chlorine? (should be at least once a week)

40. What is the frequency planned for sanitary inspection by GPWSSC? (should be 4 times/year)

41. What is the frequency planned for sanitary inspection by AEE? (should be once/year)

IN CASE OF SURFACE WATER SOURCE

LOCATION

42. Will there be any significant land disturbance resulting in erosion, subsidence and instability? Yes No

43.

Will the scheme involve alteration of natural drainage? If yes, indicate the measures for the drainage. Yes No

SUSTAINABILITY

44. Is the expected safe yield from the source greater than water demand? Yes No

WATER QUALITY

45. What is the Turbidity of raw water (NTU)? (Enclose water quality test report)

46.

Is this source within 100 m from the nearest sewage/industrial effluent disposal point (disposal into the surface water source)? Yes No

47. Is there any chemical impurity present? If yes, furnish the details. (Enclose water quality test report) Yes No

48.

What is the frequency planned for testing water for bacteriological contamination? (should be 1 every month)

49.

What is the frequency planned for testing water for physical and chemical contamination? (should be 4 times/year)

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50. What is the frequency planned for testing residual chlorine? (should be once every day)

51. What is the frequency planned for sanitary inspection by GPWSSC? (should be 12 times/year)

52.

What is the frequency planned for sanitary inspection by AEE? (should be 2 times /year if population serviced is less than 5000; should be 24-48 times /year if population serviced is between 5000-20000)

WATER TREATMENT

53. What is the method of water treatment proposed?

54. How will the sludge and other residue from the water treatment plant be disposed?

Note: Refer Guidelines Vide Annexures 5, 6, 11, 12 and 13. B. EDS for Rainwater Harvesting


GENERAL



3. Name of Block

4. Name of District


6. Total water demand (Litres per day)

7. Present water supply (Litres per day)

8. Problem with present water supply

Source is inadequate in summer

Water table is depleted in summer

LOCATION

9. What is the distance of the RWH Structure from the nearest bore well? (should be 15 m away)

10.

Is the RWH located away from any supply / feeder channel of tanks? (RWH must not be in these locations)

11. Has the location of the RWH structure been certified by a hydrogeologist of the DDWS?

12. Is there any possibility of contaminated water flowing into the RWH structure?

STRUCTURE

13. Type of RWH structure

14. Intended use of rain water

HOUSEHOLD ROOFTOP RWH STRUCTURE

15. Is the roof smooth, free from any toxic materials (including paint)?

16. Are there any overhanging trees nearby?

17. Is there provision planned for discarding first flush of rain water?

18. Is there provision planned for wire mesh screens at gutter heads?

19. Is there provision for safe extraction of the harvested rain water? (filtration, disinfection, gravity tap)

MAINTENANCE

20.

What is the planned frequency of conducting complete maintenance check and cleaning of the RWH system? (recommended before and after every rain; cleaning after every dry period of 1 month)

21. What is the planned frequency of cleaning storage tank? (recommended at end of dry season, before the

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first rain)

Note: Refer Guidelines Vide Annexures 16. C. EDS for Sanitation Schemes S. No. Description Particulars Remarks

GENERAL



3. Name of Block

4. Name of District


6. No. of ISL proposed

LOCATION

7.



8. Type of substrata Pervious Impervious

9. Depth to groundwater table, in metres

10. *winter

11. *summer

12. Is a shallow aquifer used as source for drinking water supply in the habitation?

13. Is the habitation located in an coastal area?

14.

Is a minimum distance of 15 metres maintained between the pits and the nearest drinking water sources? (for all the ISLs proposed) Yes No

15.

In case of high ground water table and in case of highly permeable soils, is a minimum distance of 40 metres maintained between the pits and the nearest drinking water sources? (for all the ISLs proposed) Yes No Not applicable

STRUCTURE

16. What is the type of toilet proposed? Refer Annexure 17.

17. For ISL

18. What are the precautions taken to prevent groundwater contamination?

19.

In case of high ground water table, is raising of platform, bottom sealing of pit and earth filling outside along sides of pit planned? Yes No

Not applicable

20. In case of flood prone area, is is raising of platform and earth filling outside along sides of pit planned? Yes No

Not applicable

21. In case of loose soils, is lining of pits with perforated cement rings planned? Yes No

Not applicable

22. In case of soils with low permeability, is back filling of part of pit with more sandy soil planned? Yes No

Not applicable

23. In case of soils with high permeability, is earth filling around rings with denser soil planned? Yes No

Not applicable

MAINTENANCE

24.

Is an awareness programme for prospective users on proper use and maintenance of the IHLs being planned?

25. Is adequate water available for use? (2 litres per each use)

26.

What is the expected cleaning interval of pits? (a pit should not be emptied before 1 ½ years after its being in use)

27. What is the method of disposal of materials removed from pits?

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Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 14 and 15 D.EDS for Storm water / Sullage Drainage Scheme


GENERAL


2. Name of Village Panchayat

3. Name of Block

4. Name of District


6. How the sullage is disposed presently?

7. Is there any place where sullage is stagnated?

LOCATION

8. Is any component of the scheme located in a forest area? Yes No


9.




11. Depth to groundwater table (in metres)

12. *winter

13. *summer

14. Is adequate gradient/slope available for smooth flow of water?

STRUCTURE

15. What is the total length of roads/streets? (m)

16. What is the present length of drains?

17. What is the proposed length of drain?

18. Are the drains planned with semicircular base and trapezoidal cross-section? (This design will help to increase the velocity of water and the drain's self-cleaning capacity)

19. Will the top of the drain be at a lower level compared to the road surface? (This will prevent stagnation of storm water on road)

20. Are the drains to be covered with stones or RCC slabs? (This is not recommended as covered drains cannot be cleaned leading to stagnation)

21. Is there a chance of overflow of effluent from septic tank flowing into open drain? (This must be avoided)

MAINTENANCE

22. Has the GP established a system for periodic maintenance and silt removal from the drains?

23. Is there a plan to educate the community to avoid throwing solid waste into the drain (to keep it free from blockages)?

TREATMENT

24. What is the treatment proposed for the sullage? (Suspended solids must be removed through settling – for example, in sullage stabilization pond)

25. Is a single treatment pond planned or are a series of ponds planned? (a series of interconnected shallow ponds is recommended – it is better to have multiple ponds of smaller size than few large ponds)

26. Is the soil very permeable? (If yes, plastic sheeting topped with soil may be laid at

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bottom)

27. Is any reuse proposed for the sullage?

28. What are the precautions taken to prevent groundwater contamination from sullage?

Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 16 E. EDS for Household Soak Pits S. No. Description Particulars Remarks

GENERAL

1. Name Habitation

2. Name of Village Panchayat

3. Name of Block

4. Name of District


LOCATION

6. Is the soak pit located in rocky terrain? (Not suitable for rocky terrain) Yes No

STRUCTURE

7.

Will the wastewater flow exceed the design flow of the soak pit? (calculate design flow as per requirement for bathing 20-30 l/p/d, kitchen 5-10 l/p/d, washing clothes 15-20 l/p/d, and other uses) Yes No

8.

Is filling material of appropriate size available? (Should be pebbles of sizes 125 – 150 mm, 100 -125 mm and 50 – 75 mm) Yes No

9. Is the pit to be filled loosely? (Filling material must not be tightly packed) Yes No

10. Is the pit to be filled with murram, brickbats or sand? (These materials must not be used) Yes No

MAINTENANCE

11.

What is the frequency planned for cleaning the filter of the soak pit? (Must be cleaned every fortnight or month)

12.

What is the frequency planned for cleaning the pit and replacing the filling material? (Must be once in 7-8 years)

F. EDS for Community Solid Waste Management

S. No. Description Particulars Legal

requirements

GENERAL



3. Name of Block

4. Name of District


LOCATION


7. Depth to groundwater table in metres

8. *winter

9. *summer

WASTE GENERATION

10. What is the expected quantity of solid waste generation per day? (tons)

11. What is the expected quantity of biodegradable waste (waste that can be composted) per day? (tons)

12. What is the expected quantity of non-biodegradable waste

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(waste that can be composted) per day? (tons)

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE SEGREGATION AND COLLECTION

13. Are awareness programmes on household waste segregation planned to be organized? Yes No

14. Is segregation of wastes at household level (into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes) being planned? Yes No

15. How will the household waste be collected? Community

waste bins

Door-to-door collection

16. Are the community waste bins planned to be located at least 15 m away from any water sources?

17. What is the planned frequency of collecting waste (from community bins or from individual households)?

COMPOSTING OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE

18. What is the type of composting planned? Underground (lined or unlined) pits – suitable for low rainfall areas Overground heap or tank – suitable for high rainfall areas and rocky terrain Vermi-compost units

FOR COMPOSTING UNITS

19. Will the wind flow direction at the composting yard cause four odor in the habitation?

20. Is the compost yard in a low lying area (likely to get water logged)?

21. Will weekly covering of the compost pit/heap with thin soil layer planned to avoid odour and fly nuisance?

FOR VERMI-COMPOSTING UNITS

22. What is the variety of earthworms planned? (local or exotic) (local variety – Lampito mauritii is preferred to exotic varieties – Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus euginiae)

23. Is the vermi-composting unit located in an area that is not low-lying and has adequate slope (to prevent water-logging)?

24. What pest control (control of red ants, cockroaches, etc.) methods are planned at the vermi-composting unit? (Only non-chemical methods such as application of turmeric and flour around perimeter of the tank must be practiced)

MANAGEMENT OF NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE

25. What part of the non-biodegradable waste will be recycled? (sold to the kabadiwalla, recycled through any SHG enterprise, etc.)

26. What part of the non-biodegradable waste will be sent to the land fill?

27. Is the site identified for the land fill located in a forest area? Yes No

Avoid the forest area

28. Is the site located for the land fill near (within 5 km) any ecologically sensitive area (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries)?

Yes No

Avoid having the land fill site near the sensitive area (Seek Forest Department permissions)

29. What is the extent of land available for the land fill site?

Obtain clearance from JPCB

30. What is the ownership of the land identified for the land fill site? Government / Panchayat Private land

If private land, follow recommended

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land guidelines for acquisition

31. What is the distance of the land fill site from nearest water supply source/catchment boundary/water body (less than 100 m?)

32. What are the precautions taken/planned to prevent surface and groundwater contamination?

33. Is periodic covering of waste with minimum 10 cm of soil/debris planned?

34. Is covering of waste with 40-65 cm thick soil cover planned before every monsoon (to prevent infiltration)?

35. Is an appropriate drainage system planned at the land fill site to divert run off water?

36. Will the land fill site have fencing and a gate to prevent entry of stray animals and unauthorized persons?

37. Has baseline data on groundwater quality in the area been collected (for future reference)? Enclose report water quality test.

38. Is periodic and regular monitoring of ground water quality in the area planned?

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ANNEXURE-19

SCREENING TOOL FOR CATEGORIZING SCHEMES

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Annexure-19 SCREENING TOOL FOR CATEGORIZING SCHEMES

Category I Category II

A. Water Supply Schemes

1. SVS with source in shallow aquifer in safe and semi-crtitical zone

1.SVSs/MVSs with shallow groundwater source located in either critical or over exploitation zones of groundwater exploitation and deep groundwater source in semi-critical and over exploited zones

2. SVS with source in deep aquifer located in safe zone of exploitation

2. SVSs/MVSs with sources located at or nearer (within 1 km) to natural habitats/sensitive ecosystem such as National Park / Wildlife Sanctuaries (Seek Forest Department permission)

3. SVS with perennial surface water source requiring slow sand filtration only

3. SVSs/MVSs with the water quality at the source is not treatable with conventional treatment , and involves special treatment/RO treatment.

4. MVSs with surface water source requiring treatment

B. Artificial Recharge Structure

1. Individual house hold roof top rainwater harvesting 1. All types of rain water harvesting structures to improve water supply sources

C. Underground Drainage Schemes

No scheme 1. All types of underground drainage schemes

D. Sanitation Schemes

1. Construction of ISL where subsoil strata is not favourable (hard rock or low infiltration capacity) for adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets

2. Construction of ISL where subsurface strata is favourable for adopting twin pit pour flush toilet and groundwater table is at depth greater than 3.0m below ground level

2. Construction of group owned latrines where subsoil strata is not favourable for adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets

3. Construction of group owned latrines where the subsoil strata is favourable for adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets and groundwater table is at depth greater than 3.0m below ground level

3.Construction ISL or group owned latrines where groundwater table is at depth lesser than 3.0m below ground level

E. Storm water / Sullage Drains

If all the following conditions are satisfied: Construction of drains where groundwater table is at

depths > 3.0m Subsoil is having sufficient bearing capacity Length of drain is not more than 250 m

If any of the following conditions are satisfied Construction of drains where groundwater table is at

depths < 3.0m Soil bearing capacity is < 5 t/m

2

Length of drain is more than 250m

F. Solid Waste Management

No scheme 1. All types of solid waste management with source segregation and installing vermi-composting / composting

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ANNEXURE-19(A)

FORM-1A APPENDIX II

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Annexure 19(A)

FORM-1A

APPENDIX II

(See paragraph 6)

FORM-1 A (only for construction projects listed under item 8 of the Schedule) CHECK LIST OF

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

(Project proponents are required to provide full information and wherever necessary attach explanatory notes with the Form and submit along with proposed environmental management plan & monitoring programme)

1. LAND ENVIRONMENT

(Attach panoramic view of the project site and the vicinity)

1.1. Will the existing landuse get significantly altered from the project that is not consistent with the

surroundings? (Proposed landuse must conform to the approved Master Plan / Development Plan of the area. Change of landuse if any and the statutory approval from the competent authority be submitted). Attach Maps of (i) site location, (ii) surrounding features of the proposed site (within 500

meters) and (iii)the site (indicating levels & contours) to appropriate scales. If not available attach only conceptual plans.

1.2. List out all the major project requirements in terms of the land area, built up area, water consumption, power requirement, connectivity, community facilities, parking needs etc.

1.3. What are the likely impacts of the proposed activity on the existing facilities adjacent to the proposed site? (Such as open spaces, community facilities, details of the existing landuse, disturbance

to the local ecology).

1.4. Will there be any significant land disturbance resulting in erosion, subsidence & instability? (Details of soil type, slope analysis, vulnerability to subsidence, seismicity etc may be given).

1.5. Will the proposal involve alteration of natural drainage systems? (Give details on a contour

map showing the natural drainage near the proposed project site)

1.6. What are the quantities of earthwork involved in the construction activity-cutting, filling,

reclamation etc. (Give details of the quantities of earthwork involved, transport of fill materials from outside the site etc.)

1.7. Give details regarding water supply, waste handling etc during the construction period.

1.8. Will the low lying areas & wetlands get altered? (Provide details of how low lying and wetlands are getting modified from the proposed activity)

1.9. Whether construction debris & waste during construction cause health hazard? (Give quantities

of various types of wastes generated during construction including the construction labour and the means of disposal)

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2. WATER ENVIRONMENT

2.1. Give the total quantity of water requirement for the proposed project with the breakup of requirements for various uses. How will the water requirement met? State the sources & quantities and furnish a water balance statement.

2.2. What is the capacity (dependable flow or yield) of the proposed source of water?

2.3. What is the quality of water required, in case, the supply is not from a municipal source? (Provide physical, chemical, biological characteristics with class of water quality)

2.4. How much of the water requirement can be met from the recycling of treated wastewater? (Give the details of quantities, sources and usage)

2.5. Will there be diversion of water from other users? (Please assess the impacts of the project on other existing uses and quantities of consumption)

2.6. What is the incremental pollution load from wastewater generated from the proposed activity? (Give details of the quantities and composition of wastewater generated from the proposed activity)

2.7. Give details of the water requirements met from water harvesting? Furnish details of the facilities created.

2.8. What would be the impact of the land use changes occurring due to the proposed project on the runoff characteristics (quantitative as well as qualitative) of the area in the post construction phase on a long term basis? Would it aggravate the problems of flooding or water logging in any way?

2.9. What are the impacts of the proposal on the ground water? (Will there be tapping of ground water; give the details of ground water table, recharging capacity, and approvals obtained from

competent authority, if any)

2.10. What precautions/measures are taken to prevent the run-off from construction activities

polluting land & aquifers? (Give details of quantities and the measures taken to avoid the adverse impacts)

2.11. How is the storm water from within the site managed?(State the provisions made to avoid flooding of the area, details of the drainage facilities provided along with a site layout indication contour levels)

2.12. Will the deployment of construction labourers particularly in the peak period lead to unsanitary conditions around the project site (Justify with proper explanation)

2.13. What on-site facilities are provided for the collection, treatment & safe disposal of sewage? (Give details of the quantities of wastewater generation, treatment capacities with technology & facilities for recycling and disposal)

2.14. Give details of dual plumbing system if treated waste used is used for flushing of toilets or any other use.

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3. VEGETATION

3.1. Is there any threat of the project to the biodiversity? (Give a description of the local ecosystem with it’s unique features, if any)

3.2. Will the construction involve extensive clearing or modification of vegetation? (Provide a detailed account of the trees & vegetation affected by the project)

3.3. What are the measures proposed to be taken to minimize the likely impacts on important site features (Give details of proposal for tree plantation, landscaping, creation of water bodies etc along with a layout plan to an appropriate scale)

4. FAUNA

4.1. Is there likely to be any displacement of fauna- both terrestrial and aquatic or creation of barriers for their movement? Provide the details.

4.2. Any direct or indirect impacts on the avifauna of the area? Provide details.

4.3. Prescribe measures such as corridors, fish ladders etc to mitigate adverse impacts on fauna

5. AIR ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Will the project increase atmospheric concentration of gases & result in heat islands? (Give

details of background air quality levels with predicted values based on dispersion models taking into account the increased traffic generation as a result of the proposed constructions)

5.2. What are the impacts on generation of dust, smoke, odorous fumes or other hazardous gases?

Give details in relation to all the meteorological parameters.

5.3. Will the proposal create shortage of parking space for vehicles? Furnish details of the present level of transport infrastructure and measures proposed for improvement including the traffic management at the entry & exit to the project site.

5.4. Provide details of the movement patterns with internal roads, bicycle tracks, pedestrian pathways, footpaths etc., with areas under each category.

5.5. Will there be significant increase in traffic noise & vibrations? Give details of the sources and the measures proposed for mitigation of the above.

5.6. What will be the impact of DG sets & other equipment on noise levels & vibration in &

ambient air quality around the project site? Provide details.

6. AESTHETICS

6.1. Will the proposed constructions in any way result in the obstruction of a view, scenic amenity or landscapes? Are these considerations taken into account by the proponents?

6.2. Will there be any adverse impacts from new constructions on the existing structures? What are the considerations taken into account?

6.3. Whether there are any local considerations of urban form & urban design influencing the design criteria? They may be explicitly spelt out.

6.4. Are there any anthropological or archaeological sites or artifacts nearby? State if any other

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significant features in the vicinity of the proposed site have been considered.

7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

7.1. Will the proposal result in any changes to the demographic structure of local population?

Provide the details.

7.2. Give details of the existing social infrastructure around the proposed project.

7.3. Will the project cause adverse effects on local communities, disturbance to sacred sites or other cultural values? What are the safeguards proposed?

8. BUILDING MATERIALS

8.1. May involve the use of building materials with high-embodied energy. Are the construction materials produced with energy efficient processes? (Give details of energy conservation measures in the selection of building materials and their energy efficiency)

8.2. Transport and handling of materials during construction may result in pollution, noise & public nuisance. What measures are taken to minimize the impacts?

8.3. Are recycled materials used in roads and structures? State the extent of savings achieved?

8.4. Give details of the methods of collection, segregation & disposal of the garbage generated during the operation phases of the project.

9. ENERGY CONSERVATION

9.1. Give details of the power requirements, source of supply, backup source etc. What is the energy consumption assumed per square foot of built-up area? How have you tried to minimize energy consumption?

9.2. What type of, and capacity of, power back-up to you plan to provide?

9.3. What are the characteristics of the glass you plan to use? Provide specifications of its

characteristics related to both short wave and long wave radiation?

9.4. What passive solar architectural features are being used in the building? Illustrate the applications made in the proposed project.

9.5. Does the layout of streets & buildings maximise the potential for solar energy devices? Have you considered the use of street lighting, emergency lighting and solar hot water systems for use in the building complex? Substantiate with details.

9.6. Is shading effectively used to reduce cooling/heating loads? What principles have been used to

maximize the shading of Walls on the East and the West and the Roof? How much energy saving has been effected?

9.7. Do the structures use energy-efficient space conditioning, lighting and mechanical systems?

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Provide technical details. Provide details of the transformers and motor efficiencies, lighting intensity

and air-conditioning load assumptions? Are you using CFC and HCFC free chillers? Provide specifications.

9.8. What are the likely effects of the building activity in altering the micro-climates? Provide a self

assessment on the likely impacts of the proposed construction on creation of heat island & inversion effects?

9.9. What are the thermal characteristics of the building envelope? (a) roof; (b) external walls; and (c)

fenestration? Give details of the material used and the U-values or the R values of the individual components.

9.10. What precautions & safety measures are proposed against fire hazards? Furnish details of emergency plans.

9.11. If you are using glass as wall material provides details and specifications including emissivity and thermal characteristics.

9.12. What is the rate of air infiltration into the building? Provide details of how you are mitigating the effects of infiltration.

9.13. To what extent the non-conventional energy technologies are utilised in the overall energy

consumption? Provide details of the renewable energy technologies used.

10. Environment Management Plan

The Environment Management Plan would consist of all mitigation measures for each item wise

activity to be undertaken during the construction, operation and the entire life cycle to minimize adverse environmental impacts as a result of the activities of the project. It would also delineate the environmental monitoring plan for compliance of various environmental regulations. It will state the steps to be taken in case of emergency such as accidents at the site including fire.

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ANNEXURE-20

GUIDELINES FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION

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Annexure-20

GUIDELINES FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION A. Documents to be referred to prior to and during the Supervision visit:

Filled in EDS of the scheme type

Filled in Checklist for Environmental Assessment of the Category II Schemes (if applicable)

Scheme specific supervision checklist given in Annexure 21

Format of report of field visits undertaken during supervision given in Annexure 22

B. Process of supervision: The supervision visit must include the following methodology: Interaction with AEE/AE Interaction with SO Interaction with GPWSC Field inspection of all components of the scheme under supervision Interaction with beneficiaries Photo documentation (highlighting any significant issues) C. Report of Supervision: For each scheme visited in the supervision, a separate report should be prepared as per the format given in Annexure 22. The report must be submitted to the DPSU for action. A copy must be sent by the DPSU to the SPSU for reference.

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ANNEXURE-21

CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION/AUDIT

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Annexure-21 CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION/AUDIT

CHECKLIST FOR SUPERVISION/AUDIT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES Groundwater sources

Construction:

Well construction:

Total depth of well.

Type of casing: diameter, material and length from surface.

Screen or perforations: diameter, material, locations and lengths.

Formation seal: Material (cement, sand, bentonite, etc.), depth intervals, annular thickness and method of placement.

Protection:

Protection of well at top: presence of sanitary well seal, casing height above ground or flood level, protection of well from erosion and animals.

Is there any source of contamination within 15 m radius from the well?

Is direct runoff of rain water into bore well sources prevented?

Is a concrete mat of sufficient thickness for 75 cm radius around the bore well provided to seal the outer periphery of the bore well with the casing pipe raised 60 cm above ground level?

Is rainwater harvesting and recharge structure located within 15 m of the bore well subject to direct contamination of the source?

Is there any soak pit for the disposal of effluent from septic tank or other sanitation facility is within 15 m radius from the bore well of water supply source subject to direct contamination?

Is there any sand mining in the river bed within a radius of 500 m from the wells? Water Quality:

Is there any unsafe supply available, usable in place of normal supply, hence involving danger to the public health?

What is the type of disinfection arrangement provided? Is the test kit provided for testing residual chlorine?

What is the monthly consumption of bleaching powder? Surface water sources

Protective measures in connection with the use of watershed to control fishing, boating, swimming, wading, permitting animals on marginal shore areas and in or upon the water etc.

Treatment of water: kind and adequacy of equipment; duplication of parts; effectiveness of treatment; adequacy of supervision and testing; contact period after disinfection; free chlorine residuals carried.

Pumping facilities: pump house, pump capacity and standby units, storage facilities. Rainwater Harvesting Structures

Are the rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures site specific closer to the source but 15 m away from the bore well?

Whether the location of the RWH structures was certified by the hydrogeologist of the jharkhand rural piped water supply projects department?

Whether the RWH structure was implemented before the onset of the monsoon?

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Water Quantity

Any register maintained to record daily water supply to the habitation?

What are the average, maximum and minimum daily water supplies to the community for each month?

What is average per capita water supply for each month?

What is the duration of supply? Water Quality

Are water quality monitoring is being done as per protocol?

Are records of water quality tests are maintained in a register?

What are the parameters tested and the frequency of testing?

Is the residual chlorine test carried out daily?

What is the number of days in a month that the residual chlorine is absent?

Analyze the results and report what percentage of the results are complying with the drinking water standards.

CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION / AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES Sanitation Coverage Details of existing toilets in the habitation with types and categories

Category Open pit VIP Toilet Twin-pit PFT Water closet connected to Septic tank

Total

Existing prior to projects

IHHL E1 =

GOL E2 =

School toilets

Anganwadi toilets

Total

Constructed under the Project

IHHL P1 =

GOL P2 =

School toilets

Anganwadi toilets

Total

Grand total

Percentage population having access to toilets = {(E1 +E2) + (P1+P2) }

Population of the habitation * 100 Structure

Is the junction chamber of the toilet constructed with proper slope and Y pipe?

Are the leach pits properly connected and covered with pre-cast slab?

Is the facility for cleaning linked to soak pit? Selection

Whether the selection of the toilet is appropriate to the substrata and groundwater table?

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Operation and Maintenance

What is the condition of the toilet (including pan and fixtures such as doors)?

Has the pan been cleaned after fixing and is free of cement droppings?

Is the toilet and its surrounding area clean?

Are the toilets being used?

Is water supply available for the toilet?

Are the people adopting the hygienic practices (such as cleaning hands after using toilets)?

What is the volume of the pit filled? CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION / AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES Sullage/ Drainage Coverage Details of existing sullage/ drainage in the habitation with types and categories Category Open Covered Total

Existing prior to projects E


P

Total E+P

Percentage population have access to sullage/ drainage = (E+P) / (Population of the habitation * 100) Structure

Is the drain designed for the project population?

Is the drain having proper slope and shape to maintain free flow without silting?

Are there silt traps at the household connection and at the junctions?

Is this drainage linked treatment facility? Selection

Whether the selection of the pipe material appropriate to village population and soil conditions?

Operation and Maintenance

What is the condition of the drain (including manholes and treatment facility)?

Is silt being removed from the drains and manhole chambers? Is the removed silt taken away to land fills?

Is there is any pooling water in the open drains?

Is there any mosquito breeding in the manholes and open drains?

Do the Gram Panchayat has equipment for cleaning the drains? CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION / AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES

Soak Pits Coverage Details of existing soak pits in the habitation Category Total



P

Total E+P

Percentage population having soak pits = (E+P) / (Population of the habitation * 100)

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Structure

Is the soak pit filled with ballast/ boulders or brick bats?

Is the soak pit filled with filter sand on top?

Is there a pot with a holes attached to out let pipe to collect grit and debris?

Is the soil permeable? Selection

Whether the selection of the soak pit as choice made based on the local soil conditions? Operation and Maintenance

Is the soak pit cleaned every fortnight/ month?

Is the filter media being cleaned on a regular basis?

Is there dirty water around the soak pit? Is the soak pit overflowing?

Is there any mosquito breeding around the soak pit? Sanitation Coverage Details of existing Solid Waste Management systems in the habitation with types and categories Category Vermicomposting Land Fill Total



P

Grand total

Percentage population have access to SWM = (E+P) / (Population of the habitation * 100) Structure

Are the walls of the Vermicompost pit sufficiently high to keep away predators?

