In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar

Markets: The Case of Comoros

ESM230

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Report 230/00

QAA A ID July 2000

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JOINT UNDP /WORLD BANKENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP)

PURPOSE

The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme(ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance program run as part of the World Bank'sEnergy, Mining and Telecommrunications Department. ESMAP provides advice togovernments on sustainable energy development. Established with the support of UNDPand bilateral official donors in 1983, it focuses on the role of energy in the developmentprocess with the objective of contributing to poverty alleviation, improving living conditionsand preserving the environment in developing countries and transition economies.ESMAP centers its interventions onq three priority areas: sector reform and restructuring;access to modern energy for the poorest; and promotion of sustainable energy practices.

GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS

ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG) composed of representativesof the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regionsbenefiting from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank VicePresident, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of four independent energyexperts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and itsachievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economistsfrom the World Bank to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager ofESMAP, responsible for administering the Programme.

FUNDING

ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported over the years by the World Bank, the UNDPand other United Nations agencies, the European Union, the Organization of AmericanStates (OAS), the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), and public and privatedonors from countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland,France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal,Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

FURTHER INFORMATION

An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For furtherinformation, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, contact:

ESMAPcdo Energy, Mining and Telecommunications Department

The World Bank1818 H Street, NW

Washington, DC 20433U.S.A.

In Search of Better Ways to Develop SolarMarkets:

The Case of Comoros

July 2000

Joint UNDP/Vorld Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme

(ESMAP)

Copyright D 1999The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing July 2000

ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of theESMAP's work to the development community with the least possibledelay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared inaccordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents.Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that arenot readily available.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in thispaper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed inany manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or tomembers of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries theyrepresent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the dataincluded in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoeverfor any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors,denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume donot: imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on thelegal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboumdaries.

The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests forpermission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAPManager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAPencourages dissemination of its work and will normally givepermission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercialpurposes, without asking a fee.

Contents

Contents .................................................................... iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................... iv

Currency Equivalents ..................................................................... v

Units of Measure ..................................................................... v

Introduction .................................................................... 1I

General Review of Solar Activities .................................................................... 1 I

Pure Market Development ..................................................................... 2

Different Approach: Innovative Use of Concessions to Promote Market Development ....4

The ESMAP Project in Comoros ..................................................................... 4

Results .................................................................... 6

Problems Encountered ...................................................................... 7

Discussion ..................................................................... 9

Replicability .................................................................... 11

Acronyms and AbbreviationsCEE Comores Eau et ElectriciteEDF Electricite de France

ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgrammeIDA International Development AssociationPV photovoltaic

SHS solar home system

iv

I

Currency EquivalentsThe Comoran franc (CF) is tied to the French franc (FF) at

1 FF = 75 CF

Units of MeasurekW kilowatt

kWh kilowatt-hour

v

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets:The Case of Comoros

Introduction

This document reports the results of a US$150,000 ESMAP project in Comoros that was carriedout between summer 1997 and September 1999 and funded by the French Ministry ofCooperation. It also is a discussion paper exploring alternative ways to promote solar electricity.The project was meant to develop the market for solar electricity and to help non-electrifiedhouseholds attain higher comfort levels without waiting for the electricity company to expand itsdistribution network. The project supports the general poverty alleviation and environmentalobjectives of the World Bank and ESMAP. The outcome of the project was interesting: it showedthat large projects are not necessary to begin developing the market for solar equipment.

General Review of Solar Activities

Many countries are currently developing solar markets. Their efforts are largely financed bysupply-driven donor funds rather than being driven by demand through "pure marketdevelopment." Donors decide normally, but not always after client consultation, what should bedone to trigger the market in a particular country. This usually translates into fairly large projects(several million US$) with fixed targets such as "selling x photovoltaic systems in y years."Further project objectives may include safeguarding the sustainability, mainly as a result of theexpected volume of equipment sales at the end of the project. Technology choices are often pre-determined, i.e., complete solar kits consisting of a (large) panel, a charge controller, a (solar)battery, wiring, switches, and a few fluorescent lights. Many donors prefer or insist thatequipment be purchased in their own countries, which does not necessarily provide the lowestcost alternative to the beneficiary.

Because technological choices are fixed and often reflect perceived minimum benefit levelsacceptable in the donor country, potential beneficiaries sometimes find it difficult to adopt theequipment. It may not correspond to his/her own needs, even though (s)he is asked to pay for it.In fact, (s)he may already have parts of a system, does not need a complete kit, or would haveliked to have a kit with different specifications (e.g., much smaller and cheaper). The commonsolution is to build in financing mechanisms in one way or another so that beneficiaries canspread their payments over time and enjoy larger systems than they could have afforded if payingcash. However, financing mechanisms for luxury (or non-productive) items