Is the land fill site outside the village in a vacant area?

Is the land fill site fenced and locked?

Is there a plantation around the land fill site? Selection

Whether the selection of the land fill site made based on the substrata and groundwater table? Operation and Maintenance

What is the temperature in the vermicompost pit (range 20 to 30°c)? Is there too much of water in the vermicompost plant? Is the compost being turned? Are there any solid inorganic objects or metals in the compost? Are there any ants, cockroaches, etc. around the plant? Are there any stray animals in the land fill site?

Is there any foul smell at the land fill site?

Is the ground water quality being monitoring regularly near the land fill?

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ANNEXURE-22

SAMPLE FIELD VISIT REPORTS FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION / EXTERNAL AUDIT

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Annexure-22 SAMPLE FIELD VISIT REPORTS FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION / EXTERNAL AUDIT

Name and designation of team members Date of the visit:

1. 2. 3.

Name of district: Name of Block: Name of Gram Panchayat: Name of habitation: Type and category of scheme: Brief description of the scheme components: Has the EDS been filled in and attached to the DSR? Has the screening been done correctly? Has the Checklist for Environmental Assessment of Category II Schemes been filled in properly (if

applicable)? What are the mitigation measures prescribed in the EDS and/or specified in the Environmental

Management Plan? What is the implementation status of these mitigation measures?

Mitigation measure implemented: Mitigation measures not implemented:

What environmental concerns were noted during the field visit: Recommendations for managing the environmental concerns noted: Did the beneficiaries of the scheme receive any relevant IEC? Give details of participation in any

training or awareness programme, any communication material received, etc. Any other findings:

Signature of GPWSC Member Signature of AEE/AE Signature of the Leader of Supervision/Audit Team

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ANNEXURE-23

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

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Annexure-23 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

I. Water Quantity: 1. No. of habitations with availability of at least 40 Lpcd of drinking water during the year as a

percentage of total project habitations completed, 2. No. of habitations which have now been provided an alternative sustainable source as a percentage

of total project habitations previously depending on critical and overexploited basins 3. No. of wells providing sustainable yield (throughout the year) as a percentage of total wells

constructed in the project 4. No. of functional rainwater harvesting structures as a percentage of total rainwater harvesting

structures supported by the project II. Water Quality: 1. No. of habitations which were dependent on NSS (excess fluoride, brackishness, etc.) that have now

been provided a safe water source as a percentage of project-covered NSS habitations 2. No. of habitations with bacterial/chemical contamination in drinking water supplies as a percentage

of total project habitations 3. No. of habitations with no residual chlorine levels at the public taps as percentage of project

habitations 4. No. of project habitations with disinfection facility as percentage of total project habitations III. Environmental Sanitation: 1. Number (and %) of households and institutions with access to safe sanitation facilities 2. Number (and %) of households and institutions with regular use of sanitation facilities 3. Number of habitations with solid waste management including composting as percentage of all

project habitations 4. Number of habitations with liquid waste management including drainage and safe disposal of sullage

as percentage of all project habitations 5. Percentage of length of street/roads in project habitations provided with storm water/sullage drains IV. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Building: 1. No. of districts with DRPs to anchor responsibility of EMF implementation as percentage of all project

districts 2. No. of project staff at state, district and Block levels trained in EMF as a percentage of all project staff

at each level 3. No. of community institutions (VWSCs and SLCs) that participated in IEC programmes conducted on

EMF as a percentage of all community institutions involved in the project 4. Number of external audits conducted as against the target number of audits for the project duration

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ANNEXURE-24

SAFETY PROVISIONS (BUILDING) CONVENTION, 1937 (NO. 62)

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Annexure-24 SAFETY PROVISIONS (BUILDING) CONVENTION, 1937 (NO. 62)

Part II. General Rules as to Scaffolds Article 7 Suitable scaffolds shall be provided for workmen for all work that cannot be safely done from a

ladder or by other means. A scaffold shall not be constructed, taken down, or substantially altered, except--

(a) under the supervision of a competent and responsible person; and (b) as far as possible by competent workers possessing adequate experience in this kind of work.

All scaffolds and appliances connected therewith and all ladders shall-- (a) be of sound material; (b) be of adequate strength having regard to the loads and strains to which they will be subjected;

and (c) be maintained in proper condition.

Scaffolds shall be so constructed that no part thereof can be displaced in consequence of normal use.

Scaffolds shall not be overloaded and so far as practicable the load shall be evenly distributed. Before installing lifting gear on scaffolds special precautions shall be taken to ensure the strength

and stability of the scaffolds. Scaffolds shall be periodically inspected by a competent person. Before allowing a scaffold to be used by his workmen every employer shall, whether the scaffold

has been erected by his workmen or not, take steps to ensure that it complies fully with the requirements of this Article.

Article 8 1. Working platforms, gangways and stairways shall--

(a) be so constructed that no part thereof can sag unduly or unequally; (b) be so constructed and maintained, having regard to the prevailing conditions, as to reduce as far

as practicable risks of persons tripping or slipping; and (c) be kept free from any unnecessary obstruction.

2. In the case of working platforms, gangways, working places and stairways at a height exceeding that to be prescribed by national laws or regulations-- (a) every working platform and every gangway shall be closely boarded unless other adequate

measures are taken to ensure safety; (b) every working platform and gangway shall have adequate width; and (c) every working platform, gangway, working place and stairway shall be suitably fenced.

Article 9 1. Every opening in the floor of a building or in a working platform shall, except for the time and to the

extent required to allow the access of persons or the transport or shifting of material, be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or material.

2. When persons are employed on a roof where there is a danger of falling from a height exceeding that to be prescribed by national laws or regulations, suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent the fall of persons or material.

3. Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent persons being struck by articles which might fall from scaffolds or other working places.

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Article 10 1. Safe means of access shall be provided to all working platforms and other working places. 2. Every ladder shall be securely fixed and of such length as to provide secure handhold and foothold at

every position at which it is used. 3. Every place where work is carried on and the means of approach thereto shall be adequately lighted. 4. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment. 5. No materials on the site shall be so stacked or placed as to cause danger to any person. Part III. General Rules as to Hoisting Appliances Article 11 1. Hoisting machines and tackle, including their attachments, anchorages and supports, shall--

(a) be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from patent defect; and

(b) be kept in good repair and in good working order. 2. Every rope used in hoisting or lowering materials or as a means of suspension shall be of suitable

quality and adequate strength and free from patent defect. Article 12 1. Hoisting machines and tackle shall be examined and adequately tested after erection on the site and

before use and be re-examined in position at intervals to be prescribed by national laws or regulations.

2. Every chain, ring, hook, shackle, swivel and pulley block used in hoisting or lowering materials or as means of suspension shall be periodically examined.

Article 13 1. Every crane driver or hoisting appliance operator shall be properly qualified. 2. No person under the age to be prescribed by national laws or regulations shall be in control of any

hoisting machine, including any scaffold winch, or give signals to the operator. Article 14 1. In the case of every hoisting machine and of every chain, ring, hook, shackle, swivel and pulley block

used in hoisting or lowering or as a means of suspension the safe working load shall be ascertained by adequate means.

2. Every hoisting machine and all gear referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be plainly marked with the safe working load.

3. In the case of a hoisting machine having a variable safe working load each safe working load and the conditions under which it is applicable shall be clearly indicated.

4. No part of any hoisting machine or of any gear referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be loaded beyond the safe working load except for the purpose of testing.

Article 15 1. Motors, gearing, transmissions, electric wiring and other dangerous parts of hoisting appliances shall

be provided with efficient safeguards. 2. Hoisting appliances shall be provided with such means as will reduce to a minimum the risk of the

accidental descent of the load.

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3. Adequate precautions shall be taken to reduce to a minimum the risk of any part of a suspended load becoming accidentally displaced.

Article 16 1. All necessary personal safety equipment shall be kept available for the use of the persons employed

on the site and be maintained in a condition suitable for immediate use. 2. The workers shall be required to use the equipment thus provided and the employer shall take

adequate steps to ensure proper use of the equipment by those concerned. Article 17 When work is carried on in proximity to any place where there is a risk of drowning, all necessary equipment shall be provided and kept ready for use and all necessary steps shall be taken for the prompt rescue of any person in danger. Article 18 Adequate provision shall be made for prompt first-aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of the work.

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ANNEXURE-25

FORMAT FOR DECLARATION BY CONTRACTOR/ CONSULTANT

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Annexure-25 FORMAT FOR DECLARATION BY CONTRACTOR/ CONSULTANT

Contract Package: Contract No.: I/We hereby declare that we have read and understood the Environmental Management Framework for the Jharkhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. We will implement all the necessary mitigation measures, procure required goods and equipment, provide the required services, build/ construct necessary works, etc. in order to comply with the EMF. The following guidelines (delete the guidelines which are not applicable) given as annexures to the EMF are applicable for our package. Annexure 7: List of projects requiring prior environmental clearance as per EIA Notification 2006 Annexure 8: Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Annexure 11: Disposal of Reject brine from RO Plant Annexure 14: Sanitary Protection of Water Supply Sources Annexure 15: Fluoride Mitigation Annexure 16: Guidelines for Sustainability of Groundwater Sources Annexure 17: Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies and Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets Annexure 18: Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines Annexure 19: Guidelines for Safe Sullage Disposal at Household and Community Levels Annexure 20: Guidelines for Community Solid Waste Management Annexure 27: Environmental Performance Indicators Annexure 28: Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937 (No. 62) Signature of Authorized Representative of Contractor/ Consultant Name in Full: Designation: Company Seal Place: Date:

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ANNEXURE-26

WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL: 4.01

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Annexure-26 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL: 4.01

Environmental Assessment

1. The Bank1 requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. 2. EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence;2 examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favors preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. 3. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property); 3 and trans boundary and global environmental aspects. 4 EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country 1. “Bank” includes IDA; “EA” refers to the entire process set out in OP/BP 4.01; “loans” includes credits; “borrower” includes, for guarantee operations, a private or public project sponsor receiving from another financial institution a loan guaranteed by the Bank; and “project” covers all operations financed by Bank loans or guarantees except structural adjustment loans (for which the environmental provisions are set out in OP/BP 8.60, Adjustment Lending, forthcoming) and debt and debt service operations, and also includes projects under adaptable lending—adaptable program loans (APLs) and learning and innovation loans (LILs)—and projects and components funded under the Global Environment Facility. The project is described in Schedule 2 to the Loan/Credit Agreement. This policy applies to all components of the project, regardless s of the source of financing. 2. For definitions, see Annex A. The area of influence for any project is determined with the advice of environmental specialists and set out in the EA terms of reference. 3. See OP/BP/GP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming); OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples ; and OP 4.11, Safeguarding Cultural Property in Bank -Financed Projects (forthcoming).

3. Global environmental issues include climate change, ozone-depleting substances, pollution of international waters, and adverse impacts on biodiversity.

Note: OP, BP, and GP 4.01 together replace OMS 2.36, Environmental Aspects of Bank Work ; OD 4.00, Annex A, Environmental Assessment ; OD 4.00, Annex B, Environmental Policy for Dam and Reservoir Projects; OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment ; and the following Operational Memoranda: Environmental Assessments: Instructions to Staff on the Handling of the Borrower’s Consultations with Affected Groups and Relevant Local NGOs, 4/10/90; Environmental Assessments: Instructions to Staff on the Release of Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 11/21/90; and Release of Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 2/20/91. Additional information related to these statements is provided in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991) and subsequent updates available from the Environment Sector Board, and in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. Other Bank statements that relate to the environment include OP/BP/GP 4.02, Environmental Action Plans; GP 4.03, Agricultural Pest Management ; OP/BP/GP 4.04, Natural Habitats; OP 4.07, Water Resources Management ; OP 4.09, Pest Management ; OP 4.11, Safegua rding Cultural Property in Bank -Financed Projects (forthcoming); OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming); OP/GP 4.36, Forestry; OP/BP 10.04, Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations; and OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples. This OP and BP apply to all projects for which a PID is first issued after March 1, 1999. Questions may be addressed to the Chair, Environment Sector Board. Environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country’s overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project.

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4. The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects, 5 the borrower retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA.6 For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multi- dimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA.7 The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project. 5. The Bank advises the borrower on the Bank’s EA requirements. The Bank reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. When the borrower has completed or partially completed EA work prior to the Bank’s involvement in a project, the Bank reviews the EA to ensure its consistency with this policy. The Bank may, if appropriate, require additional EA work, including public consultation and disclosure. 6. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describes pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank. However, taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions, the EA may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site. EA Instruments 7. Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank’s EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP).8 EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required.9 Environmental Screening 8. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. 5. For screening, see para. 8. 6. EA is closely integrated with the project’s economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses to ensure that (a) environmental considerations are given adequate weight in project selection, siting, and design decisions; and (b) EA does not delay project processing. However, the borrower ensures that when individuals or entities are engaged to carry out EA activities, any conflict of interest is avoided. For example, when an independent EA is required, it is not carried out by the consultants hired to prepare the engineering design. 7. The panel (which is different from the dam safety panel required under OP/BP 4.37, Safety of Dams) advises the borrower specifically on the following aspect s: (a) the terms of reference for the EA, (b) key issues and methods for preparing the EA, (c) recommendations and findings of the EA, (d) implementation of the EA’s recommendations, and (e) development of environmental management capacity. 8.These terms are defined in Annex A. Annexes B and C discuss the content of EA reports and EMPs. 9. Guidance on the use of sectoral and regional EA is available in EA Sourcebook Updates 4 and 15. (a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, 10 diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the “without project” situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7. (b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats—are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of

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them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). (c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. (d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. EA for Special Project Types Sector Investment Lending 9. For sector investment loans (SILs), 12 during the preparation of each proposed subproject, the project coordinating entity or 10. A potential impact is considered “sensitive” if it may be irreversible (e.g., lead to loss of a major natural habitat) or raise issues covered by OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples ; OP 4.04, Natural Habitats ; OP 4.11, Safeguarding Cultural Property in Bank -Financed Projects (forthcoming); or OP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming). 11. When the screening process determines, or national legislation requires, that any of the environmental issues identified warrant special attention, the findings and results of Category B EA may be set out in a separate report. Depending on the type of project and the nature and magnitude of the impacts, this report may include, for example, a limited environmental impact assessment, an environmental mitigation or management plan, an environmental audit, or a hazard assessment. For Category B projects that are not in environmentally sensitive areas and that present well- defined and well-understood issues of narrow scope, the Bank may accept alternative approaches for meeting EA requirements: for example, environmentally sound design criteria, siting criteria, or pollution standards for small-scale industrial plants or rural works; environmentally sound siting criteria, construction standards, or inspection procedures for housing projects; or environmentally sound operating procedures for road rehabilitation projects. 12. SILs normally involve the preparation and implementation of annual investment plans or subprojects as time slice activities over the course of the project. Implementing institution carries out appropriate EA according to country requirements and the requirements of this policy. 13 The Bank appraises and, if necessary, includes in the SIL components to strengthen, the capabilities of the coordinating entity or the implementing institution to (a) screen subprojects, (b) obtain the necessary expertise to carry out EA, (c) review all fin dings and results of EA for individual subprojects, (d) ensure implementation of mitigation measures (including, where applicable, an EMP), and (e) monitor environmental conditions during project implementation.14 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects—including any EA reports—are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank. Sector Adjustment Lending 10.Sector adjustment loans (SECALs) are subject to the requirements of this policy. EA for a SECAL assesses the potential environmental impacts of planned policy institutional, and regulatory actions under the loan. 15 Financial Intermediary Lending 11. For a financial intermediary (FI) operation, the Bank requires that each FI screen proposed subprojects and ensure that sub- borrowers carry out appropriate EA for each subproject. Before approving a subproject, the FI verifies (through its own staff, outside experts, or existing environmental institutions) that the subproject meets the environmental requirements of appropriate national and local authorities and is consistent with this OP and other applicable environmental policies of the Bank.16 12. In appraising a proposed FI operation, the Bank reviews the adequacy of country environmental requirements

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relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects, including the mechanisms and responsibilities for environmental screening and review of EA results. When necessary, the Bank ensures that the project includes components to strengthen such EA arrangements. For FI operations expected to have Category A subprojects, prior to the Bank’s appraisal each identified participating FI provides to the Bank a written assessment of the institutional mechanisms (including, as necessary, identification of measures to strengthen capacity) for its subproject EA work.17 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects— including EA reports—are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank.18 Emergency Recovery Projects 13. The policy set out in OP 4.01 normally applies to emergency recovery projects 13. In addition, if there are sectorwide issues that cannot be addressed through individual subproject EAs (and particularly if the SIL is likely to include Category A subprojects), the borrower may be required to carry out sectoral EA before the Bank appraises the SIL. 14. Where, pursuant to regulatory requirements or contractual arrangements acceptable to the Bank, any of these review functions are carried out by an entity other than the coordinating entity or implementing institution, the Bank appraises such alternative arrangements; however, the borrower/coordinating entity/implementing institution remains ultimately responsible for ensuring that subprojects meet Bank requirements. 15Actions that would require such assessment include, for example, privatization of environmentally sensitive enterprises, changes in land tenure in areas with important natural habitats, and relative price shifts in commodities such as pesticides, timber, and petroleum. 16. The requirements for FI operations are derived from the EA process and are consistent with the provisions of para. 6 of this OP. The EA process takes into account the type of finance being considered, the nature and scale of anticipated subprojects, and the environmental requirements of the jurisdiction in which subprojects will be located. 17. Any FI included in the project after appraisal complies with the same requirement as a condition of its participation. 18.The criteria for prior review of Category B subproject s, which are based on such factors as type or size of the subproject and the EA capacity of the financial intermediary, are set out in the legal agreements for the project. processed under OP 8.50, Emergency Recovery Assistance. However, when compliance with any requirement of this policy would prevent the effective and timely achievement of the objectives of an emergency recovery project, the Bank may exempt the project from such a requirement. The justification for any such exemption is recorded in the loan documents. In all cases, however, the Bank requires at a minimum that (a) the extent to which the emergency was precipitated or exacerbated by inappropriate environmental practices be determined as part of the preparation of such projects, and (b) any necessary corrective measures be built into either the emergency project or a future lending operation. Institutional Capacity 14. When the borrower has inadequate legal or technical capacity to carry out key EA- related functions (such as review of EA, environmental monitoring, inspections, or management of mitigatory measures) for a proposed project, the project includes components to strengthen that capacity. Public Consultation 15. For all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults project- affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their views into account.19 the borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. For Category A projects, the borrower consults these groups at least twice: (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized; and (b) once a draft EA report is prepared. In addition, the borrower consults with such groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EA- related issues that affect them. 20 Disclosure 16. For meaningful consultations between the borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs on all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, the borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.

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17. For a Category A project, the borrower provides for the initial consultation a summary of the proposed project’s objectives, description, and potential impacts; for consultation after the draft EA report is prepared, the borrower provides a summary of the EA’s conclusions. In addition, for a Category A project, the borrower makes the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs For SILs and FI operations, the borrower/FI ensures that EA reports for Category A subprojects are made available in a public place accessible to affected groups and local NGOs. 18. Any separate Category B report for a project proposed for IDA financing is made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and official receipt by the Bank of Category A reports for projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, and of any Category B EA report for projects proposed for IDA funding, are prerequisites to Bank appraisal of these projects. 19. Once the borrower officially transmits the Category A EA report to the Bank, the Bank distributes the summary (in English) to the 19. For the Bank’s approach to NGOs, see GP 14.70, Involving Nongovernmental Organizations in Bank –Supported Activities. 20. For projects with major social components, consultations are also required by other Bank policies —for example, OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples, and OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming). executive directors (EDs) and makes the report available through its Info Shop. Once the borrower officially transmits any separate Category B EA report to the Bank, the Bank makes it available through its InfoShop.21 If the borrower objects to the Bank’s releasing an EA report through the World Bank InfoShop, Bank staff (a) do not continue processing an IDA project, or (b) for an IBRD project, submit the issue of further processing to the EDs. Implementation 20. During project implementation, the borrower reports on (a) compliance with measures agreed with the Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA, including implementation of any EMP, as set out in the project documents; (b) the status of mitigatory measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs. The Bank bases supervision of the project’s environmental aspects on the findings and recommendations of the EA, including measures set out in the legal agreements, any EMP, and other project documents.22 21. For a further discussion of the Bank's disclosure procedures, see The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information (March 1994) and BP 17.50, Disclosure of Operational Information. Specific requirements for disclosure of resettlement plans and indigenous peoples development plans are set out in OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming), and OP/BP 4.10, forthcoming revision of OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples. 22. See OP/BP 13.05, Project Supervision, forthcoming. Definitions 1. The following definitions apply in OP and BP 4.04: (a) Natural habitats1 are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Important natural habitats may occur in tropical humid, dry, and cloud forests; temperate and boreal forests; mediterranean-type shrub lands; natural arid and semi-arid lands; mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuarie s; sea grass beds; coral reefs; freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine environments, including herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperate grasslands. (b) Critical natural habitats are: (i) Existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCN] classifications2), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas (as determined by the environmental assessment process3); or

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(ii) sites identified on supplementary lists prepared by the Bank or an authoritative source determined by the Regional environment sector unit (RESU). Such sites may include areas recognized by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves); areas with known high suitability for bio-diversity conservation; and sites that are critical for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species.4 listings are based on systematic evaluations of such factors as species richness; the degree of endemism, rarity, and vulnerability of component species; representativeness; and integrity of ecosystem processes. (c) Significant conversion is the elimination or severe diminution of the integrity of a critical or other natural habitat caused by a major, long-term change in land or water use. Significant conversion may include, for example, land clearing; replacement of natural vegetation (e.g., by crops or 1. Biodiversity outside of natural habitats (such as within agricultural landscapes) is not covered under this policy. It is good practice to take such biodiversity into consideration in project design and implementation. 2. IUCN categories are as follows: I—Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area managed for science or wilderness protection; II—National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation; III—Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features; IV— Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention; V—Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation; and VI—Managed Resource Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems . 3. See OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment. 4. Rare, vulnerable, endangered, or similarly threatened, as indicated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, BirdLife World List of Threatened Birds, IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, or other credible international or national lists accepted by the RESUs. tree plantations); permanent flooding (e.g., by a reservoir); drainage, dredging, filling, or channelization of wetlands; or surface mining. In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, conversion of natural habitats can occur as the result of severe pollution. Conversion can result directly from the action of a project or through an indirect mechanism (e.g., through induced settlement along a road). (d) Degradation is modification of a critical or other natural habitat that substantially reduces the habitat's ability to maintain viable populations of its native species. (e) Appropriate conservation and mitigation measures remove or reduce adverse impacts on natural habitats or their functions, keeping such impacts within socially defined limits of acceptable environmental change. Specific measures depend on the ecological characteristics of the given site. They may include full site protection through project redesign; strategic habitat retention; restricted conversion or modification; reintroduction of species; mitigation measures to minimize the ecological damage; post development restoration works; restoration of degraded habitats; and establishment and maintenance of an ecologically similar protected area of suitable size and contiguity. Such measures should always include provision for monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide guidance for developing or refining appropriate corrective actions. Content of an Environmental Assessment Report for a Category A Project 1. An environmental assessment (EA) report for a Category A project1 focuses on the significant environmental issues of a project. The report’s scope and level of detail should be commensurate with the project’s potential impacts. The report submitted to the Bank is prepared in English, French, or Spanish, and the executive summary in English. 2. The EA report should include the following items (not necessarily in the order shown): (a) Executive summary. Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions. (b) Policy, legal, and administrative framework. Discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework within which the EA is carried out. Explains the environmental requirements of any co financiers. Identifies relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party. (c) Project description. Concisely describes the proposed project and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any off- site investments that may be required (e.g., dedicated pipelines, access roads, power plants, water supply, housing, and raw material and product storage facilities). Indicates the need for any resettlement plan or indigenous peoples development plan2 (see also subpara. (h)(v) below). Normally includes a

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map showing the project site and the project’s area of influence. (d) Baseline data. Assesses the dimensions of the study area and describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions, including any changes anticipated before the project commences. Also takes into account current and proposed development activities within the project area but not directly connected to the project. Data should be relevant to decisions about project location, design, operation, or mitigatory measures. The section indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of the data. (e) Environmental impacts. Predicts and assesses the project’s likely positive and negative impacts, in quantitative terms to the extent possible. Identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated. Explores opportunities for environmental enhancement. Identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with pre- dictions, and specifies topics that do not require further attention. 1. The EA report for a Category A project is normally an environmental impact assessment, with elements of other instruments included as appropriate. Any report for a Category A operation uses the components described in this annex, but Category A sectoral and regional EA require a different perspective and emphasis among the components. The Environment Sector Board can provide detailed guidance on the focus and components of the various EA instruments. 2. See OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming), and OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples. (f) Analysis of alternatives.3 Systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation— including the “without project” situation—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attaches economic values where feasible. States the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. (g) Environmental management plan (EMP). Covers mitigation measures, monitoring, and institutional strengthening; see outline in OP 4.01, Annex C. (h) Appendixes (i) List of EA report preparers— individuals and organizations. (ii) References—written materials both published and unpublished, used in study preparation. (iii) Record of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs. (iv) Tables presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text. (v) List of associated reports (e.g., resettlement plan or indigenous peoples development plan). 3. Environmental implications of broad development options for a sector (e.g., alternative ways of meeting projected electric power demand) are best analyzed in least-cost planning or sectoral EA. Environmental implications of broad development options for a region (e.g., alternative strategies for improving standards of living an a rural area) are best addressed through a regional development plan or a regional EA. EIA is normally best suited to the analysis of alternatives within a given project concept (e.g., a geothermal power plant, or a project aimed at meeting local energy demand), including detailed site, technology, design, and operational alternatives. Environmental Management Plan 1. A project’s environmental management plan (EMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures.1 Management plans are essential elements of EA reports for Category A projects; for many Category B projects, the EA may result in a management plan only. To prepare a management plan, the borrower and its EA design

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team (a) identify the set of responses to potentially adverse impacts; (b) determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timely manner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements. 2 More specifically, the EMP includes the following components. Mitigation 2. The EMP identifies feasible and cost- effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan includes compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost-effective, or sufficient. Specifically, the EMP (a) Identifies and summarizes all anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts (including those involving indigenous people or involuntary resettlement); (b) describes—with technical details— each mitigation measure, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (e.g., continuously or in the event of contingencies), together with designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures, as appropriate; (c) estimates any potential environmental impacts of these measures; and (d) provides linkage with any other mitigation plans (e.g., for involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, or cultural property) required for the project. Monitoring 3. Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides information about key environmental aspects of the project, particularly the environmental impacts of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Such information enables the borrower and the Bank to evaluate the success of mitigation as part of project supervision, and allows corrective action to be taken when needed. Therefore, the EMP identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed in the EA report and the mitigation measures described in the EMP. Specifically, the monitoring section of the EMP provides (a) a specific description, and technical details, of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be 1. The management plan is sometimes known as an “action plan.” The EMP may be presented as two or three separate plans covering mitigation, monitoring, and institutional aspects, depending on borrowing country requirements. 2. For projects involving rehabilitation, upgrading, expansion, or privatization of existing facilities, remediation of existing environmental problems may be more important than mitigation and monitoring of expected impacts. For such projects, the management plan focuses on cost-effective measures to remediate and manage these problems. Measured, methods to be used, sampling locations frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions; and (b) monitoring and reporting procedures to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Capacity Development and Training 4. To support timely and effective implementation of environmental project components and mitigation measures, the EMP draws on the EA’s assessment of the existence, role, and capability of environmental units on site or at the agency and ministry level.3 If necessary, the EMP recommends the establishment or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EA recommendations. Specifically, the EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements— who is responsible for carrying out the mitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). To strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation, most EMPs cover one or more of the following additional topics: (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies, and (c) organizational changes. Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates

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5. For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development), the EMP provides (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (b) the capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP. These figures are also integrated into the total project cost tables. Integration of EMP with Project 6. The borrower’s decision to proceed with a project, and the Bank’s decision to support it, are predicated in part on the expectation that the EMP will be executed effectively. Consequently, the Bank expects the plan to be specific in its description of the individual mitigation and monitoring measures and its assignment of institutional responsibilities, and it must be integrated into the project’s overall planning, design, budget, and implementation. Such integration is achieved by establishing the EMP within the project so that the plan will receive funding and supervision along with the other components. 3. For projects having significant environmental implications, it is particularly important that there be in the implementing ministry or agency an in-house environmental unit with adequate budget and professional staffing strong in expertise relevant to the project (for projects involving dams and reservoirs, see BP 4.01, Annex B).

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ANNEXURE-27

STATUS OF HEALTH & HEALTH SERVICES

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Annexure-27 STATUS OF HEALTH & HEALTH SERVICES

NATIONALDISEASECONTROLPROGRAMME (Source DLHS-III) Leprosy Although state has reached elimination of the disease, still large numbers of new cases are being detected every year indicating active transmission in the community. An in-depth situational analysis with steps to complete treatment etc be started. IDSP It is a Phase III state. The recruitment of key human resources (Data managers, Epidemiologists, microbiologists etc) needs to be fast tracked and completed in a time bound manner. The data reporting should start from all the districts. Blindness Reporting of utilization of GoI grants need to be accelerated. Cataract performance and IOL implantation percentage needs to be improved. NVBDCP Fill up the human resources (Male MPW, Lab Tech, Malaria Technical Supervisors) gaps. RNTCP Total Case Detection and cure rate (83%) need to be improved. This appears to be due to gaps in key HR (STO, DTO, and other levels), weak supply chain management and supervision. Demographic, Socio-economic and Health profile HEALTH INDICATORS OF JHARKHAND The Total Fertility Rate of the State is 3.2. The Infant Mortality Rate is 48 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 312 (SRS2004-06) which are higher than the National average. The Sex Ratio in the State is 941 (as compared to 933 for the country). Comparative figures of major health and demographic indicators are as follows: Demographic, Socio-economic and Health profile of Jharkhand State as compared to India figures

S.No. Item Jharkhand India

1 Total population (Census2001) (in millions) 26.9 1028.61

2 Decadal Growth (Census2001) (%) NA 21.54

3 Crude Birth Rate (SRS2007) 26.1 23.1

4 Crude Death Rate (SRS2007) 7.3 7.4

5 Total Fertility Rate (SRS2007) 3.2 2.7

6 Infant Mortality Rate (SRS2007) 48 55

7 Maternal Mortality Ratio (SRS 2004-2006) 312 254

8 Sex Ratio (Census 2001) 941 933

9 Population below Poverty line (%) - 26.10

10 Schedule Caste population (in millions) 3.19 166.64

11 Schedule Tribe population (in millions) 7.09 84.33

12 Female Literacy Rate (Census 2001)(%) 38.9 53.7

Health Infrastructure of Jharkhand

Particulars Required In position shortfall

Sub-centre 5057 3958 1099

Primary Health Centre 806 330 476

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Community Health Centre 201 194 7

Multipurpose worker (Female)/ANM at Sub Centres & PHCs

4288 5011 -

Health Worker(Male)MPW(M) at Sub Centres 3958 1922 2036

Health Assistant (Female)/LHV at PHCs 330 - -

Health Assistant (Male) at PHCs 330 660 -

Doctor at PHCs 330 330 0

Obstetricians & Gynaecologists at CHCs 194 30 164

Physicians at CHCs 194 0 194

Paediatricians at CHCs 194 0 194

Total specialists at CHCs 776 40 736

Radiographers 194 0 194

Pharmacist 524 348 176

Laboratory Technicians 524 381 143

Nurse/Midwife 1688 429 1259

(Source: RHS Bulletin, March 2008,M/O Health & F.W.,GOI)

Other Health Institutions in the State are as follows:

Health Institution Number

Medical College 3

District Hospitals 24

Referral Hospitals

City Family Welfare Centre

Rural Dispensaries

Ayurvedic Hospitals 1

Ayurvedic Dispensaries 122

Unani Hospitals -

Unani Dispensaries 30

Homeopathic Hospitals 2

Homeopathic Dispensary 54

Progress of NRHM in Jharkhand (June2009) Jharkhand is one of the newly formed States. Jharkhand has implemented the activities of National Rural Health Mission but Jharkhand is committed to make efforts towards identifying gaps and adopting measures to align with the national mainstream. NRHM has transformed public health service delivery in the State. The decentralization, responsiveness to local needs, paradigm shift in health system management and availability of untied funds has improved the facilities and their credibility among members of the public. Brief information on progress of activities is as follows: Institutional Framework of NRHM Meeting of State & District Health Mission held regularly. State Health Mission held 3 times and of District Health Mission meeting held 50 times. Merger of societies is completed in 24 districts. A total of 30, 011 VHSCs constituted & 10,000 Joint Accounts operationalised at sub centre and VHSC. Rogi Kalyan Samitis are operational at 24 DH, 170 CHCs & 231 PHCs. Out of 24 districts, 22 districts have started developing their own IDHAP. Infrastructure Improvements In total 194 PHC are strengthened with three Staff Nurse to make them functional for 24x7 and 32 CHC are functioning on 24X7 basis to provide quality health services & facility survey completed in 186 health institutions below district level. Overall 4 SDH, 16 CHC & other sequal to and below district level including 12 District Hospitals are functioning as FRUs. All districts have functional Mobile Medical Unit (MMU)

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Human Resources A total of 39,556 ASHAs have been selected &23733 are trained up to 4thModule. 36659 ASHAs have been provided with drug kits. There are 4291 Sub-centres functional with an ANM and 3958 SCs strengthened with 2ndANM. Under NRHM 163 contractual AYUSH Doctors have been appointed. Man power augmentation through contractual appointments of 707 MBBS Doctors, 3204 ANMs, and 1200 Para Medics have been done under NRHM and need to strengthen the positioning of specialists and Staff Nurse. Services Institutional deliveri es have declined from 0.69 lakhs (2006-07) to 0.52 lakhs (2007-08). During the year 2008-09 there were 1.94 lakhs Institutional deliveries in the state. JSY beneficiaries increased from 1.23 lakhs (2006-07) to 2.01 lakhs (2007-08). The numbers of JSY beneficiaries were 4.78 lakh during the year 08-09. Female sterilizations has remained same at 0.94 lakh (2006-07) to 0.94 lakh (2007-08) and male sterlisation has increased from 6461 (2006-07) to 15977 (2007-08). During the year 2008-09, a total of 113726 female & 12123 male sterilization have been reported so far. 15 districts are implementing IMNCI & 4500 people trained so far. 290801 VHND held since the launch of NRHM. First Phase of Communit y Monitoring has been operationalised in the state.

(Source: NRHM MIS report, April 2009)

Immunization Evaluated Immunization Coverage

Survey Indicator

NFHS1 (1992-93)

NFHS2 (1998-99)

NFHS3 (2005-06)

CES (2005)

CES (2006) DLHS2 (2002-04)

DLHS3 (2007- 08)

FI NA 8.8 34.5 45.7 52.1 25.7 54.1

BCG NA 44.3 72.9 76.5 83.8 50.8 85.0

Measles NA 18.2 48.0 58.0 62.2 31.2 70.5

DPT3 NA 21.6 40.3 57.8 57.9 35.6 62.6

District wise Performance: (Based on quarterly reports for 1

st Quarter 2009)

• 8 (36%) of 22 districts have very low TCD rate of <102/lakh (50%) but only one district (Godda) has low NSPCD rate of <38/lakh (50% of expected TB patients).

• Sputum conversion rate is very low (<85%) in 2 districts of Godda and Koderma but the cure rate is very low

(<80%) in 5 districts (Chgatra, Godda, Hazaribagh, Koderma and Paschimi Singhbhum).

Name of the District

Suspects examined per lakh population

Annualized total case detection rate(against >144/lakh)

Annualized new sputum positive ase detection rate (against>53/lakh)

Sputum conversion rate(against >90.0%)

Cure rate (against >85.0%)

Bokaro 131 136 52 70% 90% 88%

Chatra 73 87 46 61% 94% 78%

Deoghar 119 90 56 74% 95% 91%

Dhanbad 117 118 59 79% 92% 86%

Dumka 113 173 55 74% 93% 90%

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Garhwa 118 158 57 76% 94% 87%

Giridih 102 103 52 69% 93% 85%

Godda 61 63 30 40% 58% 44%

Gumla 88 86 53 71% 90% 85%

Hazaribagh 119 116 52 70% 85% 76%

Jamtara 116 111 56 75% 93% 90%

Kodarma 105 84 50 66% 84% 57%

Lathehar 125 124 66 89% 92% 84% Lohardaga 110 105 52 70% 90% 89%

Pakaur 107 97 42 56% 93% 85%

Palamu 140 157 66 87% 93% 90% Pashchimi Singhbhum

76

135

57 76%

92%

76%

Purbi Singhbhum 107 123 55 73% 91% 87%

Ranchi 111 138 52 70% 92% 81%

Sahibganj 116 159 43 57% 97% 89% Saraikela- Kharsawan

117

99

53 70%

93%

85%

Simdega 102 98 58 78% 86% 81%

Total 110 121 53 71% 91% 83%

Fact Sheet on NVBDCP - Jharkhand

Background Information

The State has 22 districts with a population of 26.9 million. There are 194 CHCs, 330 PHCs, 3958 Sub-centres and 32615 villages. There are 4372 Multipurpose worker (Female)/ANM, 4291 Health worker (Male) MPW (M), 278 Heath Assistant (Female (LHV), 118 heath Assistant (Male) and 239 Laboratory Technicians. In addition, state has 4274 functioning Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs). The high endemic districts have been covered under Global Fund (7 districts) and World Bank (15 districts) Supported Project for additional inputs to intensify malaria control activities.

Malaria: Epidemiological Status

Year Total Slide examined Total Malaria Cases Total Pf Cases Deaths

2006 2095301 193888 48388 4

2007 2000462 184878 45926 31

2008 2529898 212496 74178 25

2009 (Upto Mar) 538676 36275 13772 1

• State is being provided Rapid Diagnostic Kits for early diagnosis of Pf cases and ACT for effective treatment of

P.falciparum cases.

• Under World Bank project, 15 district level VBD Consultant, 72 MTS, 36 LTs have been

sanctioned to the state.

Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis

• The goal of Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in the country is set to be achieved by 2015. In

pursuance to achieve this, Government of India during 2004 initiated Mass Drug Administration

(MDA) with annual single dose of DEC tablets to all the population living at the risk of filariasis

excluding pregnant women, children below 2 years of age and seriously ill persons. The population

coverage of MDA in the state was 46.13% in 2004, 73.72% in 2005, 73.60% in 2006, 80.03% in 2007 and

84.64% in 2008.

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• Line listing of Lymphoedema and Hydrocele cases was also initiated in 2004 for morbidity

management and as per updated report (2007), there are 73263 Lymphoedema and 27908

Hydrocele cases.

KALA-AZAR

• Kala-azar is the major problem in four districts namely Godda, Pakur, Sahibganj and Dumka. World Bank has agreed to support Catholic Missionary in Jharkhand through NVBDCP for the EDPT and case management of Kala-azar cases. Kala-azar incidence as reported is given below:

Year Cases Deaths

2006 7508 11 2007 4803 20 2008 3690 5

2009 (UptoMarch) 169 0

Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis & Chikungunya are not reported in the state of Jharkhand.

Issues: Malaria

• The state has to yet to fill up 90 contractual mal e MPW against the 1116 sanctioned posts. Apart

from the vacant posts of regular surveillance worker/MPW (Male) should be filled up.

• 6 posts of Lab. Technician are yet to be filled up against 16 sanctioned posts. All the ASHAs need to be

trained in use of RDTs and delivery of antimalarials.

• Out of 95 malaria t echnical supervisor provided under GFATM (17) and World Bank Project

(72) so far state has filled up only 51.

• Assistance is being provided for performance based incentive in seven high malaria endemic districts

by the Centre. For remaining malaria high endemic districts, similar provision may be made through the

funds provided to village sanitation committee.

• State needs to intensify efforts to reduce malaria mortality b y establishing proper effective

referral mechanism and treatment facilities for severe cases.

• The quality spray has to be ensured through intensive supervised spray activities.

Filaria

• State needs to gear up for hydrocele operation and complete the mapping to show the updated

number of lymphoedema and hydrocele.

Kala-azar

• Provision of individual patient boxes for complete treatment compliance.

• Strengthening o f supervision and monitoring at District/PHC/Sub-centre level.

• Provision of free diet to all indoor kala-azar patients to be ensured at all districts hospitals and PHCs.

National Leprosy Eradication Programme

• Epidemiological scenario-

The state has achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy (i.e. Prevalence rate of less than 1 case /10000 population) in 2008-09. There were 2941 leprosy cases on record as on March 2009.

• New case detection and treatment completion-

During 2008-09, a total of 5181 new leprosy cases were detected as compared to 6799 new cases detected

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during the corresponding period of previous year. Out of 5700 cases discharged during the year, 5369 cases (94.2%) were released

as cured after completing treatment. • Reconstructive Surgery for leprosy affected persons- There are 2 Govt. institutions and 3 NGO institution providing reconstructive surgery services to l

eprosy affect ed persons with disability in the state. In the year 2008-09, about 20 reconstructive

surgeries were performed in these institutions. • NLEP action plan for the year 2009-10 amounting to 172 lakhs has been approved for the state. Issues

1. The state has reported low level of fund utilization in 2008-09. During 2008-09, the state action

plan was approved for Rs.201.5 lakhs, however the state could utilize only Rs. 114 lakhs.

2. Large numbers of new leprosy cases are being detected in the state every year which suggest

active transmission of the disease in the community. The state is advised to carry out in-depth situational

analysis in districts/blocks reporting large number of new cases and take suitable actions like –

(i)Ensuring completion of treatment in each of the new cases detected.

(ii) Enhance awareness of the community to improve self reporting of suspected cases to health facility and

(iii) Carrying out family contact survey against all multibacillary and child cas es.

3.The state has listed around 1500 grade II disability cases in last 5 years. There are 2 Govt. institutions and

3 NGO institution providing reconstructive surgery services to leprosy affected persons with

disability. The state should send proposals of these centres to GOI for recognition and utilize the

services of these institutions effectively for conducting RCS so that the backlog of leprosy cases with

disability could be reduced.

4. There are about 48 leprosy colonies in the state. The state should ensure provision of proper health care

facilities like ulcer car e, provision of supportive drugs and dressing materials to the persons affected with

leprosy residing in these colonies.

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ANNEXURE-28

NATIONAL RWSS- LS PROGRAMME FOR FOUR STATES

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Annexure-28 NATIONAL RWSS- LS PROGRAMME FOR FOUR STATES

Terms of Reference for study on

Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework 1. Background The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) of the Government of India emphasizes the involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and communities in planning, implementing and managing drinking water supply schemes. States are incentivized to hand over management of their schemes to PRIs. Funds for sustainability of schemes are provided on a 100% central share basis. A separate component of support activities to fund Information Education and Communications (IEC), Human Resources Development (HRD), Management Information Systems (MIS), Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance and other support activities has been introduced. Recently, as part of the NRDWP, the state departments responsible for drinking water supply and sanitation have prepared their long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all rural households. The strategic plans aim to cover 90% of households with piped water and at least 80% of households with tap connections during this period. This forward looking strategy supports the creation of an enabling environment for the Panchayati Raj Institutions, SHG and local communities to manage rural drinking water sources and systems. The strategy emphasizes achieving water security through decentralized governance with oversight and regulation, participatory planning and implementation of sources and schemes. Capacity building programs will be required for communities to monitor and prudently use their water resources. Sustainable service delivery mechanisms are a central feature of the program, with State institutions or Zilla Panchayats implementing and managing large multi-village schemes, delivering bulk water to villages in water stressed areas, and GPs implementing and managing in-village and intra-Panchayat schemes. The strategy highlights source sustainability measures, water quality safety, monitoring and surveillance, service agreements with operators, convergence of different development programs, and building professional capacity at all levels. The lagging states in terms of piped water coverage, viz. Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh also face constraints in institutional and technical capacity at the state, district, block and GP levels for implementing sustainable rural water supply projects. The constraints are in terms of institutional capacity for involving communities and Panchayats in planning, implementing and managing their own drinking water supply schemes, and technical capacity of the State Rural Water Supply Departments for supporting and implementing the decentralization program. Also, operations and maintenance of existing schemes is not satisfactory, resulting in non-functionality of many schemes. Further, the States face issues of water quality affected habitations that require supply of water from distant safe sources. Key Elements of the RWSS Program for Lagging States The RWSS Program for Lagging States program will be a separate component of NRDWP focusing on lagging states with different allocation criteria and funding components, but implemented within the framework of NRDWP, supporting the following key elements of the reform program:

Placing GPs and communities in the central role, supported by higher levels of PRIs, the State government and the local non-governmental and private sector, for facilitating, planning, implementing, monitoring and providing a range of O&M back-up services.

Using sustainable, community or local government managed models for intra-GP RWSS schemes and using State-PRI partnership models for multi-GP schemes.

Putting water resources security as a core theme of the new model, including increased community management of scarce resources.

Moving the RWSS sector to recovery of atleast 50% O&M and replacement costs and initiating contribution to capital costs keeping affordability and inclusiveness in mind. .

Moving towards metered household connections, with 24/7 water supply where feasible, as a basic level of service.

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Promoting professionalized service provision management models, and/or back-up support functions, for the different market segments (simple/small single village/GP schemes; large single village/GP schemes; multi village/GP schemes).

Integrating water supply and sanitation, with effective sanitation promotion programs for achieving “clean villages”.

Establishing M&E systems with independent reviews and social audits.

The Government of India had approached the World Bank for assistance on a National Project for the lagging states particularly Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The project will bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of 'safe' drinking water and creation of sanitary conditions in the village. The project will have programmes related to improved water quality monitoring, health and hygiene education as well as ground water recharge for water supply source protection. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment. The project itself is not expected to cause any adverse environmental impacts. However, some key environmental concerns related to the project are:

Water Quantity Issues Availability of 'safe' drinking water, especially in the summer months Management of solid and liquid waste management and so on. Open defecation free Gram Panchayat.

To contribute to the environmental sustainability of the project, an 'Environmental Assessment' (EA) Study is required as per the World Bank’s safeguards policies. The study will collect and analyze information regarding the environmental issues related to the project from each participating state in the first phase on sample and finally prepare an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to be integrated in the overall project. The aim of the EA/EMF study is to analyze the existing environmental issues related to rural water supply and sanitation and ensure that these inadequacies are addressed or mitigated in the project design. 2. Objectives of the Study The key objective of the study is to undertake and prepare a state-specific Environmental Assessment/Environment Management Framework (EA/EMF) Report with a view to identify the critical environmental concerns in the RWSS sector and address them as an integral part of project design. The specific objective includes:

1. To assess the existing status of environment in the state and to identify threats and issues which have effect on RWSS sector.

2. To identify the environmental issues associated with implementation of RWSS schemes (single village & multi village schemes) and develop environmental codes of practices that need to be followed during various stages such as planning, construction and operation and maintenance.

3. To identify generic environmental issues that are beyond the scope of RWSS schemes, but related to the sector and recommend remedial measures to address them as part of the project.

4. To identify existing good behavior in recycling of water, use of traditional method of liquid and solid waste management.

5. To identified traditional habitation which results into lower per capita consumption of water. 6. To identify household and environmental sanitation issues as well as to make an assessment of pollution

level with regard to water supply and its usages & propose appropriate sanitation technology options. 7. To prepare an Environment Management Framework including well-defined performance indicators for

addressing the identified issues, through the various activities/tasks under the proposed project, and strategy for its implementation to achieve sustainable sources for water supply schemes and environmental sanitation benefits.

3. Scope of Works The specific tasks of the study are to:

1. Conduct an analysis of the environmental status and issues in the program area for the state 2. Identify the potential environmental impacts of the range of activities to be undertaken through the state

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projects, review the effectiveness of environmental management through the program systems 3. Assess the country and state policy, legal and regulatory requirements relevant to the WSS program, the

performance of the program in this context, and identify provisions to ensure compliance 4. Review of the existing capacity and institutional arrangements for environmental management in the

program 5. Develop an Environmental Management Framework for the state.

The tasks in detail are as follows: 3.1 Analysis of Environmental Status and Issues It is necessary to conduct a review of the proposed project in the lagging states to understand the natural resource conditions (including natural habitats and physical cultural resources) as well as the vulnerability to the likely environmental impacts of activities to be supported under proposed project. To this end the Consultant will do the following:

i. Collect and compile district/block level data on water resources and water quality for assessing the availability of safe drinking water from surface/groundwater sources. In addition to presenting the present status, the consultant shall undertake a trend analysis such as depleting spring & gadhera sources, declining ground water tables, degrading water quality and drying of surface sources such as Naulas etc. in various districts/blocks. District level maps need to be prepared by categorizing the water sources into district categories such as safe for drinking, safe with treatment and unsafe for drinking purpose.

ii. Examine the extent and possible cause of chemical and biological contamination of drinking water sources (district level) and propose mitigation plan for the same. Wherever applicable the consultant should also identify any policy/regulatory measures that may be required to protect the water resources from further contamination. The consultant shall also recommend various cost effective treatment options for contaminations that are very common in the state. The Consultant should collect information from secondary sources to examine possible point and non-point sources of contamination. The water quality hotspots need to be clearly identified for each district.

iii. Assess adequacy of current water quality monitoring programs and institutional capacity in the State, and provide recommendations for enhancing these as well as disseminating water quality information to the rural public.

iv. Assess household and environmental sanitation issues, including personal hygiene, health, household environment and sanitation issues. Collected information on major diseases and their causes, and assess how these can be reduced through various project interventions. Assess need for personal health and hygiene programs;

v. Assess environmental sanitation issues pertaining to the rural areas, including need for pavement of internal village roads and properly design network of sullage and water drains.

3.2 Review of Effectiveness of Environmental Management of Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Activities

It is necessary to provide a review of the anticipated individual and cumulative environmental impacts of the activities supported under the proposed National Project and the effectiveness with which these are currently being addressed in the state programs. This analysis will rely primarily on a review of relevant information on environmental management in the state programs on WSS based on field study. The field study will focus especially on multi village or regional water supply schemes, construction/upgrading of RWSS infrastructure in large/peri-urban villages, water treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, interventions increasing energy efficiency, etc.). The sample for the state-specific field study will be representative with respect to water availability and water quality, presence of critical natural habitats, etc. Furthermore, the review will include the extent to which program activities can adversely affect and to what degree do program systems include safeguard measures relevant to the following

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1.1 Important biodiversity sites 1.2 Important cultural resource sites 1.3 Natural and critical natural habitats 1.4 Physical cultural property 1.5 Community and worker safety against potential risks during construction and operations of schemes 1.6 Exposure to toxic chemicals and hazardous waste, including polluted industrial areas 1.7 Reconstruction or rehabilitation of schemes in natural hazard prone areas 1.8 Technically sound environmental engineering practices employed for all schemes to ensure

sustainability of water quantity and quality. The output of this component is a profile of the WSS schemes to be taken up with details on the nature and scale of the activities, remarks and field observations on environmental impact, and, remarks on the effectiveness with which impacts are currently being addressed through the program systems. Activities that pose a risk of potentially significant and irreversible adverse impacts on the environment (classified Category A schemes under IL) will be clearly identified and criteria for exclusion from the program will be developed.

3.3 Analysis of Performance of the Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework

i. A review of the relevant policy, legal and regulatory requirements will be undertaken. This task will include an examination of the existing policies, laws and regulations of the Government of India and the State Governments relevant to the WSS program. The review will identify the legal, regulatory and policy bases for environmental management in the WSS program; assess the performance of the program systems in this context; and state clearly the provisions that need to be included in the Environmental Management Framework (see task 3.5) to ensure that the activities supported under the National Project are in compliance with the legal and regulatory requirements of the Government and with the safeguard policy of the World Bank.

ii. The output from this component is expected to be a detailed, up-to-date listing of all relevant policies as well as legal and regulatory requirements of the Government of India and the State Governments and the relevant safeguard policies of the World Bank specifying the gaps and relevance to the activities undertaken under the proposed National Project for lagging states.

3.4 Review of Existing Capacity and Institutional Arrangements on Environmental Safeguards

This will include a review of the existing capacity and institutional arrangements for environmental management and compliance in the program implementing institutions will be undertaken including an identification of a strategy and plan to strengthen the same. The analyses should cover but not be limited to:

i. Description of existing systems, identification of gaps and recommendations for strengthening the following key organizational dimensions: (i) Authority and capacity of the implementing agency to manage the environmental effects of the program, (ii) Adequacy of staffing and skills with respect to environmental management, (iii) Program coordination systems, (iv) Nature and effectiveness of the monitoring systems for environmental management and compliance. A special focus will be given to the environmental management experience and institutional capacity of the state agencies that is responsible for large water supply schemes in the state.

ii. Interagency coordination arrangements for environmental management: This will include an analysis of the key partners involved in the WSS sector in the states for (i) Water Availability – (ii) Sanitation and Water Quality (iii) Waste management – (iv) Community Based Organizations.

iii. The output of this component is an analysis of implementation capacity and experience on environmental safeguards in WSS program in the states with lessons and recommendations for the EMF.

3.5 Development of an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) Based on the outputs of Tasks 1-4 an EAP should be prepared containing, but not limited to, the components as described below:

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i. Environmental appraisal procedures: Detailed procedures and tools - a negative list, a screening tool and mitigation guidelines (or scheme-specific environmental codes of practice

i) need to be developed

to ensure that (a) all relevant policy, legal and regulatory requirements are met (b) activities requiring further detailed environmental assessment are identified and go through the same (c) the environmental sustainability of the interventions is enhanced. This section will be informed by the outputs of Tasks 3.1-3.3.

ii. Legal, policy and regulatory measures: This will contain (based on the outputs of Task 3.3) a listing of the legal and regulatory measures to be complied with and a description of any new measures (e.g., new GOs) required ensuring the effectiveness of environmental planning and action.

iii. Institutional roles and responsibilities: This must contain (based on the outputs of Task 3.4) a detailed description of roles and responsibilities within the Program Management Unit in the national and state levels, and within the PRIs and community institutions for implementation of the EMF. It must give a clear picture of roles and responsibilities with respect to screening, environmental assessment, capacity building and monitoring.

iv. Capacity building: This section must include (i) a description of training needs of program staff, PRIs and community institutions at the various levels (ii) description of the training modules and delivery process (iii) description of mentoring through Support Organizations (iv) details of the IEC (Information, Education, Communication) strategy for raising awareness on integrating environmental sustainability in WSS planning.

v. Monitoring: This component needs to have details of (i) the verification requirements for environmental compliance, specifying roles and responsibilities, to ensure that the procedures defined for screening and assessment are effectively applied, (ii) the process of assessing cumulative environmental impacts, (iii) the reporting requirements on the EMF implementation including specification of the performance indicators, and, integration of the performance indicators into the program MIS.

vi. The output will be an Environmental Management Framework providing detailed recommendations and actions, including actions.

4. Suggested Methodology for the Study

The consultant will collect the existing information about Environmental issues of RWSS sector, relevant policies/laws/regulations of the Governments of India, in-depth discussions with officials in the various water sector institutions particularly focusing on performance issues [If possible, and subject to data availability, the consultant should preferably use satellite data to map the water resources including water quality for each district on a GIS platform to enable easy identification of safe drinking water supply sources by the implementing agency.]

Secondary research focusing on a review of EA documents of the relevant Bank supported projects (ii) Field study covering a representative sample of schemes (described above). Additionally, focused discussions will be held with the staff of the relevant sector institutions, PRIs and NGOs.

The consultant should hold detailed interactions with all the stakeholders such as a PHED, Departments of Drinking Water/Rural Development, SWSM/PMU, relevant R&D institutions/ organizations in the State, Beneficiaries and Watershed Directorate etc. to collect information regarding environmental issues done by them.

The environmental issues should be presented in detail, using Charts, Tables and Maps for clarity. Use of pie charts will be especially useful for analyzing the hotspots. The EMP and performance indicators should be presented in a matrix format. The consultants will provide all relevant data/ information in this regard. All assumptions made should be clearly stated along with their justification.

The consultant will liaise regularly with the World Bank team in Delhi

All the sources of information will be required to be enlisted and validated by support documents. The final outcome of the study should meet the objectives and should cover the scope of the works.

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5. Consultations

Using the draft documents as discussion material, the State and National Government will lead consultation workshops in the state and in Delhi (national level) to elicit comments and inputs. The consultation will target key stakeholders including representatives from water sector institutions and local governments (Panchayat Raj Institutions - PRIs) – Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD), Zilla Parishads (ZPs) (district local governments), Block Resource Centres (BRCs), and Gram Panchayats (village local governments), State Water Board), Groundwater Departments and representatives from NGOs, universities and research institutions. The consultant team will incorporate the feedback and concerns raised during the consultation into the documents.

6. Schedule of Deliverables

The study should be completed within 16 weeks from the data of commissioning of the study. The following are the deliverables from the date of commissioning of the study:

Benchmark (Reports) Time Schedule (Weeks)

For each stage/report

From date of commencement

Stage 1 – Inception Report which includes but not limited to study tools, approach and methodology, identification of data requirements, mode of data collection, outline of the final report, field survey format in select, criteria for choosing districts/blocks for field visits in consultation with the state government counterparts and Bank team, list of state institutions & technical experts to meet for consultations and data.

2 weeks 2 weeks

Draft Environment Assessment Report providing an overall state profile specifying the baseline environmental issues and features, and implications for the EMF. The report should also include the environmental management/safeguards analyses based on a representative sample of WSS schemes, policy/regulatory analyses and robust institutional analyses of environmental management in the WSS sector that is relevant to the state.

4 weeks 6 weeks

Draft Final Report includes the above deliverable incorporating changes suggested by the World Bank and state counterparts. The Draft Final Report will also include a draft Environmental Management Framework applicable to the state. This EMF will contain a negative list, mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities; codes of practice and performance indicators, budgets, among others. All relevant data should be presented in annexures.

4 weeks 10 weeks

Final Report, incorporating comments from National and States Project Units and World Bank on Draft Final Report. The final report should also include the proceedings from the national and state consultations.

2 weeks 12 weeks

7. Data, Services and Facilities for the Study

The State Project Management Unit would coordinate and supervise the study and facilitate interaction and exchange of information between the consultants, concerned state departments and Panchayat Raj Institution (PRIs-GPs, BPs, ZPs). SWSM/PMU staff may join the consultant team during selected field visits.

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8. The Outputs of the Study will be:

Inception Report together with the tested check-lists / instruments proposed to be used and the formats of the expected results (3 copies)

Draft Environment Assessment Report after completing field work (5 copies)

Draft Final Report 5 copies)

Final Report (10 copies)

In addition of the paper copies, the consultants will make available electronic copies (in a CD) of: o All reports in MS Word Files. o All raw data in tabulated form together will relevant summary tables, in Oracle Database at the

time of submission of draft report and revised final report.

i. 1 Sample examples of guidelines to be prepared are given below: -

Guidelines/ECOPs for identification of sources of water supply. Guidelines/ECOPs on protecting surface water supply sources and ensuring sustainability. Guidelines/ECOPs on protecting ground water supply sources and ensuring sustainability. Guidelines/ECOPs on Water Quality Management. Guidelines/ECOPs on selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Options (including drainage) at

individual household and community level Guidelines/ECOPs on selection of location for community toilets Guidelines/ECOPs on Safe Sullage Disposal and Organic waste management. Guidelines on Safe Solid Waste Management at individual household and community level.

These guidelines/ECOPs shall be prepared, based on local soil characteristics, hydrogeology and accessibility of water sources, socio cultural environmental etc. The sanitation and environmental related issues guidelines prepared by UNICEF, DANIDA, Rural Development Department, Watershed Management Directorate, etc. will be particularly useful in developing the guidelines for safe sanitation technology options. The “State of Environment Conservation and Pollution Control Board in the state, which should be studied, and WATSAN related issue must be analyzed and incorporated in the Environmental Management Plan.

9. Required Qualifications of the Consultant

Experience in conducting similar studies in India particularly in rural water and sanitation programs. Familiarity of having worked in selected state is an advantage.

Strong capacity and experience in organizing and planning survey logistics, data management and statistics.

Demonstrated knowledge and skills in both quantitative and qualitative surveys and assessments especially

using participatory and consultative techniques and tools.

10. Suggested key personnel for this assignment:

Team Leader (1): The Team Leader should have a PhD or Masters with preferable academic background in civil/water/environmental engineering or a relevant social science. He/she should have considerable experience (10 years plus) in undertaking large-scale studies related to rural water and sanitation related fields especially with governments at state and national levels. Knowledge of state-level water quality monitoring and surveillance systems and institutional mechanisms in the RWSS is required.

Environment Specialist (1): The Environment Specialist should be a Post Graduate in Engineering and/ or Environment with at least 8 years of experience in the sector. He/she should have had exposure to the rural water and sanitation programs and can cover the full range of environmental issues of the sector.

Research Coordinators (1): The Research Coordinators should have a Masters degree in statistics, economics or related fields, and have at least 5 years of experience in documentation and qualitative

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and quantitative research. Experience of managing a team of researchers, analysis of information and data should be demonstrated.

11. Management of the Study

The consultant will report to the Additional Chief Secretary of the relevant department in the state. The consultancy firm is responsible for all logistics, including but not limited to supplies, printing of instruments, translations, computers, and so forth. The State Government will not provide logistical support for the study team. The consultant team will also liaise closely with the World Bank team.

12. Review Committee to Monitor Consultants Work

The Additional Chief Secretary will be the chairperson of the review committee comprising members from the field of engineering, community development and finance. The committee may also seek comments and inputs on the consultants work from the World Bank staff and other experts as appropriate.

13. Payments

Signing of the contract 10% of the contract value

Acceptance of the Inception report 10% of the contract value

Acceptance of Draft Report

40% of the contract value

Acceptance of the summary of stakeholder consultation meetings and Final Reports

40% of the contract value

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ANNEXURE-29

LIST OF PROJECT DISTRICTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH ENGG. DIVISIONS FOR SELECTION OF SCHEMES

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ANNEXURE-29 LIST OF PROJECT DISTRICTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH ENGG. DIVISIONS FOR SELECTION OF

SCHEMES

1. Garhwa

2. Palamu

3. Giridih [1 & 2]

4. Dumka [1 & 2]

5. Godda

6. Sahibganj

7. Pakur

8. Jamtara

9. Dhanbad [1 & 2]

10. Saraikela

11. East Singhbhum (Jamshedpur)

i. Adityapur

ii. Jamshedpur

12. Khunti

1 Functional Piped Water Supply Schemes with household connections selected from each district, and 8 additional

schemes would be studied to ensure coverage of tribal villages, coverage of all types of sources & scheme

technologies and critical water quality affected villages.

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ANNEXURE-30

THE LIST OF SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY

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ANNEXURE-30 THE LIST OF SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY

LIST OF VILLAGES

Sl. No. Name of Village Name of District

1. Kajigaon Sahibganj

2. Tinpahar Sahibganj

3. Sangrampur Pakur

4. Bandiya Pakur

5. Dharmah bandh Dhanbad

6. Sinidih Dhanbad

7. Gadi Giridih

8. Bagodar Giridih

9. Kankari Palamu

10. Nimia Palamu

11. Sudnah Palamu

12. Kalyanpur Garwa

13. Pratapur Garwa

14. Dharmih Garwa

15. Purvuh tola Garwa

16. Harijan Tola Garwa

17. Patsa Garwa

18. Narayanpur Sarai Kela

19. Dugni Sarai Kela

20. Jhariya East Singhbhum

21. Potka East Singhbhum

22. Hathihariyari Godda

23. Bhataundha Godda

24. Haroraidih Dumka

25. Maslia Dumka

26. Bagjori Jamtara

27. Bewa Jamtara

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ANNEXURE-31

POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT

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ANNEXURE-31 POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT

1. The 73rd Amendment to the ‘Constitution of India’ and The Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act 2001

The 73rd

Amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 backed the idea of a three tier Panchayati Raj System (the Gram Panchayat, the Panchayat Samiti and the Zila Panchayat). Article 243-B has provided for the Constitution of Panchayat at the village, intermediate and district levels in all states of India with a population of more than 20 lakh. The State Legislature under Article 243-C has been entrusted the responsibility of making provisions for composition of such Panchayats by Law. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provisions for devolution of Powers and responsibilities to the Panchayats both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice as well as for the implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed under Powers, Authorities and functions of the Panchayat in the eleventh schedule of the Constitution (Article 243 a). Drinking water (S. No. 11), Health and Sanitation (S. No. 23) and Maintenance of Community assets (S. No. 29) are included in this schedule.

The Jharkhand Panchayati Raj Act, 2001, was enacted to provide for Constitution of Panchayati Raj in the State of Jharkhand except for areas covered under the Patna Municipal Corporation Act, 1951, Bihar and Orissa Municipal Act, 1922 and Cantonment Act, 1924. The Act specifies the Powers and Functions of the Gram Sabha (Section 10) including the management of natural resources, keeping a watch over local schemes, making drinking water available for domestic use and also sanitation and Conservancy. Section 32 provide for creation of Panchayat Samities at the Block Level and excludes such areas of the Blocks lying under any Municipal Corporation, municipality, notified area or Cantonment Board. It is the link between the Gram Sabha and the Zila Parishad. The Panchayat Samities are constituted as corporate entities. (Section 33)

The Zila Parishad, also constituted as a corporate body is the highest link of the three tiers Panchayati System. The Zila Parishad has jurisdiction over the entire district excluding such portions of the district as are included in a Municipality or are under the Authority of a Municipal Corporation, Cantonment Board or a Notified Area Committee.

Section 75 (A.11) of the Act provides for Drinking Water Facilities to be a function of the Gram Sabha. This includes construction, repair and maintenance of public wells, ponds and hand pumps for drinking water, washing clothes and bathing, taking measures for prevention and control of water pollution, conducting and maintaining rural water supply schemes and management of water sources. Section 75 (A.22) lays down Hygiene and Sanitation as a function of the Gram Sabha and includes promotion of village sanitation and the construction and maintenance of public latrines. Section 75 (A.26) specifies that the Gram Sabha will also maintain and preserve community assets along with encouraging peoples participation in this. Importantly the functions of the Gram Panchayat as given in Section 75 will not affect the other Acts and Rules of the Government from time to time, nor their jurisdiction.

Section 76 prescribes functions of the Panchayat Samities and in this context, under Section 76 (XI) indicates integrated provision of rural water supply schemes, their repairs and maintenance and integrated management of drinking water sources. (Integrated Management of rural water supply schemes is not mentioned for Gram Panchayats). Under Section 76 (XXI) the Panchayat Samitis are also expected to guide the Gram Panchayats by making integrated plans for encouraging hygiene and sanitation.

Section 77 describes the functions of the Zila Parishads. The Zila Parishads, as provided in Section 77 (X) are also responsible for the extension of rural water supply and the management of drinking water sources. They are also responsible for development of Ground Level Water resources, encouraging community water committees and installing committee pump sets.As prescribed in Section 77 (XX), ensuring promotion of rural sanitation and cleanliness of public streets, ponds, wells and roads and preparing integrated plans for public toilets, getting the same implemented and maintenance are important functions of the Zila Parishad under the Panchayati Raj Act of Jharkhand. Section 79 empowers the Gram Panchayats to maintain sources of sanitation, cleanliness, water emission, water transition, water supply and to regulate use of water.

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As per Section 93, a Gram Panchayat is authorized to take fees on management of sanitation and water charges where supply of water for drinking, irrigation and other purposes is arranged for by a Gram Panchayat. It can also change a sanitation tax at the places where provision for sanitation of private latrines, urinals and cess pits within its jurisdiction is made by the Gram Panchayat. The Panchayat Samiti or Zila Parishad can impose a fee / tax if the necessary provisions of water / sanitation are made by them.

In terms of delegation of functions, all the three tiers of PRIs appear to be adequately assigned the duties of

managing and maintaining drinking water sources and managing and maintaining rural water supply and sanitation schemes.

2. National Water Policy

The following components of the Draft National Water Policy 2012 adopted in December 2012 by the National Water Resources Ministry have a bearing on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes.

1. Water needs to be managed as a community resource held, by the State, under public trust doctrine to

achieve food security, livelihood and equitable and sustainable development for all. Existing acts may have

to be suitably modified. A national legal frame work of general principles needs to be developed also to

lead the way to the formulation of essential legislation in water Governance in each state. A

comprehensive legislation for optimum management and institutionalization of interstate water resources

should also be drawn up.

2. Losses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.

The Centre, the States and the local bodies must ensure access to a minimum quality of potable water for

essential health and hygiene to all its citizens, available within easy reach of the household. Importantly,

the policy also provides that the community should be sensitized and encouraged to adapt first to

utilization of water as per local availability before providing water through long distance transfer.

Community based water management should be institutionalized and strengthened.

3. In view of the predicted impacts of climate change on water availability, the capability of communities to

adapt climate resilient technologies should be augmented. These should include technologies which are

more water efficient. Water storage in the form of increased soil moisture, ponds, ground water, rain

water harvesting and construction of reservoirs etc. has to be increased.

4. Trends in water availability must be assessed and accounted for during water resource planning. The

availability of water is limited and therefore this needs to be increased to meet the increasing demands.

This could be done through the direct utilization of rain water and the avoidance of in advertent evapo-

transpiration. Inter basin transfers of water as a means of meeting basic human needs and or achieving

equity and social justice should be considered on the basis of merits of each case after evaluating the

environmental, economic and social impacts of such transfers.

5. Water foot prints and water auditing should be developed to promote and incentivize efficient use of

water. Water conservation technologies in agriculture and irrigation should be promoted. There should be

a concurrent mechanism involving users for monitoring if the water use pattern is causing problems.

6. For the preemptive and high priority uses of water for sustaining life and ecosystem for ensuring food

security and supporting livelihood for the poor, the principle of differential pricing may have to be

retained. Over and above these users, water should increasingly be subjected to allocation and pricing on

economic principles. A Water Regulatory Authority needs to be established in each state to fix and regulate

the water tariff system and charges according to the principles of the policy. Water Users Associations

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(WUAs) should be given statutory powers to collect and retain a portion of water charges, manage the

water allotted to them and maintain the distribution system in their jurisdiction. They should be given the

freedom to fix rates subject to floor rates determined by WRAs. Heavy underpricing of electricity needs to

be reviewed to check the wasteful use of both electricity and water.

7. Conservation of River Corridors, water bodies and infrastructure should be undertaken in a scientifically

planned manner through community participation. Encroachments and diversions must not be allowed.

Development activities should be strictly regulated and pollution controlled. Contracts for construction of

water resources infrastructure projects should have inbuilt provisions for longer periods of proper

maintenance.

8. Local governing bodies like Panchayats, Municipalities, Corporations etc and Water Users Associations,

wherever applicable, should be involved in planning of the projects.

9. Efforts should be made to provide improved water supply in urban and in rural areas. Least water intensive

sanitation and sewerage systems with decentralized sewage treatment plants should be incentivized.

10. Water resources projects and services should be managed with community participation.

11. The State Water Policies may need to be drafted / revised in accordance with the National Policy.

The policy therefore recognizes that water is a scarce resource and supplies need to be conserved and augmented. It also encourages scientific inter basin transfer of water. It also recognizes the necessity of ensuring supply of potable drinking water to all citizens, preferably through locally available sources, discourages transporting water from long distances, advocates for framework legislation and differential pricing policy regimes, provides for community participation and establishes a role for Panchayats. It also suggests that least water intensive sanitation systems with decentralized sewage treatment plants should be incentivized.

3. National Water Mission-Climate Change

The National Water Mission constituted under the Prime Ministers National Action Plan on Climate Change, plans to ensure integrated water management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure a more equitable distribution of water, both within and across the states. It seeks to develop a framework to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing. The Mission will also seek to ensure that a considerable share of the water needs of urban areas is met through recycling of waste water. It also makes a provision for policy interventions to promote enhanced storage of water both above and below ground, rainwater harvesting etc.

The Mission aims at optimizing the efficiency of existing irrigation systems, including rehabilitation of system that have been run down and also expand irrigation where feasible with a special effort to increase storage capacity. Incentive structures will be designed to promote water–neutral or water–positive technologies, recharging of underground water sources and adoption of large scale irrigation programs which rely on sprinklers, drip irrigation and furrow irrigation.

4. Jharkhand State Water Policy 2011

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The Jharkhand State Water Policy recognizes water to be a scarce resource, the right of every citizen to equitable access to water for the fulfillment of basic needs and the necessity of policy, legislative and program initiatives in protection and enforcement of such rights.

The policy speaks of adopting a new state water policy framework, restricting the fundamental relationships of the state and water users, creating entitlements of water and incentives for water user organizations for more involved participation in management, creating new institutional arrangement at the State Level and at the river basin level to guide and regulate water resources planning and development, reviewing the existing institutional arrangement in the water sector and appropriately restructuring and adjusting them, promoting water efficient technologies and formulating appropriate legislation, rules and notifications to achieve these strategy options.

Jharkhand has committed itself to: 1. Preparation of a State Water Resources plan to promote balanced development of the Water Sector,

2. Review of the interstate water sharing arrangements and initiate necessary changes,

3. Encouraging integrated water shed development and management programs in drought prone areas,

4. Defining the water resources of the state, working out a strategy to provide irrigation facility to each

cultivable plot of the state within 10 years chiefly through the use of a comprehensive computerized data

base in this regards,

5. Within 05 years renovate and maintain existing irrigation projects and maintain a complete data base in

order to achieve optimal utilization of existing irrigation potential,

6. Promote increased responsibility and participation of water users in the management of resources, make it

mandatory for farmers participation through Water Users Association in irrigation management and to

involve Panchayati Raj Institutions in the management and conservation of traditional water sources to

cover the work of minor irrigation,

7. Establish a well-defined, transparent system for water entitlements that cannot be unilaterally changed by

any State agency or authority and permit transfers of entitlements between entitlement holders based on

fair compensation.

In terms of water for domestic use, the policy promotes ensuring drinking water for all by providing adequate domestic water facilities for the entire population both in urban and in rural areas to meet their needs. Multipurpose projects would invariably include a domestic water component. Ecology and drinking water needs of human beings and animals shall be the first priority on any available water resource. Drinking water is planned to be directly sourced from reservoirs and dedicated pipelines laid down as far as possible to avoid loss of water through canals or rivers. Make efforts to fix water rates in order to make the water supply self-sustaining at least in meeting the O & M costs. The Government also intends to work out a time bound action plan to augment the live capacity of existing reservoirs by de-siltation or use of other water efficient technologies and management options. It is also intended to consider utilizing the water of the Ganga for partly supplying water for storage in existing and proposed dams and reservoirs for meeting the drinking water demand in the non monsoon months and also for supplementing the irrigation needs. It is also proposed to construct large reservoirs nearly thickly populated cities for supply of drinking water. The community is also planned to be effectively involved in the planning and management of drinking water. The State, through the Pollution Control Board shall draw up a plan for control of pollutant discharges. The groundwater potential of the state is also to be periodically assessed. Groundwater Legislation is also proposed to be enacted by taking into account the model legislation communicated by the Government of India for the sustainable management of Groundwater.

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The policy therefore plans for a very robust system for water resource management in order to achieve the objection of quality, quantity and equitable distribution. It puts a priority on domestic water supplies, puts in place a system of tariffs and regulation and also seeks to promote community involvement and people’s participation in planning and implementation of water sector projects including drinking water and sanitation.

5. Guidelines for Ground Water Use

The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified 82 areas for the purpose of regulation of ground water development. The District Administrative Heads (DC or DM) in case of Administrative Block or Taluka, or the Head of the Municipality (in case of Municipal Area) of the notified areas in the country have been appointed as ‘Authorized Officers’ by Central Ground Water Authority under Section 4 of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) (1986). Regulation of Ground Water development in Notified areas is through district administrative heads assisted by Advisory Committees under the provisions of Section 4 of the EPA, 1986. All issues pertaining to granting of NOC's for ground water withdrawal, checking violations, sealing of groundwater abstraction structures, launching of prosecution against offenders, attending to complaints, etc., are to be addressed by the Authorized Officers. The guidelines for abstraction of ground water in Notified and Non-Notified areas for various users are given below.

5.1 Notified Areas

i. Permission to abstract ground water through any energized means will not be accorded for any purpose

other than drinking water.

ii. Drinking purpose:

NOC can be accorded for construction of groundwater abstraction structures/ replacement of existing defunct well for drinking purpose only to:

a. Government department/Agency/Undertaking entrusted with the water supply b. Other Government organizations/State Government Guest Houses/Registered Housing societies c. Schools/ educational & State/Central Government recognized research Institutions/ Universities d. Hospitals

NOC for the item (b to d) will be considered only if Water Supplying Department is not providing adequate water in the area/premises. Proof for this is to be produced from the concerned authority by the applicant. Pre-conditions for grant of NOC for abstraction of ground water to categories under Sl No. (a) to (d) are:

1. Maximum diameter of the groundwater abstraction structures should be restricted to 150 mm (6 inches)

only and capacity of the pump should not exceed 1 HP. In case of Government water supply agencies,

housing societies, tube well size/dia & HP of prime mover can be more depending on the ground water

availability and requirement.

2. Concurrent with the construction of groundwater abstraction structures, the organization shall undertake

artificial recharge to groundwater through rain water harvesting structure in the premises within 45 days

of issuance of NOC and will confirm to the Authorized Officer for verification.

3. Water meter installation in the abstraction structure is mandatory and confirmation of water meter

installation shall be given to the Authorized Officer under intimation to the concerned Regional office of

CGWB immediately after construction. The daily water meter reading should be maintained and quarterly

report should be submitted to Authorized Officer.

4. The water from the groundwater abstraction structures will be used for drinking and domestic purposes

only.

5. All details of the drilling like rock formations encountered, the depth and diameter of the constructed

groundwater abstraction structures, type of pipes used, yield of bore well/ tube well (Fracture zones

encountered/zones tapped) and ground water quality etc have to be furnished to the nodal agency

authorized by district administration head within 15 days of the completion of the construction.

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6. The permission for construction of groundwater abstraction structure would be valid for a period of six

months from the date of issue of NOC.

7. The NOC issued would be non-transferable.

e. For Individual households: 1. Permission to be granted only for such cases where public water supply system does not exist. The

permission shall be valid only till such time there is no public water supply provided. In that case, the

abstraction structure shall be exclusively utilized for artificial recharge to groundwater or sealed.

2. A certificate from the water supply agency regarding non-availability of government water supply to the

area/individual is to be submitted by the applicant.

3. The premises should have only one Groundwater abstraction structure (either existing or new) to meet the

drinking and domestic requirements. No tube-well/bore-well will be constructed, if any working tube-well

already exists. In case the existing well has become nonfunctional and is to be replaced, it should be

converted into recharge well, if possible or properly sealed and no water be pumped from it.

4. The person(s) intending to construct new tube-well will seek permission from the Authorized

officer/Advisory Committee, at least 30 days in advance along with the name and address of the drilling

agency, which will undertake construction of tube-well. Authorities/Nodal Agency can ask the user to

supply additional information.

5. The maximum diameter of the tube-well should be restricted to 110 mm (4 ½ inches) only and the capacity

of the pump should not exceed 1HP. In case of deep water level the capacity/dia of the structure will be

decided by the Authority based on the site specific recommendations.

6. Concurrent with the construction of groundwater abstraction structure, the owner of the tube-well shall

undertake artificial recharge to groundwater through rainwater harvesting in the premises.

8. The water from the tube-well/bore-well will be used exclusively for drinking and domestic purposes only

within the premises.

9. All details of the drilling like rock formations encountered, the depth and diameter of the constructed

tube-well, (Fracture zones encountered/zones tapped) type of pipes used in tube well, yield of bore

well/tube well and ground water quality etc., shall be kept for record and are to be provided at the time of

inspection.

10. Any violation of the above conditions will attract legal action under section 15 of the Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986.

In case the notified area is de-notified subsequently, the conditions pertaining to “non-notified areas” shall be followed.

5.2 Non-Notified Areas

NOC for Ground Water withdrawal will be considered for Industries/Infrastructure projects which are either NEW or under EXPANSION as per the criteria given below:

5.3 Industries

Safe Mandatory recycling and reuse of water. NOC is required for groundwater withdrawal if quantity of groundwater abstraction exceeds 100 m

3/day. AR to groundwater to be adopted. However, Industries under B-VI have no

exemption from obtaining NOC.

Semi critical

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Major and Medium industries shall recycle and reuse at least 50% of the waste water. Withdrawal may be permitted subject to undertaking of recharge** measures. The withdrawal should not exceed 200% of the recharged quantity.

Critical Major and Medium industries should fully recycle and reuse the waste water. Withdrawal may be permitted subject to undertaking of recharge** measures. The withdrawal should not exceed 100% of the recharged quantity.

Overexploited (except industries falling under category mentioned in B (VI). Full utilization of recycled water and reuse of water should be mandatory. Withdrawal may be permitted subject to undertaking of recharge** measures. The withdrawal should not exceed 50% of the recharged quantity.

* The present guidelines will follow the assessment of Ground Water Resource Estimation (GWRE) 2009 till it is revised. ** The recharge should be implemented within the premises and/or preferably in the same water shed / assessment unit. Detailed Project Proposal (DPR) shall be included along with the application for NOC.

5.4 Infrastructure Projects

(SEZ, Group Housing projects, Residential townships, Hospitals, Educational Institutions, Roads, Bridges, Technology parks, Malls, Multiplex, etc.)

a. Run-off from the entire project area is to be utilized for artificial recharge to ground water unless risk of contamination exists or area is water logged. The runoff from the entire premises shall be utilized for harvesting/storage also, apart from recharge.

b. The quantum of ground water for usage other than drinking/ domestic shall not exceed 25% of total ground water abstraction in case of Housing projects/ Residential Townships.

c. Proponents are to submit a status report stating the quantum of water required and the quantity that would be provided by the Government Water Supplying agency. This should be supported by a letter from the agency.

5.5 Areas Having Specific Depth Zones Notified:

a. In areas where specific depth zones are notified, permission to withdraw groundwater can be considered

based on the site specific recommendations of Regional Directorate of CGWB from the depth zones, which

are not coming under the notification.

5.6 Mining and Dewatering Projects

Abstraction of ground water by mining industries intersecting water table for dewatering of mine pit water, and dewatering ground water for basement construction of buildings, etc., may be permitted subject to the following conditions in addition to those already specified under Para B-I.

a. The dewatered quantum of water is to be put to gainful use. This may include water supply and provide to water supply agencies, agriculture, dust suppression by the industry, utilization by the mining industry, utilization for artificial recharge to groundwater, etc.

b. Piezometers for monitoring the ground water level are to be mandatorily installed within the premises and in peripheral areas. The record of water level data be maintained and to be provided periodically or whenever demanded by the regulating agency.

c. Wherever the mines/dewatering project is situated in the coastal area special care should be taken to prevent sea water ingress. This should be supported by a technical evaluation report.

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d. In case of mining projects detailed and continuous study on the groundwater regime, including groundwater modeling should be carried out and the results should be submitted to the Regional Directorate of CGWB periodically.

5.7 Abstraction Of Saline Ground Water By Industries/Infrastructure Projects

Industries/infrastructure projects desirous of utilizing saline ground water would be permitted to extract saline groundwater. However, due care to be taken in respect of disposal of the effluents by the units so as to protect the water bodies and the aquifers from pollution. Proposals pertaining to such cases must have a detailed project report elucidating the mechanism of handling the effluent water and its various uses. All precautions must be taken for protection of environment especially fresh water aquifers in and around the area. Large scale recharge mechanism should be adopted wherever feasible in such cases to improve the ground water conditions in the region.

5.8 Industries Using Groundwater as Raw Material and other Water Intensive Industries

Industries using water as raw material/water intensive industries like packaged drinking water, mineral water industries, distilleries, breweries, soft drink manufacturing industries, textiles, paper & pulp, etc shall not be granted NOC for groundwater withdrawal from OE areas. In Safe, Semi- Critical & Critical areas NOC for ground water withdrawal is mandatory for these industries as per Section B-1. However, ground water withdrawal will be limited as follows:

Safe: Withdrawal limited to 200% of ground water recharge Semi-critical: Withdrawal limited to 100% of ground water recharge Critical: Withdrawal limited to 50% of ground water recharge Over-exploited: No permission for industries under this category

5.9 Change In Land Use

Industries/ Infrastructure projects coming up in agricultural land or any other land after change in land use shall have to submit all documents endorsing the change of land use from competent authority. Withdrawal of ground water from existing abstraction structures, if any, after change in land use in the area can be done only after approval from the Central Ground Water Authority. Cases would be processed as per changed land use.

5.10 Other conditions (applicable for all cases):

Sale and supply of raw/unprocessed/untreated ground water by unauthorized agencies for commercial use

is not permitted.

Non-compliance of conditions mentioned in the NOC may be taken as sufficient reason for cancellation of

NOC accorded/ non-renewal of NOC.

Wherever State Government Authorities are in existence to manage and control ground water regimes, the

Groundwater Regulation would be done by them. The State Ground Water Authority (SGWA) shall send a

quarterly progress report to CGWA for records.

In case of any delay in executing the project for bonafide reasons within the set time, for which NOC has

been granted, the firm shall apply to CGWA for extension. CGWA may consider extension based on its

merits.

No application for NOC shall be entertained without proper referral letters from the statutory authority

(Central and State Govt. Dept and Agencies).

The referral letter shall contain verification on the quantum of water for the industry/project with detailed

break up of groundwater consumption, recycle & reuse of the waste water, so that the wastage of the

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precious resource can be avoided. In case this is not given by the referral authority, applicant should obtain

a letter from the Industries Dept. /Project Sanctioning Authority on the same line.

The CRZA rules and regulation shall be applicable wherever in vogue.

No permission required for withdrawal of ground water from any area if withdrawal is done through non-

energized means.

Mandatory clause on RWH may be relaxed in case of water logged/shallow water level (< 5 m bgl during

pre-monsoon) areas.

Relaxation in the quantity of ground water withdrawal in over-exploited areas, and/or quantity of recharge

being affected by the firm can be permitted by CGWA if it feels it absolutely necessary in national interest.

The artificial recharge proposals are required to be vetted by any competent authority of State/Centre.

Treated water shall not be used for recharge to ground water, since it may contain heavy metals & other

toxic elements. The treated waters shall be fully used by the proponent or any other agency, who can

utilize it without contaminating the underlying aquifer / water bodies.

NOC issued is non-transferable.

5.11 Issuance/ Renewal of NOC

a. NOC will be accorded in non notified areas for a period of two years initially and will be renewed for a period of three years thereafter, subject to compliance of conditions mentioned in the NOC. Subsequently NOC’s shall be renewed every five years subject to the compliance of the conditions mentioned in the renewed NOC.

b. Renewal of NOC’s in notified areas will be done by the Authorized Officer for 2 years and the same shall be renewed every two years.

c. In case of change in category of the area, renewals would be granted with conditions as laid down for such new category areas. In case it is difficult to comply with the conditions the applicant should satisfy the authority for granting exemption/alternative measures.

d. In case it is found that some of the conditions stipulated during the issuance NOC have not been implemented in certain localities it may be relaxed by CGWA based on the recommendations of the concerned Regional Director for specific areas as per site specific condition.

e. Processing fee prescribed if any, from time to time shall be charged for issuance and renewal of NOC’s.

6 The Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a Central Act of Parliament which provides for the

Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. It also

provides for the establishment of the Boards for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution section 3&4 and for

assigning to such Boards, Powers (Sections 18,19,20,21,23,30,33,33A of Water Act) and functions (Sections 16,17 of

Water Act)

The Act provides that no person shall discharge any sewage or trade effluents beyond the standards as prescribed

by the Board into any stream, river, well or on land. It also provides that no person shall knowingly cause an

impediment in the flow of any stream which may lead to aggravation of Pollution (Section 24).

The Act establishes a mechanism of consent wherein a consent to establish (Section-25) has to be obtained from

the Pollution Control Board for establishing or taking steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any

treatment and disposal system which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluents into a stream, river, well or

land or to begin to make a new discharge of sewage or alter the existing discharge. Consent to operate has to be

obtained for existing facilities (Section-26). The consent unless given or refused earlier be deemed to have been

given unconditionally on the expiry of a period of four months of making a complete application to the Board along

with the prescribed fees (Section 25, 26 Water Act). The act provides for an appellate Authority to address to

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grievances against orders made by the Board under section 25/26 and 27. Such appeals have to be filed within 30

days but give the power to the Authority to hear the cases even after 30 days if satisfied about the reasons for delay

(Section 28).

Where certain works prescribed under Section-25 and 26 are to be executed for the prevention of pollution by any

person and the 04 person fails to execute these works the Board may get the works executed and recover the

amount so spent along with interest as arrears of land revenue (Section 30 Water Act).

The Board has been empowered to make applications to courts for restraining pollution. The courts may in turn

redirect the person to take necessary action or authorize the Board to undertake the mitigation works. Expenses

incurred by the Board are recoverable from the concerned person as arrears of land revenue. (Section 33 of Water

Act). A board may also issue directions which may include the directions to close prohibit or regulate any industry,

operation or process or the stoppage or regulations of supply of electricity, water or any other services. (Section

33A)

Failure to provide information as sought under Section-20 is punishable with imprisonment for a period up to 3

months or with fine which may extend to 10000 rupees or with both and in case the default continues with a fine

which may extend to 5000 Rs. for every day during which such failure continues. Failure to comply with directions

issued under section 32 or 33 (A), would be punishable with imprisonment for a term extending from 18 months to

72 months and with fine. Continued failure to comply invites a fine of Rs. 5000 for every day to a period of 1 year

beyond which it is punishable with an imprisonment of 24 months to 84 months and with fine (Section 41).

Destruction, obstruction, damage to Board property, not furnishing information or providing false information,

tempering of diaries etc. is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to 3 months or with fine which may

extend to Rs. 10,000 or with both. (Section 42)

Discharging effluents beyond standards prescribed by the Board or establishing any industry, operations or process

likely to generate effluent or continuing to use an outlet without the consent of the Board shall be punishable with

imprisonment ranging from 18 months to 72 months and with fine. Continued contravention invites an

enhancement penalty of 24 months to 84 months of imprisonment and with fine. (Section 43, 44)

Provisions for sampling have been provided under section 21. Samples on the request of the occupier have to be

divided into two, one part analysed by the Board laboratory and the other part by the reference laboratory

designated as the State Water laboratory (Section 21)

Apart from the Pollution Control Boards, any person who has given a notice of not less than 60 days to the Pollution

Control Board, of his intention to do so can make an application to the Court not inferior to that of a Metropolitan

Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of first class (Section 49).

The State Government and the Central Pollution Control Boards can issue directions to the State Pollution Control

Boards (Section18)

Standards published by the Central Government under the EP Act cannot be relaxed by the State Board but can be

made more stringent.

6.1 The Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 is a Central Act of Parliament which provides for the

levy and collection of cess on water consumed by industries and local authorities. The act is applicable to the

whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It is an act to augment the resources of the State Pollution

Control Boards.

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The Act provides that the State Pollution Control Boards and Committees shall levy and collect Cess from persons

carrying on any industry and from all local authorities for the purposes of and utilization under the Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.

The Cess shall be assessed on the basis of water consumed by the person or local authority and would also include

supply of water.

It also prescribes for higher rates of cess in the event of the assesse not meeting the standards prescribed under the

Environment Protection Act 1986 or with the provisions of Section 25 of the Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act 1974.

If a user liable to pay cess is taking water from another person or authority which is also liable to pay cess, then the

end user will pay and the earlier users (suppliers in this instant) shall not be liable to pay.

Section 4of the Act provides for the affixing of Meters and prescribes that for measuring the quantity of water,

used by any person or any industry or by local authorities, the persons liable to pay cess should install water meters

of such standards and at such positions as may be prescribed. If this is not done then the Central Government

(presently the duty of the State Boards) shall install the same and recover the costs from the concerned industry or

local authority.

Section 10 prescribes that any person or authority fails to pay the amount of cess to the State Government, within

the date specified in the order, then they have to pay an interest of two percent for every month or part of a month

on the amount payable by them to the State Government.

Section-11 prescribes that if any person or industry or any local authority fails to pay the cess arrears within the

specified time, then a penalty not exceeding the amount of cess in arrears can be imposed on the person, industry

or local authority by the assessing authority after giving proper opportunity to be heard .

7 The Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is a central Act of Parliament, which provides for the

prevention and control of air pollution and maintaining the good quality of air. It has also provided for the

establishment of the Central and State Boards for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution under sections 3 and

4.

Section-21 makes a provision of Consent of the State Pollution Control Board for establishing or operating any

industrial plant in an air pollution control area. It also lays down procedures for making the application which has to

be in the prescribed form and accompanied by such fees as may be prescribed, the manner of inquiry and a time

limit of four months within which the consent has either to be granted or refused by the State Board. The consent

so granted may be cancelled or refused before the expiry of the period of consent if the conditions are not

complied with.

Under Section-22 no person having any industrial plant in an air pollution control area can discharge emissions of

any air pollutants in the excess of the standards prescribed by the State Pollution Control Boards

Under section-22A, where a violation of the emission standards prescribed by the Board is apprehended the Board

may make an application to a court, for restraining such person from emitting such pollutant. The court may issue

necessary directions. In case the same are not complied with, by the person, the court may authorize the Board to

implement the directions. Costs so incurred by the Board can be recovered as arrears of land revenue.

Under Section-31, any person aggrieved by an order made by the State Board under this act may prefer an appeal

before the appellate authority constituted by the state government for the purpose. The appeal has to be generally

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filed within thirty days from the date on which the order is communicated but the appellate authority may

entertain the appeal after the expiry of thirty days, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient

cause from filing the appeal in time.

Section-31A empowers the State Pollution Control Boards, in the exercise of their powers and performance of

functions under this Act, to issue any direction in writing to any person, officer or authority. It has also been

provided that such person, officer or authority shall be bound to comply with the directions. The power to issue

directions under this section includes the power to direct for the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry,

operation or process or the stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity, water or any other services.

Under Section-37, whoever fails to comply, with the provisions of section-21 or section-22 or directions issued

under section-31A, shall in respect of each such failure, be punishable with imprisonment, which shall not be less

than one year and six months, but which may extend to six years and with fine and in case of failure continues, with

an additional fine of five thousand rupees every day.

8 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

This Act provides for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected therewith. It defines environment to include “Water, air, and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.” This law prescribes that the central government shall take “all such measures as it deems necessary orexpedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution.” It also provides for “the standards of quality of air, water, or soil for various areas and purposes, the maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances.” The Act also lays down a procedure for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution through regulating the discharge or emission of any environmental pollutant in excess of standards as may be prescribed. Contravention of provisions of the act is punishable by imprisonment up to seven years or fine up to Rs 1 lakh. An additional fine up to Rs 5,000 for every day of violation is also prescribed.

9 The EIA Notification of 2006

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important tool for integrating the objectives of environmental management into the decision making process to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable development. Development activities were earlier evaluated keeping in view the technical feasibility and financial viability of the project only. However, with the introduction of concept of EIA the environmental considerations have also been included in the evaluation of the feasibility and sustainability of any developmental/industrial project/activity. The main purpose of EIA is to mitigate adverse environmental impacts (if any) of any project/activity and bring them to an acceptable level to the community likely to be affected by the proposed project.

Under the Industrial Policy Statement of 1980 the site was also required to be declared fit from the Environmental Angle through the concerned Industries Department. Most of the State Pollution Control Boards also initiated the process of granting No Objection Certificates from the Environmental Angle in the early nineties. This started off as an administrative requirement involving adequacy of sites and appropriateness of pollution control measures. Subsequent amendments in the Air and Water Acts in 1988 introduced the legal requirements of Consents to Establish. The State Government, in consultation with the Pollution Control Board, under provisions of section 17 of the Air and Water Acts was also entrusted the responsibility of examining the suitability of sites.

The EIA notification was issued on the 27th

of January 1994, under the Environmental (Protection) Act (1986) through which a formal statutory EIA process was established for a number of projects/activities, likely to have significant environmental impacts and health implications and as specified in the schedule. The EIA notification also incorporated provisions for “Public Hearing”.

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To further improve and decentralize the EIA process, a fresh EIA notification was issued on September 14th

, 2006.The earlier notification of 1994 as amended up to 2004 was superseded through this notification and and is not effective today. According to this notification, 08 different projects/ activities have been prescribed which require prior “Environmental Clearance” (EC) from the Central Government, i.e. MoEF, either through the Central Impact Assessment Authority (Category ‘A’) or the State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) (Category ‘B’). This clearance is a clearance issued by the MoEF and not a State Government clearance, even if the clearance has been issued by the State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority. The category ‘B’ has been further divided into category ‘B1′( where a project requires to submit EIA report) and ‘B2′ (Project activities which do not require EIA report). All categories ‘A’ and ‘B1′ projects necessarily have to carry out EIA studies along with the “Public Hearing” as per the procedure stipulated in the notification. A project or activity where General Conditions are prescribed to apply, will become a category ‘A’ project if situated within 10 Kms. of interstate boundaries, notified Wild Life Parks and sanctuaries and ecosensitive zones etc. The notification has been revised in 2009 to modify some categories and include a few other amendments. Compliance reports have to be sent every 06 months to the concerned regulatory authority and the concerned Regional Officer of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. The Clearance as issued is valid for a period of five years from the date of issue to the date of completion of construction or start of production activities.

10 The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010

Recognizing the importance of wetlands as vital parts of the ecosystem and recognizing the fact that many wetlands are seriously threatened; the Central Government identified certain wetlands for conservation and promulgated the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010. The protected wetlands include wetlands under the Ramsar Convention, wetlands in ecologically sensitive areas, wetlands lying within UNESCO World Heritage Sites, wetlands above 2500 meters with an area of more than 5 HA, wetlands below an altitude of 2500 meters with an area equal to or greater than 500 hectares or any other wetlands identified and notified for the purpose of these rules. Reclamation of wetlands, setting up of new industries, handling hazardous chemicals and wastes, using genetically engineered organisms, solid waste dumping, disposal of untreated effluents, constructions of permanent nature within 50 meters or any other adversely impacting activity is prohibited within the wetland. The rules also enlist a series of activities that can be undertaken with the prior approval of the State Government within the wetlands. In terms of water supply and sanitation this would include withdrawal of water or the impoundment, diversion or interruption of water sources within the local catchment area of the wetland ecosystem, treated effluent discharges. The State Government will have to ensure that an E.I.A. as per the E.I.A. Notification of 2006 is conducted before granting permissions. The Central Government on recommendation of the Authority constituted under the rules may permit any of the prohibited activities in the protected wetland. No wetland can be converted to non-wetland use unless the Central Government is satisfied on the recommendation of the Authority that it is essential in public interest to do so.

11 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling And Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008

The Ministry of Environment and Forests in exercise of the powers conferred by section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) and in supersession of the Hazardous Wastes ( Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 notified the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 on the 24th. September, 2008. As per the rules “Hazardous Waste” means any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances. An inclusive list of Hazardous Wastes is provided in the rules under schedules 1, II and III. Any occupier generating hazardous wastes is required to ensure that such wastes are properly handled and disposed off without any adverse effects which may result from such wastes and the occupier shall also be responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of these wastes either himself or through the operator of a facility. Every person who is engaged in generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion, offering for sale, transfer or the like of the hazardous waste is required to obtain an authorization from State Pollution Control Board.

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The State Pollution Control Board should not issue an authorization unless satisfied that the operator of a facility or an occupier, as the case may be, possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and equipment to handle hazardous wastes safely.

12 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

With a view to control the indiscriminate disposal of hospital waste/bio medical waste, the Ministry of Environment

& Forest, Govt. of India has prescribed rules for Bio Medical Waste Management under the Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986.

These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio

medical waste in any form and prescribes that it shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating bio-

medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house,

pathological laboratory, blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled

without any adverse effect to human health and the environment and a proper authorization availed from the

Pollution Control Board. It also says that Bio-medical Waste shall not be mixed with other wastes, but segregated at

the point of generation. No untreated Bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours. The

State Pollution Control Boards have been designated as the prescribed authority for grant and renewed of

applications under this rule. Occupiers of clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories, blood banks providing

treatment/service to less than 1000 (one thousand) patients per month may not need an authorization.

The urban local bodies, corporation and boards are responsible of providing common disposal/incineration sites if

the waste is generated within the jurisdiction of Municipal bodies. For areas outside the municipal bodies it is the

responsibility of the generator.

13 Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules 2000

In view of the serious environmental degradation resulting from the unscientific disposal of MSW, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),Government of India, has notified the ‘Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000’making it mandatory for ULBs to improve the systems of solid waste management as envisaged in the rules within a given time frame ending 31stDecember,2003.

These rules layout procedures for waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal. Further, the rules mandate that all cities set up suitable waste treatment and disposal facilities by December 31, 2003 or earlier. These rules also specify standards for compost quality, health control & management and closure of land-fills.

Compliance criteria for each and every stage of waste management-collection, segregation at source, transportation, processing, final disposal and quality of leachate and compost etc. are set out in the MSW Rules.

The Rules also establish a system of obtaining authorization from the Pollution Control Boards for disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes.

14 E- Waste (Management and Handling)Rules 2011

The Rules have been published by The Ministry of Environment and Forests and have come into effect from 1stMay 2012. These apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components specified in Schedule-1 of the Rules, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste and not apply to batteries, covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, Micro and Small Enterprises defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 and Radio Active Wastes covered under the provisions of Atomic Energy Act, 1962.

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The Rules list down the responsibilities of the different stakeholders. It prescribes responsibilities for producers including that of obtaining an Authorization from the Pollution Control Boards. It also fixes responsibilities of the Collection Centers, Bulk consumers, dismantlers, transporters and recyclers who have to ensure that they obtain authorization and registration from the SPCB/PCC and no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of e-waste.

15 EIA Mechanism and Wild Life Clearances

In terms of the application for Environmental Clearance, the footnote to the amendments to Form 1 in the MoEF, GOI notification no. SO 3067(E)dated 01-12-2009 mentions that for projects to be located within 10 km of the National parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden thereon.

The MoEF on 02-12-2009 clarified the process further through its Office Memorandum no. J-11013/41/2006-1A.II(I) dated 02-12-2009 and prescribed that the proposal from environmental angle will be appraised by the respective Expert Appraisal Committee and recommendations made on the same which will be processed by the IA Division and approval obtained from the competent Authority. However, while granting environmental clearance to projects involving forestland, wildlife habitat (core zone of elephant / tiger reserve etc.) and or located within 10 kms of the National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuaries (at present the distance of 10km has been taken in conformity with the order dated 04-12-2006 in writ petition no. 460 of 2004 in the matter of Goa Foundation Vs Union of India), a specific condition shall be stipulated that the environmental clearance is subject to their obtaining prior clearance from forestry and wildlife angle including clearance from the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife as applicable. Further, it will also be categorically stated in the environment clearance that grant of environmental clearance does not necessarily imply that forestry and wildlife clearance shall be granted to the project. The proposals for forestry and wildlife clearance will be considered by the respective authorities on their merits and decision taken. The investment made in the project, if any, based on environmental clearance so granted, in anticipation of the clearance from forestry and wildlife angle shall be entirely at the cost and risk of the project proponent and Ministry of Environment & Forests shall not be responsible in this regard in any manner.”

Recently the Government of India has prescribed procedures to be followed for Environmental Clearances for all projects falling inside National Parks and Sanctuaries and Conservation Reserves and within 10 km from boundaries of such areas. Clearances for activities inside National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Conservation Reserves should also have the approvals of the Hon’ble Supreme Court. For activities within 10 km of the boundaries of National Parks, Sanctuaries, etc. a prior clearance of the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife has to be obtained which is generally subject to recommendation of the State Board for Wildlife. The procedures have been prescribed through letter no. F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 15-03-2011 issued by the MoEF, Government of India.

With specific reference to the procedure to be followed for activities within 10 kms. from boundaries of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, the following provisions have been made: “In case the project site is located within the eco-sensitive zone or 10 Kms. in absence of delineation of such a zone from the boundaries of such National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries or is an Elephant Reserve / Tiger Reserve and / or important corridor of wildlife movement, the User agency / Project Proponent should seek prior clearance from the Standing Committee of NBWL before seeking Environmental Clearance as per prescribed procedures.The Standing Committee of NBWL has been insisting on the recommendation of the State Board for Wildlife for all proposals, including those falling within 10 kms. from the boundary of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuary.” The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India has laid down procedures for grant of environmental clearance to projects which involve diversion of forest land vide its office memorandum no. J-11013/41/2006-IA.II(1) dated 09-11-2011.

These procedures prescribe that

1. Application for permission regarding diversion of forest land under the Forest Conservation Act 1980 shall

be submitted before considering the proposal for TOR under the E.I.A. notification of 2006. Proof of

submission of application shall be submitted at the time of consideration of proposal for TOR by the Expert

Appraisal Committee.

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2. The EAC shall be informed on the status of applications at the time of the appraisal. It will take cognizance

of the involvement of forest land and its status in terms of forestry clearance and make their

recommendations on the project on its merit. It shall then be examined by the Authority for grant of

environmental clearance.

3. In the event of the Authority appraising grant of environmental clearance the proponent will be informed

of the same and given a time of 12 months (extendable to 18) to submit the Stage–I forest clearance. The

formal environmental clearance shall be issued after the stage and industry clearance has been

so submitted. If the Stage–I forestry clearance is not submitted in the stipulated time, the proposal for E.C.

shall be rejected and a fresh application for clearance filed.

16 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is a Central Act of Parliament providing for the protection of wild animals, birds

and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with the view to ensuring the

ecological and environmental securities of the country. It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu

and Kashmir. The act provides for the constitution of a National Board for Wildlife with the Prime Minister as the

Chairperson. The National Board shall promote the conservation and development of wildlife and forests by such

measures as it thinks fit. The act also provides for the constitution of a State Board for Wildlife to advise the state

government in matters connected with the protection of wildlife. The act regulates the hunting of wild animals and

protection of specified plants. It also empowers the State Government to notify Sanctuaries, National Parks, and

Game Reserves. It has also setup a National Tiger Conservation Authority and regulates trade or commerce in wild

animals, animal articles and trophies. Contravention of provision of the act are punishable with imprisonment from

1 to 7 years and / with fine upto Rs. 50 lakhs depending on the nature of offence.

17 Forest Conservation Act, 1980

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is a Central Act of Parliament with a view to provide for the conservation of

forest and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. The act extends to the whole of India

except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Section 2 of the act makes a provision of a prior approval of the Central

Government necessary before a State Government or any other authority issues direction for dereservation of

reserved forests (which have been reserved under the Indian Forest Act 1927), use of forest land for non – forest

purpose, assigning forest land by way of lease or otherwise to any private person or to any authority, corporation,

agency or any other organization not owned, managed or controlled by the government and clear felling of

naturally grown trees. The term “forest land” mentioned in Section 2 of the Act refers to reserved forest, protected

forest or any area recorded as forest in the government records. Lands which are notified undersection4 of the

Indian Forest Act would also come within the purview of the Forest Conservation Act 1980. The Supreme Court has

also held that “forest” as understood in the dictionary sense would also be included under “forest land”. The term

“forest” shall not be applicable to the plantation raised on private land except notified private forest. Tree falling in

such plantation would however be governed by state acts and rules. The term “tree” will have the same meaning as

defined in section 2 of the Indian Forest Act 1927.

Appeals against orders made under section 2 of the forest conservation act on or after the commencement of the

National Green Tribunal Act 2010 lie with the National Green Tribunal. The procedures along with formats for

obtaining clearances under the act have been prescribed under the Forest Conservation Rules 2003 and 2004 which

also has constituted a forest advisory committee and regional empowered committee. The regional empowered

committee shall decide the proposal involving diversion of forest land upto 40 ha. Proposals involving forest land of

more than 40 ha. and all proposals relating to mining and encroachments irrespective of the area of forest land

involved, shall be forwarded by the concerned State Government / Union Territory along its recommendations to

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the MoEF Government of India. Non – compliance of provisions of section 2 of the act shall be punishable with

simple imprisonment for a period which may extend upto 15 days.

18 The Indian Forest Act, 1927

The Indian Forest Act, 1927 was an act to consolidate the then existing laws relating to forest, the transit of forest products and duties that can be levied on “Forest Product” as defined in Section 2 (iv) (a) and (b) of the act. The act deals with reserved forest, village forest, protected forest, control over forests and lands not being property of government, the duty on timber and other forest produce, regulation transit of forest products, collection of timber, penalties and procedures, cattle – trespass, forest officers and other miscellaneous provisions.

This act does not lay down a specific definition for forests. The act establishes three categories of forests, reserve forest, protected forest and village forest. The reserved forests (section 3 to 27 of the Act of 1927) can be notified by the State Government on any forest land or waste land to which the government has ownership or right. To be categorized as a reserved forest, the land must be forest land or waste land in the absence of which the notification could be quashed. Section 26 of the Indian Forest Act 1927 prohibits a number of activities including making fresh clearings, tree felling, lopping, burning, grazing, quarrying, manufacturing activities, hunting, shooting, etc. in the forest. Violation of provisions of Section 26 specifically with regards to creating fire, felling, girdling, lopping, etc. of trees, quarrying and manufacturing operations or clearing breaking up of any land for cultivation is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to Rs. 20,000 but which shall not be less than Rs. 5,000.

For other offenses under Section 26 an imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both and on the second and every subsequent conviction for the same offense, with imprisonment which may extend to 6 months or with fine which may extend to Rs. 2,000 or with both is prescribed. It also provides for adjudication of forest rights, uses by local people as allowed by forest officer, appeals and denotification. Section 25 specifically empowers the forest officer to stop any public or private way or water coarse in reserved forest. The act also provides for issuing notification regarding appointment of forest settlement officer to adjudicate rights and granting permissions for activities and claims.

Section 28 provides for assigning rights of reserved forests or protected forests or any forest belonging to the state government to any village community and provisions relating to reserved forest, protected forest or forest belonging to the government shall apply. Such forests are called village forests.

Section 29 provides for the notification of protected forests. Protected forests are also notified on forest land or waste land. The state government under provision of Section 30 may declare any tree or class of trees in a protected forest to be reserved, it can also declare any portion of a protected forest as closed for a term not exceeding 30 years during which the rights of private persons shall be suspended provided that alternate rights are available in the remainder of the forest. It can also prohibit specified activities within the area Violation of prohibited activities in protected areas as prescribed in Section 30 and 32 are punishable offences liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years or with a fine which may extend to Rs. 5,000 or with both and on the second and every subsequent conviction for the same offence, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years and with fine which may extend to Rs. 10,000.

The state government also has the powers to regulate or prohibit activities in any forest or waste land not being the property of the government after providing suitable opportunity to the owner of such forest or land.

19 The Biological Diversity Act 2002

The Biological Diversity Act 2002 is also a Central Act of Parliament aiming to provide for conservation of biological

diversity, sustainable use of its components and a fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of

biological resources, knowledge and matter connected therewith and thereto. It provides for a system of prior

approvals of the National Biodiversity Authority on application for intellectual property rights or patents on

biological research or information. It also regulates the transfer of any biological resource or knowledge and it

provides for the establishment of a State Biodiversity Board.

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20 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has formulated 10 environmental, social and legal safeguard policies. Amongst the Environmental

Safeguard Policies, Operational Policy (O.P.) / Bank Procedure 4.01: Environmental Assessment is an umbrella policy

for the Banks Environmental ‘Safeguard Policies’ which among others also include: Natural Habitats, Pest

Management, Physical Cultural resources and Safety dams.

20.1 Operational Policy 4.01: Environmental Assessment 1999 (Revised February 2011)

This policy is used by the World Bank to identify, avoid and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts associate with the Bank lending operations. In the World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental assessment is to improve decision making to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted. The policy contains the following subsets:

a) Operational Policy 4.01: Environmental Assessments, April 2012.

b) Operational Policy 4.01; Annexure A: Definitions. February 2011.

c) Operational Policy 4.01; Annexure B: Content of an Environmental Assessment report for category ‘A’

project 1999.

d) Operational Policy 4.01; Annexure C: Environmental Management Plan 1999.

e) Bank Procedure 4.01: Environmental Assessment, May 2011.

f) Bank Procedure 4.01; Annexure A: Application of Environmental Assessment to dam and reservoir projects,

May 2011.

g) Bank Procedure 4.01; Annexure B: Application of Environmental Assessment to projects involving pest

management Environmental Assessment, May 2011.

The Environmental Assessment Policy provides for screening of projects. A project is classified as category ‘A’ if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. This project may impact an area broader than the site or facilities subject to physical work. Category ‘A’ projects the borrower is supposed to prepare an EIA or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral Environmental Assessment. Category ‘B’ projects are these projects where the potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetland, forests, grasslands and other natural habitats – are less adverse than those of category ‘A’ projects. These impacts are site specific; very few of them are irreversible and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for category ‘A’ projects. The scope of Environmental Assessment for category ‘B’ projects is generally narrower than that of the category ‘A’ projects. A project is classified as category ‘C’ if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Such projects only involve screening. All category ‘A’ and ‘B’ projects involve consultations with project affected groups and local NGO’

s about the

project’s environmental aspects and lakes their views into account. For category ‘A’ projects this consultation is organized at least twice by the borrower.

20.2 Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats

This policy seeks to ensure that the World Bank supported infrastructure and other developmental activities take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which habitats provide to human society. The policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any critical natural habitat which include legally protected, officially proposed for protection and unprotected but of known high conservation value habitats. In other non critical areas, projects can only be considered when there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the projects substantial overall net benefits and acceptable mitigation measures such as compensatory protected areas are included within the project. The policy has the following sub components: Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats 2001 Operational Policy 4.04: Annexure A: Definition 2001 Bank Procedure 4.04: Natural Habitats 2001

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If the Environmental Appraised indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project would include mitigation measures acceptable to the World Bank. The Bank also expects the borrower to take into account the views, roles and rights of groups including local non-governmental organizations and local communities affected by Bank financed projects. Significant conversion or degradation of critical or other natural habitats classifies the project as category A. Projects otherwise involving natural habitats are classified as category ‘A’ or ‘B’ depending on the degree of their ecological impacts.

20.3 Operational Policy / Bank Procedure 4.36 Forests

This policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty and encourage economic development. The bank is proposing a new ‘forest strategy’ to guide future Bank involvement with forests

Harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty.

Integrating forests in sustainable economic development

Protecting vital local and global environmental sources and forest values.

The forest policy has also to be read in conjunction with Natural Habitats; Operational Policy 4.04. The policy has the following components:

Operational Policy 4.36, Forests 2002

Operational Policy 4.36, Annexure A: Definition, 2002

Bank Procedure 4.36: Forests 2002

The objectives of the Forest Policy are to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. The Bank does not finance projects that in its opinion would involve significant conversion of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. For areas that are not critical, adequate mitigation measures have to be incorporated. The Bank also does not finance projects that contravene applicable international environmental agreements. A project with the potential for conversion or degradation of natural forests or other natural habitats that is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented is classified as category A projects, otherwise involving forests or other natural habitats are classified as category B, C or F, depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its environmental impacts.

20.4 Operational Policy 4.09: Pest Management

Rural development and health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. If pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector have diseases, the Bank funded project should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP) prepared by the borrower either as a standalone document or as part of the Environmental Assessment. In appraising a project that will involve pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institution to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management both in Agriculture and Public health. The Bank has also prescribed criteria for pesticide selection and use.

20.5 Operational Policy 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources 2006

Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development and as integral parts of a people cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible but fortunately it is often avoidable. The objective of the policy is to avoid; or mitigate adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. It has two components:

Operational Policy 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources, 2006.

Bank Procedure 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources, 2006.

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The borrower addresses impacts on Physical Cultural Resources in projects, proposed for Bank Financing, as an integral part of the Environmental Appraisal process. Projects are classified during the screening process as Category A or B. As an integral part of the Environmental Appraisal process the borrower develops a physical cultural management plan which is consistent with the country’s overall policy framework and National Legislation. Physical Cultural Resources have to be included in the baseline data collection phase of the Environmental Assessment. The consultative process for the physical / cultural resources component normally includes relevant project affected groups, concerned government authorities and relevant non – governmental organizations. The bank procedures prescribe Screening, T.O.R. for E.I.A., Consultation, baseline and impact assessment. Mitigating measures, capacity assessment and Management plan.

20.6 Operational Policy 4.37: Safety of Dams 2001

The Bank guideline on safety of dams requires that experienced and competent persons design and supervise construction and that the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures throughout the project cycle. The policy also applies to existing dams where they influence the performance of a project. In this case a dam safety assessment should be carried out and necessary additional dam safety measures implemented. The policy has three components:

Operational Policy 4.37: Safety of Dams, 2001

Bank Procedures 4.37: Safety of Dams, 2001

Bank Procedures 4.37; Annexure A: Dam Safety Reports: Content and Timing, 2001

The policy requires that the borrower adopt and implement certain dam safety measures for the design, bill tendering, construction, operation and maintenance of the dam and associated works. Dams smaller than 15 meters in height are classified as ‘small’ and dams more than 15 meters high as ‘large’ but dams under 10 meters high are regarded as large dams if they are expected to become large dams during the operation of the facility. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters are also regarded large if they present special design complexities e.g. flood handling, toxicity management, high sensitivity etc. Different procedures are prescribed for small and large dams. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified Engineers are sufficient but detailed plans have to be drawn up for large dams. Bank projects involving dams are processed according to the procedures set forth in B.P. 10.00. Investment leading Identification to Board Presentation. Dam Safety reports may involve plans for construction, supervision and quality assurance, instrumentation plan, operation and maintenance plan, emergency procedures plan.

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ANNEXURE-32

DISEASES, AILMENTS AND DISABILITIES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS

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Annexure-32 DISEASES, AILMENTS AND DISABILITIES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS

Sl. No. Pollutant Effects

1. Zinc (Zn) Zinc is essential element f o r humans, a n i m a l and p lants. It is also an important cell component in s e v e r a l m e t a l l o e n z y m e s . Infants need 3–5 mg/day, adult males 15 mg/day, pregnant and lactating females 20–25 mg Zn/day. However, heavy doses of Zn salts (165 mg) for 26 days causes vomiting, renal damage, cramps, etc.

2. Copper (Cu) Excess of Cu in human body (more than 470 mg) is toxic, may cause hypertension, sporadic fever, uremia, coma. Copper also produces pathological c h a n g e s in brain tissue. However, Cu is an important cell component in several metalloenzymes. Lack of Cu causes anaemia, growth inhibition and blood circulation problem.

3. Barium (Ba) Excess of Ba (more than 100 mg) in human body may cause excessive salivation, colic, vomiting, diarrhoea, tremors*, paralysis of muscles or nervous system, damage to heart and blood vessels.

4. Iron (Fe) It is one of the essential mineral for humans and animals. Degree of absorption depends upon solubility and stability of compound. It is a component of blood cells and liveral metalloenzymes. However, more than 10 mg per kg of body weight causes rapid respiration and pulse rates, congestion of blood vessels, hypertension and drowsiness. It increases hazard of pathogenic organisms, as many of them require Fe for their growth.

5. Cadmium (Cd) Cd is very toxic, 50 mg may cause vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pains, loss of consciousness. It t a k e s 5–10 y e a r s for chronic Cd intoxication. During first phase, discolouration of teeth, loss of sense of smell, mouth dryness occurs. Afterwards it may cause decrease of red blood cells, impairment of bone marrow, lumber pains, disturbance in calcium met abolism, sof tening of bones, fr actures, skelet al deformations, damage of kidney, hypertension, tumor formation, heart disease, impaired reproductive function, genetic mutation, etc.

6. Mercury (Hg) Mercury is very toxic. Excess mercury in human body (more than 100 mg) may cause headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, destruction of haemoglobin, tremors*, very bad effects on cerebral functions and central nervous system, paralysis, inactivates functional proteins, damage of renal tissues, hyper coagulability of blood, mimamata disease, and even death. It may cause impairment of vision and muscles and even coma. It disturbs reproductive and endocrine system. Also causes insomnia, memory loss, gum inflammation, loosening of teeth, loss of appetite, etc.

7. Lead (Pb) More than 400 mg of lead in human body can cause brain damage, vomiting, loss of appetite, convulsions, uncoordinated body movements, helplessly amazed state, coma. It i s retained in

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liver, kidney, brain, muscle, soft tissues, bones. Leads to high rate of miscarriages, affects skin, and respiratory system, damages kidney, liver and brain cells. Disturbs endocrine system, causes anaemia, and long term exposure may cause even death.

8. Arsenic (As) Poisonous to fishes, animals and humans. Greater than 25 mg of arsenic causes vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, irritation of nose and throat, abdominal pain, skin eruptions inflammations and even death. It binds globulin of blood haemoglobin in erythrocytes. May cause cancer of skin, lungs and liver, chromosomal aberration and damage, gangrene, loss of hearing, injury to nerve tissue, liver and kidney damage. Minor symptoms of As poisoning, weight loss, hair loss, nausea, depression, fatigue, white lines across toe nails and finger nails.

9. Vanadium (V) It is very toxic, may cause paralysis.

10. Silver (Ag) Causes pathological change in kidney, liver and may even damage kidney. May cause Argyria (discolouration of skin). Effects mucous membranes and eyes. In high doses, it may be fatal to humans.

11. Radioactive materials/ metals/substances

These generally cause ‘Gene’ mutation, ionization of body fluids, chromosomnal mutations and cancers. Destroy body cell tissue, adversely effects reproductive system. When mother is exposed to radiation during pregnancy, it causes severe mental retardation and leukaemia in infants. Radioactive metals like heavy metals are nephrotoxic and damage kidneys.

12. Fluoride Excess fluoride intake in body results in progressive crippling scourge (sponging)/fluorosis of bones, teeth. May cause metabolic alternations in soft tissues and their functional mechanism.

13. Selenium (Se) Signs of Se poisoning (more than 4 mg) are fever, nervousness, vomiting, falling of blood pressure, causes damage to liver, kidney and spleen, loss of nails and hair, causes blindness to animals. Cats are most susceptible. It affects enzyme systems and interfere with sulphur metabolism. It can cause growth inhibition, skin discolouration, bad teeth, psychological problem, gastro intestinal problems, but trace amount of Se is protective against poisoning by Hg, Cd, Ag.

14. Chromium (Cr) Any chromium compound is toxic but haxavalent Cr greater than 70 mg is very toxic. It causes cancer, anuria, nephritis, gastrointestinal ulceration, perforation in partition of nose. It penetrates cell membrane and badly affects central nervous system. Causes respiratory trouble, lung tumors when inhaled. May cause complications during pregnancy.

It has adverse effects on aquatic life. Trace amount of Cr is

essential for normal glucose, protein and fat metabolism and hence it is a essential trace element in diet.

15. Manganese (Mn) Mn is essential for mammals but in concentr ation greater than 100 ppm, is toxic, and causes growth retardation, fever, sexual impotence, muscles fatigue, eye blindness.

16. Cobalt (Co) High dose (27 mg or above) can cause paralysis, diarrhoea, low blood pressure, lung irritation, bone defects.

17. Nickel (Ni) More than 30 mg may cause changes in muscle, brain, lungs, liver, kidney and can also cause cancer, tremor*, paralysis and even death.

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18. Boron (B) Essential for plant growth in traces. Harmful to crops and affects metabolic activities of plants in higher concentration. Affects central nervous system.

19. Alkalinity and Acidity Permissible range of pH value if violated may cause health problems to human and animals and loss of productivity in agriculture.

20. Phosphate and nitrates Soil nutrient and not toxic in low concentration. Deplete oxygen by excess Algae production-giving bad odour and taste of water and detrimental to aquatic life. They are toxic for human and animal life if concentration is beyond permissible limits. Nitrates also cause cynosis or blue body disease.

21. Chlorine (Cl) Destroys plant and aquatic life and is a biocide.

22. Sulphide Gives bad odour, toxic to many aquatic organisms and animals.

23. Salinity Very bad for soils which retain salinity. Destroys agricultural land.

24. Oil/Grease/Oil Sludge Petroleum product in general are very harmful for soils, aquatic life, animal, human and plant life. They are very toxic. Agricultural land may suffer accumulation of oily waste affecting aeration and fertility. Many constituents of oily sludge are even carcinogenic and potent immunotoxicants.

25. Surfactants and detergents They are toxic and harmful for aquatic life, animals and humans. Inhibit self-purification of water.

26. Phenols Toxic and impart objectionable odour. Also subdue plant growth generally. Some phenols (nitrophenyl etc) are carcinogens.

27. Cyanides Cyanide poses a serious health hazard. Apart from acute toxicity and chronic toxicity, it leads to development of iodine deficiency disorders.

28. Pesticides/Insecticides Highly poisonous for humans and animals. Also they lower seed germination, plays a role in development of Parkinson’s disease, destruction of nerve cells in certain regions of brain resulting in loss of dopamine which is used by nerve cells to communicate with brain. Some of these are physical poisons, some are protoplasmic poisons causing liver damage, some are respiratory poisons and some are nerve poisons.

29. Aluminium (Al) Toxic specially for brain, sometimes may lead to Alzheimer’s disease in humans.

Diseases Due To Bacterial Pollution of Water

Sl. No.

Diseases Bacteria I Virus I Protozoa I Worm

1. Water borne diseases: Bacterial: Typhoid Cholera Paratyphoid Gastroenteritis Bacterial dysentery

Salmonella typhi Vibrio cholerae Salmonella

parayphi Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

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Viral: Infectious hepatitis Poliomycetis Diarrhoea Other enteric diseases (Protozoan): Amoebic dysentery Other* intestinal illness

Variety of Escherichia coli

Hepatitis—A virus

Polio virus

Rota-virus, Norwalk agent, other virus

Echono-virus, Coxsackie-virus

Ent-amoeba hystolitica

Protozoa Glardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp.

2. Water-washed diseases: Sabies Trachoma Bacillary dysentery

Various skin fungus species

Trachoma infecting eyes

E. coli*

3. Water based diseases: Schistosomiasis Guinea worm

Schistosoma sp. Guinea worm

4. Infection through water related insect vectors: Sleeping sickness Malaria

Trypanosoma through tsetse fly

Plasmodium through Anaphelis

5. Infections due to defective sanitationI polluted water: Hookworms

Hookworms, Ascaris

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ANNEXURE-33

IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND

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Annexure-33 IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND

1. Different Case studies: Sukinda mines

Sukinda chromite valley is one of the largest chromite deposits of the country and produces nearly 8% of chromite ore. Leachate study clearly shows that the soil lying in the vicinity of mine waste dump shows highest concentration

of Cr+6.

2. Effect of deteriorating environment on the communities residing near mining areas:

The health hazards, degeneration of the health conditions of the people especially tribal women and children and water contamination is one of the most serious impacts of coal mining in Jharkhand and other mining in like stone mining, uranium mining etc.

Radioactive wastes enters village in Jadugoda in Jharkhand State.

Owing to the record 338.1 mm rainfall on June 17, 2008 in Jharkhand State of India, maximum in the past six decades, radioactive wastes from the tailing pond of Turamdih uranium mines on the outskirts of the Jamshedpur city has reportedly spilled over into the village ponds, wells and fields. According to the sources, the spillover was obvious due to torrential rain as there is no way to divert the water flowing into the village.

Health Impacts Due To Uranium Mining In Jadugoda:

Exposure to nuclear radiation is affecting the health of miners and villagers at Jadugoda in Singhbhum district, which is India’s first uranium mine. Jadugoda, literally meaning "magic land", intrigues an outsider. A health survey carried out by the State Health Department, to investigate the radiation effects, found 31 out of 712 people to be suffering from health disorders, which may be due to exposure to radiation. The diseases include blood in cough, ulcer, swelling of bone joints, asthma, eye problems, etc.

Case study of Coalfield

Jharkhand is an area of abundant coalmines. Most of the coalmines are situated in Hazaribag, Chatra, Palamau, Rajmahal, Dhanbad and Ranchi district. Mighty Damodar River and its tributaries flow through these coalmines.

Health impact due to stone mining in and around Ranchi city. Experience of miners on health condition

They always complain about cough and cold. Malaria is very common in the mining areas.

Case study of Roro asbestos mining area:

Roro hills is located about 20 kilometers west of Chaibasa, the district headquarters of West Singhbum, Jharkhand.

The region has had an active history of mining operations for about seven decades starting with the mining of magnetite. Roro hills were mined for chromite and asbestos by big industrial houses.

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Interview with ex-workers from the Roro mines from Roro and Tilaisud villages revealed that most of them had suffered or are suffering from low back pains, blindness or severely reduced vision, and respiratory illnesses.

3. KEY IMPACTS ON FOREST:

To create new area for mining forest cover has been removed. In some areas especially in Tupudana area in Ranchi district no trace of forest are seen.

3.1 Major mining industries responsible for deterioration of Environment:

Among the above mentioned minerals, coal, bauxite, iron-ore, asbestos and uranium mining are more responsible for deterioration of local environment in Jharkhand State of India. Mining projects, in general, give rise to potential environmental impacts and in scoping exercise, the following environmental components (attributes) which are usually impacted as result of above listed activities must be considered :

Landuse

Landscape

Socio-economic

Water resources/hydrology

Water quality

Air and dust

Noise and vibrations Ecology Flora & fauna: Risk/hazards

Public health and safety

3.2 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

Anticipated (predicted) environmental impacts should be based on the experience gained in similar type of mines under similar conditions. Scientific data from the working mines to substantiate the anticipation shall also be furnished. The major anticipated impacts generally encountered in various components of development (as already listed in scoping) are summarised below.

(a) Land use

The major direct impacts on existing land use during the pre-mining phase are the removal of vegetation and resettlement of displaced population. There may also be landuse changes with respect to agriculture, fisheries, recreation sites, housing, forestry areas etc. Land reclamation/restoration of mined out lands may give rise to enhanced beneficial land use.

(b) Landscape There exists major environment impacts due to landscape disruption particularly visuals (unsighty huge dumps, voids, mine structures, subsidence, mine fires etc.). During mining and post mining phases drastic changes in landscape with landforms take place.

(c) Major associated impacts

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Major associated impacts are soil-erosion, loss of top soil, change in complete geology, creation of huge dumps & voids, disposal of wastes, deforestation etc Land reclamation/restoration may provide better landuse and landscape with considerations to environmental management

(d) Socio-economic

The major beneficial impacts of mining projects are change in employment & income opportunity, infrastructure, community development, communication, transport, educational, commercial, recreational and medical facilities. The major adverse impact, however, is the displacement and rehabilitation/resettlement of affected people including change in culture, heritage & related features. The crime and illicit activities also prop-up due to sudden economic development of the area.

(e) Hydrology/water resources

The major adverse impacts are changes in ground water flow patterns, lowering of water table, changes in the hydrodynamic conditions of river/underground recharge basings, reduction in volumes of subsurface discharge to water bodies/ rivers, disruption & diversion of water courses/drainages, contamination of water bodies, affecting the yield of water from bore wells and dugwells, land subsidence etc.

(f) Water quality

The major impacts are water pollution due to erosion, oil & grease, contamination of water bodies due to discharge of mine water/effluents, pollution from domestic & sewage effluents, sedimentation of rivers and other stored water bodies, leachates from wash-off from dumps, solid waste disposal sites, broken rocks, toxic wastes, salinity from mine fires, acid mine drainage etc.

(g) Air Quality

The major adverse impact is the high intensity of dust nuisance problems such as visuals, soiling and degradation of materials etc. The major sources activities of dust emissions are drilling & blasting, overburden removal, haul roads, coal extraction, transportation, reclamation activities and also erosion from dumps, coal yards, waste disposal areas. Other impacts are gaseous emissions, exhaust from HEMM & other transport vehicles.

(h) Noise and Vibrations

The major adverse impacts during pre-mining and mining phases are generation of obnoxious levels of noise & vibrations which also spread in neighbouring communities. The other impacts are occupational health hazards, damage to structures, disruption in wildlife etc.

(i) Ecology (flora & fauna)

The major adverse impacts due to pre-mining and mining phases are loss of habitat, biodiversity, rare flora & fauna, fisheries & other aquatic life, migration of wildlife and overall disruption of the ecology of the area. During post-mining phase after land restoration, ecology may effectively improve.

(j) Risks and hazards

Risks and hazards arise mainly from blasting and mine occupational activities and are well established. Blasting may effect the mine workers as well as people residing in the vicinity of mine and dependent upon the type & quantity of explosives used, pit geology, topography and confinement of the blast. Various respirable diseases due to occupational hazards associated with mining operations are quite infamous. Workers are also put in various risky jobs in typified mine works.

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There also exists risks and hazards of mine accidents (roof fall, explosions, inundations, rock bursts etc.). Vibrations and fly rock as a result of blasting and rock fragmentation give rise to serious risk of accidents and damage to structures.

(k) Significance of Impacts

After anticipation (prediction) of impacts, it is necessary to assess their significance. The assessment needs to reflect the particular local characteristics of the area proposed for the mining project. Some of the issues associated with the mining projects may have profound impacts on local people and their views need to be considered to avoid complications regarding the R&R package, employment opportunities, public health & safety etc. Criteria which are useful in assessment of impacts may be based on the following: • Legal requirements/environmental standards • Guidelines covering the design and construction of new infrastructure, R&R packages, compensation etc. • Need for providing mitigation measures including guidelines for the reclamation of mined out areas, dumps and other disused areas.

4. IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION

Mining is one of the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation, as commercially valuable minerals are often found in the ground beneath forests. Large-scale, open-pit mining operations can result in significant deforestation through forest clearing in order to access mineral deposits and to open remote forest areas for miners. Infrastructure built for transient mine workers—roads, tunnels, and dams—also has an Community Protests against Mining Companies Civil society and local communities in Asia have been actively protesting mining activities that cause water pollution and illnesses. Large quantities of timber are often used as supports in mine shafts and in tunnels, in the case of underground mines, and as fuel for operating mines. This link is a major concern for India, where forest lands have been increasingly designated as mines in the last decade. Between 1980 and 1997, the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) only granted forest clearances for 317 mines, which destroyed a total of 34,527 hectares of forest area. By contrast, from 1998 to 2005, the ministry cleared 881 mining projects in forest areas, destroying 60,476 hectares of forest area. In 1984, the Government of India introduced the Damodar Valley Project to control the flooding by using the water to generate hydro and thermal power. Industrialization came to valley promising a better future with no floods and electricity for all. A little over 25 years have passed and it has now become one of the most polluted river basins in the world. The Damodar river flows across some of the most mineral rich parts of the country – the Chota Nagpur plateau with its reserves of mica, bauxite, copper, iron ore, lime stone and coal. It had the raw materials that laid the foundation of India’s industrial revolution. The majority of the coal consumed in the country is mined from the region. The land has become the base for hundreds of industrial units. With mines, washeries, furnaces and the infrastructure, coal spawned an industry of its own. Setting up a coal mine destroys the immediate landscape. There is large scale deforestation and the quality of the land and soil is irreparably affected. The mine renders it unfit for any other purpose. The altering of land depletes the ground water. Dust and coal particles released in the mining and processing of the coal pollutes the air. They are a health hazard known to cause severe respiratory ailments. The gases that emanate from the mines are greenhouse gases that contribute towards global warming. The toxic drainage and loose soil not only pollutes the nearby sources of water but also finds its way to the ground water reserves damaging the quality of water. Apart from deforestation being largely associated with mining, particularly in the context of Jharkhand, there are many more reasons for occurrence of deforestation and far more implications than just uprooting of trees, like:

4.1 Atmospheric

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Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of world's oxygen. Forests are also able to extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability

4.2 Hydrological

Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue. Shrinking forest cover lessens the landscape's capacity to intercept, retain and transpire precipitation. Instead of trapping precipitation, which then percolates to groundwater systems, deforested areas become sources of surface water runoff, which moves much faster than subsurface flows. That quicker transport of surface water can translate into flash flooding and more localized floods than would occur with the forest cover. Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:

their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception);

their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff;

their roots create macropores – large conduits – in the soil that increase infiltration of water;

they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via transpiration;

their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the capacity of soil to store water.

their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.

4.3 Soil

Undisturbed forests have a very low rate of soil loss, approximately 2 metric tons per square kilometer (6 short tons per square mile. Deforestation generally increases rates of soil erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. Tree roots bind soil together, and if the soil is sufficiently shallow they act to keep the soil in place by also binding with underlying bedrock. Tree removal on steep slopes with shallow soil thus increases the risk of landslides, which can threaten people living nearby.

4.4 Biodiversity

Deforestation on a human scale results in decline in biodiversity and on a natural global scale is known to cause the extinction of many species. The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation

4.5 Economic impact

Damage to forests and other aspects of nature could halve living standards for the world's poor and reduce global GDP. Historically, utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, has played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper. In developing countries almost three billion people rely

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_content


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity


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on wood for heating and cooking.]The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and

developing countries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

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ANNEXURE-34

THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS

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Annexure-34 THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS

2.1.1 Regional Analysis of Data of Palamu, Garwa And Giridih

a. Introduction

This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 120 sample households in the sample villages of Palamu {Kankari (Existing) & Nimia, Sudna (Proposed)}, Garwa {Kalyanpur (proposed), Pratappur, Darmi, Patsa, Gidha (Existing)} and Giridih (Bagodar (existing), Gadi (proposed). The region is primarily sandy soil with rocky and hilly terrain.

b. Water Supply

The graph below shows that HPs are prominent mean of water supply in the region followed by open well. It indicates that water supply in the region in dependent on groundwater. However in Palamu surface water is being used as water supply source. Cases are observed that few villagers use both HP and open wells for drinking water supply. Thus those villages are counted in both the options. The graph explains that the water supply through panchayat taps is limited in only villages. In Nimia and Sudna, few villagers use water from taps of adjoining panchayat/town.

c. Type of Scheme

Water supply schemes are generally SVS except in case of proposed villages of Palamu (Nimia, Sudna) and existing water supply scheme in Garwa (Pratappur, Patsa, Gidha and Darmi).

d. Scheme Sources

More than 60% population in the region is dependent on hand pumps for water supply except for Bagodar village in Palamu where more than 80% population consumes water from OHT.

e. Quantity of Water

Water quantity is perceived to be good in Garwa and Giridih but very poor in Palamu. Summer seasons are extremely water deficit.

f. Quality of Water

Visibly water quality is good but presence of fluoride and iron is prominent in Palamu and Garwa. Iron is main cause of water contamination in ground water in Giridih. Thus water supply schemes should address these issues.

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

Ga

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Ka

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Ka

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np

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Pe

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Sample Villages

Sources of Drinking Water Supply

Tap

Hand pump

Open well

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g. Water Treatment and Handling Practices

Except for Bagodar in Palamu, more than 50% villagers do not resort to any of water treatment options. Bagodar being close to a big city and grand trunk road is supplied with water from OHT. This water is generally treated with sand filters and further the villagers are economically capable to purchase sand filters at domestic level. Among handling practices, most of the villagers employ lids to cover the water storage pots. Mugs are generally used to take out water for any purpose.

h. Sanitation

h1. Latrine Ownership

Nearly 50% of the sampled villagers defecate in open areas in the region. However as high as 95% in Gadi resort to open defecation. These figures indicate the lack of ISLs in the region. Bagodar being the only village where more than 90% villagers use ISLs.

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

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Sample Villages

Water Treatment Options

Yes

No

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

Gadi

Ba

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Sample villages

Status of Defecation in Villages of Garwa, Palamu and Giridih

ISL

OPEN

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h2. Latrine Usage and Open Defecation

All the villagers have shown interests in using ISLs of their own. But it also depends on the design criteria of the ISLs because in Kankari villagers stopped using the ISLs due to lack of roof, and unsuitable design. Defecating near water bodies and open land is a common practice.

h3. Personal Hygiene

Villagers in the region observe safe hygiene practices with daily bathing and washing of hands. The graph below shows the percent users of soap and mud. However depending on the poverty status villagers use soap or mud.

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Gadi

Ka

nkari

Ka

lyanpurP

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Sample Villages

Locations of Defecation

Near water

Slope ground

Other (field)

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

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Sample Villages

Options for Washing Hands

Soap

Mud

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

Gadi

Ba

godar

Ka

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i. Solid Waste Disposal

A proper solid waste disposal system is lacking in the region. Majority of the villages practice open dumping (either in front of houses or on streets or in pits). Burning is opted only by few villagers and compost pit is rarely used in the region. Kalyanpur villagers have largely adopted compost pit system.

j. Waste Water Disposal

The region is negligibly covered by paved drainages. Unpaved drains and soak pits are used to collect waste water. Most the water from unpaved drains from inside the houses is allowed to move on to the streets. Thus concrete drainages need to be built in the region.

k. Sewage Disposal

There is absence of any kind sewage system in the region.

l. Fodder Waste/ Dung Disposal

Except for kalyanpur village in Garwa, maximum villagers of the region do not resort to vermicompost or any kind compost system.

m. Awareness of Water Borne Diseases

Villagers are aware about the water borne diseases such as malaria, dysentery and jaundice. They are also aware about the presence of fluoride and iron in the ground water sources.

n. Conclusion

Water supply in the region is limited by quality (iron and fluoride) and quantity (summer seasons). Thus proper measures need to be taken if alternate mean of water supply is planned. Example: If ground water sources are opted for water supply in Palamu and Garwa then mitigation measures for fluoride removal is a must.

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Depending on terrain, construction of small catchments and dams can prove to be beneficial and they can also reduce pressures from existing water supply schemes.

Location of water supply points and timings of water supply must be regulated according to the population needs.

Construction of ISLs should be based on proper design so that the usage is optimum.

Best examples from Bagodar and Kalyanpur can be implemented in other villages too.

Region lacks drainages and sewarage systems.

Overall hygiene status is good.

Measures for waste management and compost pits should be initiated.

Villagers are willing to pay for the development and maintenance of the systems.

Community level latrines can also be beneficial and they should be built in common places such as bus stops and key market areas.

2.1.2 Regional Analysis of Data for Dumka, Godda and Jamtara Districts

a. Introduction

This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 20 sample households each in the sample villages of Dumka, Godda and Jamtara. The total population of the villages based on 2001 census is 12899. The region is primarily hilly with gravel, rocky and sandy soil.

b. Water Supply

c. Type of Scheme

An analysis of source of water supply vis-à-vis SVS, MVS, and HP’s has been made and the results are discussed below. Water supply in Masalia, Bhatondha and Bewa is under SVS and is primary based on ground water. Among other sources are hand pump, open wells, nearby river and artesian wells. Water is distributed through an OHT to the residents of the villages.

Table1: Village summary

Masalia Haroraydih Bhatondha Hathihariyari Beoa Bagjuri

Block Masalia Masalia Poraiyahat Poraiyahat Jamtara Jamtara

District Dumka Dumka Godda Godda Jamtara Jamtara

Area (Hectares)

229 259 880 763 674 278

Population (2001)

649 1552 2809 1665 3880 2344

DWS* Yes No Yes No Yes No

Terrain Hilly Hilly Plain Plain Plain Hilly

Soil Sandy Sandy Clay Clay Rock Gravel

*Drinking Water Supply

Water is distributed twice a day in morning and evening. Treatment of OHT supply water is observed in only Beoa village of Jamtara district. In Masalia and Bagjuri no treatment is being done to the OHT supply water. Haroraydih, Hathihariyari and Bagjuri are the proposed villages for drinking water supply schemes respectively from Dumka, Godda and Jamtara districts. Water sources are mainly hand pumps and open wells, nearby river and artesian wells. Filtration using cloth treatment is observed in nearly all the villages. Based on the survey the water quality is

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perceived to be good. Water problem is observed during summer seasons, when water scarcity arises in some villages due to the low ground water level and absence of alternative water sources.

d. Scheme Sources

The drinking water supply schemes in villages are SVS scheme. These schemes are mainly dependent on ground water source

.

Fig1: Drinking Water Sources

Among the sampled HH in Dumka district OHT supply, hand pump and open wells are found to be the main sources of drinking water. Masalia, which has an existing drinking water supply scheme shows the following trends, nearly 45% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps as source of water, 30% are dependent on public open wells and 25% are dependent on OHT supply. Haroraydih is the proposed village for drinking water supply scheme in Dumka district. In the village majority 90% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps for drinking water. The remaining 10% sampled HH use water from public open well.

In Godda district Bhatondh is the sampled village with existing drinking water supply scheme. The scheme is of SVS type. In Bhatondha, nearly 60% are dependent on hand pumps as source of water, 25% are dependent on nearby river and 15% are dependent on OHT supply. Hathihariyari is the village of Godda district which is without drinking water supply supply scheme. Here all the sampled HH nearly 99% use Artesian wells for obtaining drinking water. There are two artesian wells are present in this village. Hand pumps are also present in village but people prefer to take water from those artesian wells due to easiness in access of water.

In Jamtara district Beoa village is with SVS type drinking water supply scheme. Among the sampled HH in Beoa, nearly 70% are dependent on hand pumps as source of water, 5% are dependent on public open wells and 25% are dependent on OHT supply. Another village of the district without drinking water supply scheme is the Bagjuri. In Bagjuri village majority 65% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps for water. The remaining 35% sampled HH use water from public open well.


In Dumka, HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT supply that is operational twice a day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However Haroraydih also witnesses optimum amount of water due to multiple sources of water. The situation gets grave in summer seasons.

In Godda district sampled HH of Bhatondha village, face scarcity of water due to unavailability of ample amount of water sources. Although there is supply of water from OHT supply scheme but is not fully functional. However the

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village Hathihariyari witnesses optimum amount of water due to presence of two artesian wells. The water flows out continuously from these wells and drains to nearby fields. The situation in summer seasons is also good due to artesian well.

In Jamtara district Beoa village has SVS type drinking water supply scheme. In Beoa samples HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT that is operational twice a day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However Bagjuri also witnesses optimum amount of water due to multiple sources of water. The situation gets grave in summer seasons.

f. Quality of Water

Based on the prior knowledge and experience of respondents and their visual and sensory observation of drinking water, the quality of water is classified into two categories: Good (sweet, color less, odorless) and Bad (salty/sour, colored, odor, fluoride content). All the sampled HH of Dumka, Godda and Jamtara perceive that the water is good as it is colorless and odorless. However they feel that the water is heavy and at times they filter the water using cotton cloth or boil the water before use.


Water treatment practices are not popular at household level. Different types were shown by all three districts but cloth filtering is observed in all the villages.

In Dumka district only 70% sampled HH in Masalia treat water. Nearly 55% residents usecloth filtering and

Fig 2: Water treatment practices

remaining 15%boil water for drinking. Open wells are treated with chlorine or bleaching powder as and when required. Among safe practices more than 95% cover their water filled pots or utensils and the remaining left it open. While another village Haroraydih reflects that nearly 45% of the surveyed HH treat the water before consumption. All the 45% of sampled HH use cloth filtering and no one found the practice of boiling the water. Nearly 55% residents consume drinking water without any treatment. Villagers use lid to cover the stored water and at times use ladle and customized pots for using water.

In Godda district both the villages shown high rate of not filtering water. Nearly 65% sampled HH in Bhatondha and 60% sampled HH in Hathihariyari do not treat water before consumption. Those residents treat water mostly use cloth filtering technique 25% sampled HH in Bahtondha and 40% sampled residents in Hathihariyari use cloth filtering technique for treating the water. Boiling practice was only observed in Bhatondha where 10% sampled residents used to boil water before consumption.

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In Jamtara district Beoa village very less number of peoples treats water. Nearly 70% sampled HH do not treat water while in Bagjuri only 20% sampled HH do not treat water. It shows that Bagjuri has a high rate of water treatment. In Beoa and Bagjuri 25% and 75% sampled HH use cloth filtering technique respectively. The boiling practice was shown by 5% sampled HH in both the villages.

h. Sanitation


Defeaction practices found as usual as the rest of the villages of Jharkhand. People prefer to go in open. Very less percentage of sampled HH has Individual Sanitary Latrines (ISLs).

Masalia and Haroraydih both the villages of Dumka shows same trend of defecation practices. Nearly 15% sampled HH have their own ISLs in and nearly 85% sampled HH practice open defecation in both the villages.

Fig3: Defecation practices


On a regional basis we can say that very less amount of people has ISL facility. Godda shows the worst scene of the sanitation facility in this region where in Bhatondha village only 5% peoples have ISL facility. Beoa shows the highest percentage of ISL facility nearly 25% of sampled HH in Jamtara district. Beoa in Jamtara district shows minimum percentage 75% of open defecation and Bhatondha in Godda district shows highest percentage of open defecation practice with 95%. After the public discussion in all the sampled villages, it reflected that peoples are not much excited about making their own ISLs. The region behind is the cost involved in the construction of ISL facility. Peoples are not so economically strong to pay the funds for construction of ISL facility. They wanted Government to make ISL facility for them. Government started to assist poor peoples of BPL level by giving them funds to make their ISL. But the quality and strength of that constructed structure is very cheap, so peoples prefer to go in open rather than using those ISLs


Peoples generally use soap, mud and ash for cleaning their hands after defecation and before and after taking their foods. This practice was seen in all the three districts of this region. 50% residents of Beoa village use soap for cleaning their hand. Both the villages of Jamtara show good number of peoples using soap with 50% in Beoa and 35% in Bagjuri. In Godda and Dumka districts 80% peoples use mud for cleaning their hands.

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Fig4: Hand cleaning practices Few number of peoples found using ash for cleaning their hands. In both the villages of Jamtara it is 5% and 10% respectively in Beoa and Bagjuri. Another village is Masalia in Dumka district where 5% peoples found using ash for hand cleaning.


Indoor bins are generally not used fot the collection of solid waste. The household wastes are directly thrown to backyards, compost pit, in front of their houses or in streets. Highest number of people throws their solid waste in their backyards. The figures show that Hathihariyari village of Godda district have 85% residents who throw their waste in their backyards. Practice of making compost pit was not seen in Dumka and Godda districts. But in Jamtara district both the villages Beoa and Bagjuri have 20% residents who throw their solid waste in compost pit. Peoples also have habits to throw waste outside on lane or in front of their houses. In Dumka Haroraydih village have the highest number of people i.e.45%, who used to throw their waste outside on lane. Bhataundha in Godda district has lowest 10% residents who throw waste outside on lane.

Fig5: Solid Waste disposal practices

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For waste water disposal generally two methods are practiced in sample districts. First is to use drain and the other is to make a soak pit. In this region nearly all districts show same trends, i.e. most number of peoples use drain for waste water disposal. In Dumka district 90% peoples dispose their waste water in drains.

Fig6: Waste Water disposal practices

These are not concrete drains but temporary drains which lead to Front Street or to their backyards. In Jamtara district 70% peoples found to use darins. In these villages most people’s use soak pit for waste water disposal. In Jamtara district it is 40%and 30% respectively in Beoa and Bagjuri.

k. Sewage Disposal

Sewage disposal is completely absent in the all three district of this region. It is found that generally residents of Jamtara and Dumka who have ISL, dispose the sewage in pit/ septic tank made for ISL.


Use of compost pits for fodder and dung disposal was practiced among the surveyed HH in all the three districts of this region. People dig a 3x3ft. pit in which they dispose fodder waste time to time, generally daily, and when it filled completely they used to cover it by a thin layer of soil. After 1-2 months they use this manure in their crop fields.


Villagers in all the three districts were aware of water borne diseases specially malaria, jaundice and dysentery. However they discussed that special training or awareness programme was not conducted in their village.

n. Conclusion

• There are multiple sources of water supply and different type of schemes. • 100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based. • 50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level. • Only 13% of sample household have latrines. • Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food. • 45% household throws solid waste in their backyards. • 10% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal. • A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.

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o. Issues identified during Village level Public Consultations

Environmental Science and Engineering department at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi has conducted the Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. During the fieldwork consultations were conducted in the 2 sample villages using focus group discussions in January 2013. Stakeholders who were involved in public consultation are the Gram Mukhiyas and Sacheev, person nominated from PHED office, members from mahila mandal and common villagers.

The issues brought out in these consultations are listed below:

p. Water Supply Related

Dumka

Inadequate water supply and sometimes over flow of water in OHT.

Water connection is taken by very less peoples.

Water quality is perceived to be good, only few hand pumps have iron problem.

Problems arise due to power failures as filling up the OHT takes time.

Water stand points do not have concrete base.

Disruptions in Water Supply.

Limited number of hand pumps and open wells are other sources of drinking water.

Water quality is perceived to be good.

More than 25% hand pumps are not in running condition.

Groundwater level reduced to 100ft during last 10 years. Godda

Inadequate water supply in OHT supply.





Water supply line not spreads up to all areas of village.


Limited number of hand pumps and wells are sources of drinking water.

Two number of artesian well are present in a distance of 500m in Hathihariyari village.

Continuously water flows out from the artesian wells.


Most of the hand pumps are not in running condition.

Groundwater level reduced to 70ft during last 10 years.

Jamtara

Inadequate water supply and sometimes over flow of water.


Location of water stand out points are not adequate.



Disruptions in Water Supply: Inadequate water supply during summer.



Groundwater level reduced to 50-60ft during last 10 years

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q. Sanitation Related

Dumka

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages Masalia and Haroraydih.

Open defecation is observed largely.

Poorness is the main reason of not having ISLs.

Low coverage of drains, Stagnation of sullage, wastewater stagnation in streets.

Improper solid waste disposal.

Burning of solid waste.

No awareness generation programmers were conducted by local administration. Godda

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages Bhatondha and Hathihariyari.





No awareness generation programmers were conducted by local administration. Jamtara

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages Beoa and Bagjuri.


Poorness is the main reason of not making ISLs.


No awareness generation programmers were conducted by local administration.

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2.1.3 Regional Analysis for Pakur and Sahibganj Districts

a. Introduction

This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 20 sample households in the sample villages of Pakur and Sahibganj district. The total population of the villages based on questionnaire is 15900. The region is primarily sloping with gravel, rocky and sandy soil.

b. Water Supply

c. Type of Scheme

An analysis of source of water supply vis-à-vis SVS, MVS, and HP’s has been made and the results are discussed below. Water supply in Pakur is under SVS and in Sahibgaj it is MVS. All these supply schemes are primarly based on ground water. Among other sources are hand pump, public open wells and individual open wells.. Water is distributed through an OHT to the residents of the villages.

Littipara Sangrampur Tinpahar Kanjigaon

Block Littipara Pakur Rajmahal Rajmahal

District Pakur Pakur Sahibganj Sahibganj

Area (Acres) 247 100 100 100

Population (2011) 2200 6000 4224 3500

DWS* Yes No Yes No

Terrain Plain Plain Hilly Sloping

Soil Rocky Sandy Rocky Gravel

Table1: Village summary *Drinking Water Supply

Water is distributed twice a day in morning and evening. Treatment of OHT supply water is observed in only Littipara village of Pakur district. Filtration using cloth treatment is observed in nearly all the villages. Based on the survey the water quality is perceived to be good. Water problem is observed during summer seasons, when water scarcity arises in some villages due to the low ground water level and absence of alternative water sources.

d. Scheme Sources

The drinking water supply schemes in villages are SVS and MVS both type of scheme. These schemes are mainly dependent on ground water source

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Fig1: Drinking Water Sources

Among the sampled HH in Pakur district OHT supply and hand pump are found to be the main sources of drinking water. Littipara, which has an existing drinking water supply scheme shows the following trends, nearly 90% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps as source of water and 10% are dependent on OHT supply. Sangrampur is the proposed village for drinking water supply scheme in Pakur district. In the village majority 99% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps for drinking water. In Sahibganj district Tinpahar is the sampled village with existing drinking water supply scheme. The scheme is of MVS type. In Tinpahar, only 40% are dependent on OHT supply. Rest of the residents use drinking water from public open wells and individual open wells. Kanjigaon is the village of Sahibganj district which is without drinking water supply scheme. Here majority of the sampled HH nearly 65% use hand pump for obtaining drinking water.


In Pakur, HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT supply that is operational twice a day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However in Sahibganj district sampled HH of face scarcity of water due to unavailability of ample amount of water sources. Although there is supply of water from OHT supply scheme but is not fairly functional. Presence of hand pump and open wells helps villagers to cope up with water scarcity during summer season.

f. Quality of Water

Based on the prior knowledge and experience of respondents and their visual and sensory observation of drinking water, the quality of water is classified into two categories: Good (sweet, color less, odorless) and Bad (salty/sour, colored, odor, fluoride content). All the sampled HH of Pakur and Sahibganj perceive that the water is moderate as it is colorless and odorless. However they feel that the water is heavy and at times they filter the water using cotton cloth. In some are of sampled village of Sahibganj perceive bad water quality.


Water treatment practices are not popular in household level. Different types of methods were shown by both districts but cloth filtering is observed at all the villages. In Pakur district only 20% sampled HH in Littipara treat water. Nearly 80% residents use

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cloth filtering for drinking water. Open wells are treated with chlorine or bleaching powder as and when required. Among safe practices more than 95% cover their water filled pots or utensils and the remaining left it open. While another village Sangrampur also reflects the same trend of treating water. Villagers use lid to cover the stored water and at times use ladle and customized pots for using water. In Sahibganj district both the villages shown low rate of not filtering water then Pakur district. Nearly 65% sampled HH in Tinpahar and only 15% sampled HH in Kanjigaon do not treat water before consumption. Those residents treat water mostly by using cloth filtering technique. Boiling practice was only observed in Kanjigaon where 5% sampled residents used to boil water before consumption.

h. Sanitation


Defecation practices found as usual as the rest of the villages of Jharkhand. People prefer to go in open. Very less percentage of sampled HH has Individual Sanitary Latrines (ISLs). Littipara and Sangrampur both the villages of Pakur shows nearly same trend of defecation practices. Nearly 10-15% sampled HH have their own ISLs in and remaining 85-90% sampled HH practice open defecation in both the villages. In Sahibganj district no of ISLs are good. In both the sampled villages it is found to be more than 50%. Due to this region the number of people going out for defecation is reduced to 50-60%.

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Peoples generally use soap, mud and ash for cleaning their hands after defecation and before and after taking their foods. This practice was seen in both districts of this region. Both the villages of Sahibganj show good number of peoples using soap with 40%. In Sahibganj and Pakur districts nearly 60-80% peoples use mud for cleaning their hands.

Fig4: Hand cleaning practices

Few number of peoples found using ash for cleaning their hands. Only in Kanjigaon village Sahibganj district where 5% peoples found using ash for hand cleaning.

h3. Solid Waste Disposal

The household wastes are directly thrown to backyards, compost pit, in front of their houses or in streets. Highest number of people throws their solid waste in their backyards. The figures show that nearly 60% residents throw their waste in their backyards in this Pakur Sahibganj region. Practice of making compost pit was not seen in Pakur districts. But in Sahibganj district one villages Kanjigaon have 20% residents who throw their solid waste in compost pit. Peoples also have habits to throw waste outside on lane or in front of their houses.


i. Waste Water Disposal

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For waste water disposal generally two methods are practiced in sample districts. First is to use drain and the other is to make a soak pit. In this region nearly all districts show same trends, i.e. most number of peoples use drain foe waste water disposal. In Pakur district 80% peoples dispose their waste water in drains.


These are not concrete drains but temporary drains which lead to Front Street or to their backyards. In Sahibganj district 90% peoples found to use drains. In these villages few people’s use soak pit for waste water disposal. In Pakur district it is 25% and 15% in Sahibganj.

j. Sewage Disposal

Sewage disposal is completely absent in both district of this region. It is found that generally residents of Sahibganj and Pakur who have ISL, dispose the sewage in pit/ septic tank made for ISL.

k. Fodder Waste/ Dung Disposal

Use of compost pits for fodder and dung disposal was practiced among the surveyed HH in both districts of this region. After 1-2 months they use this manure in their crop fields.

l. Awareness of Water Borne Diseases


m. Conclusion

Overall observation hints at good quality groundwater in both the districts, though during summer seasons, water scarcity arises in some villages due to the lowering of ground water level. Problem lies in supply system through pipeline, which can be implemented through proper planning. Another problem faced by villages of Sahibganj is that of Arsenic contamination mainly in the banks of river. Thus there is need for either discarding those sources or opting for proper treatment. Electricity and man-power shortage for supply of OHT water supply through pipeline supply can be effectively improved. There is an acute shortage and insufficiency of Individual Sanitary latrines for villagers in both the districts. Villagers are frustrated with lack of ISL and open defeacation. Though a number of times, construction of ISL has been proposed from Government policies, they have not been implemented in its true sense in these district’s villages. There is no sign of sewerage and drainage system in any of the villages in both the districts. Kucchha drains help in only draining the household water into the roads and backyard, but no proper drainage system with defined source and sink is present. Discrete composting has been observed in some household levels for cowdung, but proper composting for organic waste is basically absent. Absence of sewerage and drainage lead to contamination of the nearby water bodies severly, in turn affecting the health of the villagers using that water for bathing and washing purpose.Environmental

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awareness programmes need to be organized in these districts.During the fieldwork consultations were conducted in the 2 sample villages using focus group discussions in January 2013. Stakeholders who were involved in public consultation are the Gram Mukhiyas and Sacheev, person nominated from PHED office, members from mahila mandal and common villagers. Their opinions have also been incorporated in the above conclusions. PAKUR Water Supply Related

Inadequate water supply in many parts of Pakur lacking sufficient OHT supply and limited number of hand pumps.

Water quality is perceived to be mixed with good at few places and moderate at others with occasional iron, fluoride and suspended solids.



Disruptions in Water Supply due to electricity problems.

Groundwater level reduced slightly in last 10 years.

Sanitation Related

Inadequate number of ISLs in villages

Open defecation is observed largely mainly near abandoned land and water bodies

Poverty and mal implementation of schemes is the main reason of not having ISLs.




SAHIBGANJ Water Supply Related

Tinpahar

Main sources of water are hand pumps (specifically in Kanjigaon), individual and public wells, but inadequate water supply via OHT system is prominent.

Water quality is perceived to be more or less good except few places with TDS, arsenic and suspended solids. In market place of TinPahar the water is hard and water table is low.


Water supply line not spreaded to all areas of village.

Groundwater level reduced slightly in last 10 years.

Many handpumps are non-functional

Sanitation Related

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages Tinpahar and Kanjigaon.

Open defecation is observed significantly.

In Tinpahar due to large number of open defeacation process iin the slopes of the hills, during monsoon this becomes a source of contamination in the ndownslope regions and waterbodies.



Lack of ISLs is mainly due to poverty in some cases and awareness in others about sanination and health.

No awareness generation programmes were conducted by local administration.

2.1.4 Regional Analysis of Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela Districts

a. Introduction

This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 20 sample households in the sample villages of Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela. The total population of the villages based on 2001 census is 12899. The region is primarily hilly with gravel, rocky and sandy soil.

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b. Water Supply

c. Type of Scheme

An analysis of source of water supply vis-à-vis SVS, MVS, and HP’s has been made and the results are discussed below. Water supply in Dharma Bandh, Potka and Dugni is under SVS and is primary based on ground water. Among other sources are hand pump, open wells, nearby river and hand pump. Water is distributed through an OHT to the residents of the villages. Water is distributed twice a day in morning and evening. Treatment of OHT supply water is observed in only Dugni village of Saraikela district. In Dharma Bandh and Narayanpur no treatment is being done to the OHT supply water. Sinidih, Jharia and Narayanpur are the proposed villages for drinking water supply schemes respectively from Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela districts. Water sources are mainly hand pumps and open wells, nearby river and hand pump. Filtration using cloth treatment is observed in nearly all the villages. Based on the survey the water quality is perceived to be good. Water problem is observed during summer seasons, when water scarcity arises in some villages due to the low ground water level and absence of alternative water sources.

d. Scheme Sources

The drinking water supply schemes in villages are SVS scheme. These schemes are mainly dependent on ground water source

. Fig1: Drinking Water Sources

Among the sampled HH in Dhanbad district OHT supply, hand pump and open wells are found to be the main sources of drinking water. Dharma Bandh, which has an existing drinking water supply scheme shows the following trends, nearly 70% sampled HH are dependent on OHT supply as source of water, 20% are dependent on public open wells and 5% are dependent on hand pumps. Sinidih is the proposed village for drinking water supply scheme in Dhanbad district. In the village 20% sampled HH are dependent on hand pumps for drinking water. The remaining 30% sampled HH use water from public open well. In East Singbhum district Bhatondh is the sampled village with existing drinking water supply scheme. The scheme is of SVS type. In Potka, nearly 85% are dependent on hand pumps as source of water, 10% are dependent on open wells and 5% are dependent on OHT supply. Jharia is the village of East Singbhum district which is without drinking water supply supply scheme. Here all the sampled HH nearly 85% use hand pump for obtaining drinking water. Open wells are also present in village but people prefer to take water from those hand pump due to easiness in access of water. In Saraikela district Dugni village is with SVS type drinking water supply scheme. Among the sampled HH in Dugni, nearly 70% are dependent on hand pumps as source of water, 15% are dependent on public open wells and 15% are dependent on open wells. Another village of the district with drinking water supply scheme is the Narayanpur.

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In Narayanpur village majority 90% sampled HH are dependent on OHT supply for water. The remaining 10% sampled HH use water from hand pump.


In Dhanbad, HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT supply that is operational twice a day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However Sinidih also witnesses optimum amount of water due to multiple sources of water. The situation gets grave in summer seasons. In East Singbhum district sampled HH of Potka village, face scarcity of water due to unavailability of ample amount of water sources. Although there is supply of water from OHT supply scheme but is not fully functional. However the village Jharia witnesses optimum amount of water due to presence of two hand pump. The water flows out continuously from these wells and drains to nearby fields. The situation in summer seasons is also good due to artesian well. In Saraikela district Dugni village has SVS type drinking water supply scheme. In Dugni samples HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT that is operational twice a day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However Narayanpur also witnesses optimum amount of water due to multiple sources of water. The situation gets grave in summer seasons.

f. Quality of Water

Based on the prior knowledge and experience of respondents and their visual and sensory observation of drinking water, the quality of water is classified into two categories: Good (sweet, color less, odorless) and Bad (salty/sour, colored, odor, fluoride content). All the sampled HH of Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela perceive that the water is good as it is colorless and odorless. However they feel that the water is heavy and at times they filter the water using cotton cloth or boil the water before use.


Water treatment practices are not popular in household level. Different types were shown by all three districts but cloth filtering is observed at all the villages. In Dhanbad district only 75% sampled HH in Dharma Bandh treat water. Nearly 65% residents use


cloth filtering and remaining 10% used to boil water for drinking. Open wells are treated with chlorine or bleaching powder as and when required. Among safe practices more than 95% cover their water filled pots or utensils and the remaining left it open. While another village Sinidih reflects that nearly 55% of the surveyed HH treat the water before consumption. All the 35% of sampled HH use cloth filtering and 20% found the practice of boiling the water. Nearly 45% residents consume drinking water without any treatment. Villagers use lid to cover the stored water and at times use ladle and customized pots for using water.

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In East Singbhum district both the villages shown high rate of not filtering water. Nearly 30% sampled HH in Potka and 65% sampled HH in Jharia do not treat water before consumption. Those residents treat water mostly use cloth filtering technique 65% sampled HH in Potka and 35% sampled residents in Jharia use cloth filtering technique for treating the water. Boiling practice was only observed in Potka where 5% sampled residents used to boil water before consumption. In Saraikela district Dugni village very less number of peoples treats water. Nearly 40% sampled HH do not treat water while in Narayanpur only 45% sampled HH do not treat water. It shows that Narayanpur has a high rate of water treatment. In Dugni and Narayanpur 40% and 45% sampled HH use cloth filtering technique respectively. The boiling practice was shown by 20% sampled HH in Dugni village.

h. Sanitation


Defeaction practices found as usual as the rest of the villages of Jharkhand. People prefer to go in open. Very less percentage of sampled HH has Individual Sanitary Latrines (ISLs). Dharma Bandh and Sinidih both the villages of Dhanbad shows same trend of defecation practices. Nearly 25% sampled HH have their own ISLs in and nearly 75% sampled HH practice open defecation in both the villages.



On a regional basis we can say that very less amount of people has ISL facility. East Singbhum shows the worst scene of the sanitation facility in this region where in Potka village only 25% peoples have ISL facility. Narayanpur shows the highest percentage of ISL facility nearly 40% of sampled HH . Narayanpur shows minimum percentage 60% of open defecation and Jharia shows highest percentage of open defecation practice with 90%. After the public discussion in all the sampled villages, it reflected that peoples are not much excited about making their own ISLs. The region behind is the cost involved in the construction of ISL facility. Peoples are not so economically strong to pay the funds for construction of ISL facility. They wanted Government to make ISL facility for them. Government started to assist poor peoples of BPL level by giving them funds to make their ISL. But the quality and strength of that constructed structure is very cheap, so peoples prefer to go in open rather than using those ISLs


Peoples generally use soap, mud and ash for cleaning their hands after defecation and before and after taking their foods. This practice was seen in all the three districts of this region. 50% residents of Dugni village use soap for cleaning their hand. Both the villages of Saraikela show good number of peoples using soap with 30% in Dugni and 55% in Narayanpur. In East Singbhum and Dhanbad districts 50% peoples use mud for cleaning their hands.

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Fig4: Hand cleaning practices

Few number of peoples found using ash for cleaning their hands. In both the villages of Saraikela it is 10% each in Dugni and Narayanpur. Another village is Dharma Bandh in Dhanbad district where 10% peoples found using ash for hand cleaning.


Indoor bins are generally not used fot the collection of solid waste. The household wastes are directly thrown to backyards, compost pit, in front of their houses or in streets. Highest number of people throws their solid waste in their backyards. The figures show that. Practice of making compost pit was seen in Dhanbad and East Singbhum districts. But in Saraikela district villages Dugni and have 30% residents who throw their solid waste in compost pit. Peoples also have habits to throw waste outside on lane or in front of their houses. In Dugni village have the highest number of people i.e.75%, who used to throw their waste outside on lane.



For waste water disposal generally two methods are practiced in sample districts. First is to use drain and the other is to make a soak pit. In this region nearly all districts show same trends, i.e. most number of peoples use drain for waste water disposal. In Dhanbad district 55% peoples dispose their waste water in drains.

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These are not concrete drains but temporary drains which lead to Front Street or to their backyards. In Saraikela district 80% peoples found to use darins. In these villages most people’s use soak pit for waste water disposal. In Saraikela district it is 20%and 15% respectively in Dugni and Narayanpur.

k. Sewage Disposal

Sewage disposal is completely absent in the all three district of this region. It is found that generally residents of Saraikela and Dhanbad who have ISL, dispose the sewage in pit/ septic tank made for ISL.


Use of compost pits for fodder and dung disposal was practiced among the surveyed HH in all the three districts of this region. People dig a 3x3ft. pit in which they dispose fodder waste time to time, generally daily, and when it filled completely they used to cover it by a thin layer of soil. After 1-2 months they use this manure in their crop fields.



n. Conclusion

There are multiple sources of water supply and different type of schemes.

100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based.

50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level.

Only 20% of sample household have latrines.

Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food.

45% household throws solid waste in outside on lane.

20% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal.

A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.


Environmental Science and Engineering department at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi has conducted the Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. During the fieldwork consultations were conducted in the 2 sample villages using focus group discussions in January 2013. Stakeholders who were involved in public consultation are the Gram Mukhiyas and Sacheev, person nominated from PHED office, members from mahila mandal and common villagers.

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Drain Soak Pit

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The issues brought out in these consultations are listed below: Water Supply Related

Dhanbad

Good mine water quality, ground water quality and quantity in Dharmabandh

HH connections missing. Common stand out points are observed.

HHs are satisfied with the performance of common stand out points.

HHs willing to pay for individual HH water connections.

Water quality needs to be checked in Sinidih that has limited water sources, primarily Hand pumps. Villagers dependant on BCCL colony for water. East Singbhum

Inadequate water supply in OHT supply.







Limited number of hand pumps and wells are sources of drinking water.

Two number of artesian well are present in a distance of 500m in Jharia village.

Continuously water flows out from the hand pump.


Most of the hand pumps are not in running condition.

Groundwater level reduced to 70ft during last 10 years. Saraikela

Inadequate water supply and sometimes over flow of water.


Location of water stand out points are not adequate.



Disruptions in Water Supply: Inadequate water supply during summer.



Groundwater level reduced to 50-60ft during last 10 years

Sanitation Related Dhanbad

Inadequate number of ISLs


Poverty is the main reason of not having ISLs.


Improper solid waste disposal. East Singbhum

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages.






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Saraikela

Inadequate number of ISLs in both the villages.


Poorness is the main reason of not making ISLs.



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2.1.5 Regional Analysis of Data Sheet for Dhanbad

a. Introduction

The objectives of the primary data collection through household survey is to know water supply and sanitation situation in the sample villages, to gauge the extent of quantity and quality issues and to know the people’s perceptions on the services. This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 40 sample households in the sample villages of Dharmabandh (Existing) and Sinidih (Proposed) in Dhanbad. The total population the sampled villages are approximately 5000 of which 3500 is for Dharmaband and no statistics was provided for Sinidih thus an assumption has been taken into account. Water table in Dharmaband is at around 50-100ft whereas for Sinidih it is observed from 80-200ft.

Plate 1: Questionaire Survey in Progress in Sinidih

b. Water Supply

c. Type of Scheme

The water supply schemes in both the villages is SVS. The existing as well as proposed water supply in the region is based on Mine pit water supply connected to a OHT and then distributed through a gravity based system.

d. Scheme Sources

The main source of water supply is through OHT and then stand out points are present across the village of Dharmaband. Nearly 90% region is supplied by OHT/ Tap water.

Fig1: Drinking Water Sources in Dharmaband

The villagers in the proposed village of Sinidih is dependant on BCCL’s water supply points. These water points are available only for BCCL employees but the other villagers too take water from these points. HP are other sources of water.

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Tap Hand pump Open well

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Fig2: Drinking Water Sources in Sinidih

Plate 1: Water Stand out point in Dharmabandh


The HPs dry up in summers in Sinidih and the water table lowers down. In Dharmabandh the water quanitity is considered good but the villagers were not able to disclose the area where the water table quanitity could be good.

f. Quality of Water

The villagers perceive the quality of water as poor in Sinidih due to heaviness whereas in Dharmabandh the water quality is considered good. Water quality test is required for Sinidih village.


In Dhanbad district nearly 75% sampled HH in Dharma Bandh treat water whereas only 45% resort to any kind of treatment in Sinidih village.

Fig 3: Water Treatment in Dharmaband

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Fig 4: Water treatment in Sinidih

Cloth filtering is generally employed for tap water and hand pumps but for open wells chlorine tablets are also used.

h. Sanitation


Open defecation practices is common in Dharmaband with nearly 75% sampled HH defecating in open. In Sinidih nearly 50% of sampled HH defecated in open and the remaining had ISLs. This could be due to the construction on ISLs for BPL villagers and also due to the presence of BCCL residential area. The HH sampled also had residents of BCCL.

Fig 5: Defecation practices in Dharmabandh

Fig 6: Defecation practices in Sinidih

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Near water Slope ground


In Dharmabandh and Sinidih, HH opted to go near water source for open defecation with nearly 75% and 80% HH going near water source

Fig 7: Site for Open Defecation in Dharmabandh

Fig 8: Site for Open Defecation in Sinidih


More than 60% and 70% HH in Dharmabandh and Sinidih use soap for washing their hands and the remaining use mud for washing. Villagers observed good hygiene and cover their water storage utensils with lid.

Plate 3: Water Storage with closed lids in Dharmabandh

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Fig 9: Hand cleaning practices in Dharmaband.

Fig 10: Hand cleaning practices in Sinidih.


Indoor bins are generally not used for the collection of solid waste. HH generally collect the waste in any corner of the house. Nearly 50% HH throw waste outside on lane in Dharmabandh. In Sinidih nearly 35% HH opt for throwing wastes in a pit and similar % of HH also opt for composting the wastes.

Fig 11: Waste disposal options in Dharmabandh

Fig 12: Waste disposal in Sinidih

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Pit Field Backyard Compost pit

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The Dharmabandh the village is inadequately covered by drains. Kutch drainage is observed in the region through which villagers dispose off their wastewater. Being in proximity to BCCL colony, Sinidih had larger proportion of drainage but these drainages where damaged.

Plate 4: Damaged Drainage in BCCL colony Plate 5: Kutcha nalas in Dharmabandh

Most of the wastewater dries up gradually either through kutcha drains or through pits.

Fig 13: Waste Water disposal practices in Dharmabandh

Fig6: Waste Water disposal practices in Sinidih

k. Sewage Disposal

Sewage disposal was completely absent in Dharmaband and Sinidih village. Even the sewage disposal system in BCCL area that adjoins Sinidih was damaged.


Compost pits or pits for fodder waste and Dung waste was not seen in the villages.


Villagers in both the villages were aware of the water borne diseases such as dysentery, malaria and jaundice.

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Drain Soak

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n. Conclusion

Water supply in both the existing and proposed village is based on mine pit water. Water quality in the existing village is good whereas water quality tests needs to be conducted in the

proposed village. Sewarage system is absent Waste water drainage is absent or needs to be maintained wherever built. Improper solid waste disposal system exists. Limited ISLs in both villages. Villagers are willing to pay for HH level ISL and drinking water points. Utilising waste in form of compost can be beneficial. Good hygiene practices observed.


Environmental Science and Engineering department at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi has conducted the Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. During the fieldwork consultations were conducted in the 2 sample villages using focus group discussions in January 2013. Stakeholders who were involved in public consultation are the Gram Mukhiyas and Sacheev, person nominated from PHED office, members from mahila mandal and common villagers. The issues brought out in these consultations are listed below: Water Supply Related

Dharmabandh

Good water quality and quantity.

HH connections missing. Common stand out points are observed.

HHs are satisfied with the performance of common stand out points.

HHs willing to pay for individual HH water connections.

Good ground water condition.. Sinidih Water quality needs to be checked. Limited water sources, primarily Hand pumps. HH dependant on BCCL colony for water.

Sanitation Related Dharmabandh Inadequate number of ISLs




Improper solid waste disposal. Sinidih

Inadequate number of ISLs





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2.1.6 Analysis of Data for Khunti District

a. Introduction

This survey was conducted in January 2013 in about 40 sample households in the sample villages of Kocha (proposed) and Tapkara (existing). The total population of the villages based on 2001 census is 4715. The region is primarily forested with sandy soil. In Tapkara village ground water was available at a dept of 180-500ft, whereas in Kocha it was observed at 20ft (based on questionnaire).

Plate 1: Images from Tapkara

b. Water Supply

c. Type of Scheme

An analysis of source of water supply vis-à-vis SVS, MVS, and HP’s has been made and the results are discussed below. Water supply in Tapkara is under SVS and is primary based on ground water. Among other sources are river and surface water bodies. Water is distributed through an OHT after passing through slow sand filter. Water is distributed daily once in the morning. In the proposed village of Kocha, water supply is mainly through bore wells and thus no treatment is observed. Based on the survey the water quality is perceived to be good. Water problem is observed during summer seasons.

d. Scheme Sources

The schemes for Tapkara and Kocha were SVS and mainly dependent on ground water source.

Fig 1: Drinking Water Sources of Tapkara village, Khunti

Among the sampled HH in Tapkara, nearly 52% are dependent on hand pumps as source of water,22% are dependent on individual open wells and 26% are dependent on OHT.

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Fig 2: Drinking Water Sources of Kocha village, Khunti

Among the sampled HH in Kocha village majority 69% are dependent on public open wells for water. The remaining HH sampled used water from hand pumps. There were limited number of HH dependant on individual open wells.


In Tapkara village, HH receive optimum amount of water due to multiple sources. Although there is limitation in supply of water from OHT that is operational only once per day, but presence of hand pumps and open wells have resulted in optimum availability of water. However Kocha witnesses water shortages due to limited water point sources. The situation gets grave in summer seasons.

f. Quality of Water

Based on the prior knowledge and experience of respondents and their visual and sensory observation of drinking water, the quality of water is classified into two categories: Good (sweet, colour less, odourless) and Bad (salty/sour, coloured, odour, fluoride content). All the HH sampled in Tapkara and Kocha perceive that the water is good as it is colorless and odorless. However they feel that the water is heavy and at times they also resort to boiling and filter the water using cotton cloth. This heaviness could be due to higher percentages of iron present in ground water sources of Jharkhand.


Various practices are used in handling water at the household level. In more than 65% HH sampled in Tapkara water is treated using cloth filtering, sand candle filters or boiling. Open wells are treated with chlorine or bleaching powder as and when required. Among safe practices more than 50% cover there water filled pots or utensils and the remaining use customized pots with taps or ladles to take water. Almost similar results are also obtained from Kocha. Nearly 62% of the surveyed HH treat the water before consumption. 75% of sampled HH use cloth filtering technique and the remaining use chlorination, and alum for open well and boiling as and when required. Villagers use lid to cover the stored water and at times use ladle and customized pots for using water.

h. Sanitation


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Fig 3: Defecation practice of Tapkara village, Khunti

The phenomenon of owning of individual saniation latrines (ISL) is only 65% across the sampled HH in Tapkara. Villagers prefer to use ISL’s rather than open defecation.

Fig 4: Defecation practice of Kocha village, Khunti

Kocha on the other hand has a bad situation with nearly 94% of surveyed HH depending on open defecation. Thus building ISLs in Kocha should be prioritized.


Both the villages in Khunti district have shown interests for usage of ISL’s. Tapkara has higher percentage of ISLs but in few cases family members tend to defecate in open due to feeling of convenience. The survey of Kocha village highlighted an urgent need to build ISLs and people will tend to use ISL rather than open defecation. Villagers tend to defecate on open land and near to fields.


Hand washing practice is observed by all the sampled HH in Tapkara and Kocha both before and after eating and after defecation. The overall hygiene is observed o be good in the region.

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Fig 5: Hand cleaning practices in Tapkara village, Khunti

Nearly 83% of sampled HH in Tapkara use soap for washing hands and this practice is accompanied with usage of mud (22%) and ash (4%) by the remaining HH.

Fig 6: Hand cleaning practices in Kocha village, Khunti

Use of soap for hand washing is observed in 75% of HH in Kocha. Mud and ash is also used for washing hands.


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Fig 7: Solid Waste disposal practices in Tapkara village, Khunti

In Tapkara, indoor bins are used for storage of wastes in few houses but nearly 17% of surveyed HH dispose the solid waste in front of their houses, and 30% dispose the waste on streets. An absence of a solid waste management plan is observed in the region thus people tend to dispose their wastes in public places.

Fig 8: Solid Waste disposal practices in Kocha village, Khunti

Nearly 69% of surveyed HH in Kocha dispose the solid waste in compost pits and after partial composting its used in the fields. 31% of them dispose in the back yard of the houses and employ waste reduction mechanisms such as burning. Villagers are aware of the harmful effects of plastics on animals and thus they burn it away. There is no drainage system in the village. The use of compost in agricultural field is observed in Kocha that was completely absent in Tapkara.


Waste water in Tapkara is disposed off through katcha domestic drainage into open fields, streets and other open land where it dries up gradually in both the villages. Only a very small percentage of the village is covered by drainage, that remains clogged with soil, solid waste and domestic waste water. There is no drainage system in the kocha village Soak pit is found in only few HH(21%) in Tapkara.

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Plate 2: Wastewater disposal in Tapkara

k. Sewage Disposal

Sewage disposal is completely absent in the villages.


Use of compost pits for fodder and dung disposal was absent among the HH surveyed in Tapkara. Nearly 52% of HH had compost pits to dispose of fodder and dung waste in Kocha.


Villagers in Tapkara and Kocha were aware of water borne diseases specially malaria, jaundice and dysentery. However they discussed that special training or awareness program was not conducted in their village.

n. Conclusions

There are multiple sources water supply and different type of schemes.

100% of the schemes are ground water based.

Most respondents consume water without further treatment at household level.

Drainage is less to negligible in the region.

Solid waste is dumped openly in Tapkara and no compost pits are seen.

Dung waste is used in agricultural areas whereas food waste is given to animal as feed in Kocha.

Villagers are willing to use ISLs thus the scheme of building them should be expanded.

Hygiene status is good.


Environmental Science and Engineering department at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi has conducted the Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. During the fieldwork consultations were conducted in the 2 sample villages using focus group discussions in January 2013. Stakeholders who were involved in public consultation are the Gram Mukhiyas and Sacheev, person nominated from PHED office, members from mahila mandal and common villagers. The issues brought out in these consultations are listed below: Water Supply Related

Tapkara

Inadequate water supply and at times over flow of water in Tapkara.

Water quality is perceived to be good in both the sample villages.

Location of water stand out points result in over flooding in certain areas in low lying areas.

Problems arises due to power failures as filling up the OHT takes time.

Water stand points surrounded by drain water.

Disruptions in Water Supply: Inadequate water supply during summer. Kocha

Failure of OHT (near hospital) based water supply due to inadequate water source.

Limited HP sources.


Page | 312


Sanitation Related

Inadequate number of ISLs particularly in Kocha

Open defecation is observed only in absence on ISLs.

Low coverage of drains, Stagnation of sullage, Wastewater stagnation in streets;


The project should propose initiatives to prevent new sources from getting contaminated in the future.

As the Electric supply is a major problem, the project should think of alternate energy resources like solar power.

Littered solid waste is a major source for contamination for ground water. The project should look into this issue as well.

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ANNEXURE-35

MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

Page | 314


Annexure-35 MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

S NO AREA OF MANAGEMENT PROPOSED SET UP MODE

Institutional Capacity

1 Reorganization of field units

To be made as professionally skilled teams rather than administrative units

In-house

2 Knowledge & skills Knowledge & skill gaps to be identified & filled In-house

3 Relocation of units To be made on the basis of location of projects In-house

4 Size of team Cohesion and synergy to be kept in view In-house

5 No of teams Depending on no & size of projects. Block level workers to be increased.

In-house

6 Teams to be equipped with

Delegation of duties In-house

6.1 Codes, standards, rules, regulations In-house

6.2 Understanding of reporting relationship In-house

6.3 Understanding of reporting requirements In-house

6.4 Communicating device (mobile phone) In-house

6.5 Transport In-house

6.6 Equipment, instruments, devices required at site In-house

7 Limits Financial & administrative limits to be defined for each level

In-house

8 Hierarchical levels All operational matters to be divided in max four levels (including the initiating and the accepting levels)

In-house

9 Procedures To keep in view the max levels and be compatible with the objectives & ensure smooth workflow

In-house

10 Performance appraisal Each individual to have a digitized dossier. All work assigned to be, as far as possible, in terms of measurable parameters. Numeral scales to be assigned to parameters not measurable. Each work assigned to be entered in the dossier. Supervisors to make assessment on the basis of prescribed measurable parameters or numerical evaluation.

In-house

11 Coordination On the block, district and state levels. In-house

12 Allocation of resources Resources to be available at the block, district and state levels to be clearly defined. Resources to be assigned to different levels on the basis of frequency and continuity of use and inevitability for the process, job or project at hand.

In-house

13. Availability of data

13.1 Organising data Collection, compilation, consolidation, sorting/ filtering, formatting, organizing, publishing data

Specialised agency

13.2 Coordinating with official agencies

Coordination with JSAC, CGWB, CPCB etc Specialised agency

13.3 Collaboration with private sector

Commercial tie up with private sector to build up own data portal for maps, statistical and other data

Specialised agency

13.4 Digital library Setting up digital library, may be on commercial basis Specialised agency

Page | 315


14. Drinking water:

14.1 Selection of source: ground water or surface water

Detailed study to be made and norms officially prescribed

Specialise agency

14.2 Testing of water samples Existing laboratories to be run in collaboration with private sector agency, or completely outsourced

Outsourced

14.3 Bacterial pollution of ground water

Detailed study to be made. Necessary steps taken accordingly.

Specialised agency

14.4 Locating hand pumps or tube wells

Agency to be put in place to suggest proper locations Specialised agency

14.5 Drilling of hand pumps & tube wells

Expert agencies to be brought in, with expertise in sealing selected strata to prevent pollution

Specialised agency

14.6 Disinfection of water Latest type of chlorinating facilities suitable for rural areas to be used.

Specialised agency

14.7 Corrosion of tube well assemblies

Experts to study cause of tubidity in tube wells, suggest proper material for assembly or protection against corrosion

Specialised agency

14.8 Treatment of iron, manganese, fluoride, arsenic etc

A technology team with selected reputed individuals may be put in place to address this and other issues (like in 14.3) and help in testing, standardization and authenticating the procedures.

Specialised agency

15. Sanitation:

15.1 Designs Proper designs for different areas to be developed, standardized, authenticated, legalized, published

Specialised agency

15.2 Construction Pre-fabricated units that may be erected within a short period may be used: Private sector may be brought in for the purpose.

Specialised agency

15.3 Awareness Professional marketing agency may be put in place to launch a nation-wide campaign like that for polio. The campaign may continue till at least 90% households are ODF.

Specialised agency

15.4 Pollution of ground water by effluent from latrines

Detailed study to be made as in 14.3. Specialised agency

16. Control & monitoring

16.1 Construction stage Communication devices available to at least one worker at village level can be made to have reporting formats on which village level day-to-day information can be communicated. This information can be automatically integrated at the block, district and state levels, depending on the networking system installed.

In-house

16.2 Maintenance stage All those components of any project that run on electric power. Anything that is running on power: tube wells, chlorinators, treatment units can have SCADA devices that can record, communicate and be used to control respective processes. The said processes can be remotely controlled. In the events of breakdown the devices can even notify concerned persons about such breakdowns and then human intervention can be made.

In-house

16.3 Laboratories The working of various laboratories can also be integrated at the state level.

In-house

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17. Specialised help in Engineering & Technology, IT, construction industry, & marketing

17.1 Designs & investigations It is desirable to commission a technology team to address issues in14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 15.1

Specialised agency

17.2 IT SCADA, ERP (16.1, 16.2) Specialised agency

17.3 Construction industry Manufacture of pre-fabricated structures (15.2) Specialised agency

17.4 Data management 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4 Specialised agency

17.5 Marketing Awareness, sensitization, motivation (15.3) Specialised agency

18. Regulatory issues

18.1 Land-related laws Availability of land in the state for any purpose is difficult because of special provisions in respect of transfer of adivasi lands. Drinking water is a necessity of life and sanitation has no option it is necessary that exceptions be made for specific category of development works.

Government

18.2 Forest related laws Relaxations for making land available for purposes as above may be considered by the government.

Government

18.3 Income tax laws Government may consider granting relaxations in tax on income earned from investments in rural water supply and/or sanitation.

Government

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ANNEXURE-36

GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC AND WORKER’S HEALTH AND SAFETY

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Annexure-36 GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC AND WORKER’S HEALTH AND SAFETY

These guidelines identify possible hazards and the management and mitigation actions for both workers in the various project stages on site and public who may be in the vicinity of the activities. Pre-construction stage

14.3.1 To ensure the safety, health and reduce possible conflicts with public, the PHED/DPMU and the construction contractor need to provide information on the construction activities to the public in the area. This should include

Location of construction camps, borrow areas and new quarry areas. Extent of work Time of construction Diversions, if any Precaution measures in sensitive areas Involvement of local labours in the road construction Health issues - water stagnation, exposure to dust, communicable disease Mechanism for grievances The Contractor must educate the workers to undertake the health and safety precautions. The contractor

needs to educate the workers on: ▫ Personal safety measures and location of safety devices. ▫ Interaction with the host community ▫ Protection of environment with respect to: ▫ Trampling of vegetation and cutting of trees for cooking ▫ Restriction of activities in forest areas and also on hunting ▫ Water bodies protection ▫ Storage and handling of materials ▫ Disposal of construction waste

Construction Stage

During construction all measures as identified in the bid document will be followed for the safety and health of the construction workers and the neighbourhood. Additionally, safety needs at the construction site would include, Personal safety equipments (such as footwear and

gloves) for the workers Other provisions required:

▫ Adequate lighting arrangement ▫ Adequate drainage system to avoid any

stagnation of water ▫ Lined surface with slope 1:40 (V:H) and

provision of lined pit at the bottom, at the storage site for chemicals and oil and at the location of the generator used for provision of energy.

▫ Also, as required grease trap will be made.

▫ Facilities for administering first aid

First Aid and Safety System The first aid kit should have a clearly marked red cross on all sides and be white in color. The minimum contents of the kit would include

▫ 6 small sterilized dressings ▫ 3 medium and large sterilized dressings ▫ 1 (30 mm bottle) containing 2% solution of iodine ▫ 1 (30 mm bottle) containing an injury disinfectant ▫ 1 snakebite lancet ▫ 1 pair of sterilized scissors ▫ 1 copy of the Government of India, Factory

Services and Labor institute leaflet ▫ 100 tablets of aspirin/painkiller ▫ Burn ointments ▫ Surgical antiseptic solution

Appropriate arrangements for emergencies and taking injured to hospitals should be made at the site

Trained health personal at the site during working hours

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The construction contractor will ensure public safety and comfort by ▫ Scheduling of construction work based upon sowing, harvesting and local festival needs ▫ All the cautionary signs as per IRC: 67-2001 and traffic control devices (such as barricades, etc) to be

put in place as soon as construction activity get started and to be kept in place till the activities get completed.

Following case specific measures need to be followed during the progress of the activity:

▫ In case of blasting, the Contractor must follow The Explosives Rules, 1983 ▫ During construction in the settlement, the contractor must ensure there shall not be any unauthorized

parking as well as storage of material, adjacent to road. ▫ Approved chemicals should be sprayed to prevent breeding of mosquitoes and other disease-causing

organisms, at all the water logging areas

The DPMU/PHED will need to carry out periodic inspections in order to ensure that all the measures are being undertaken according to what has been agreed in the contract.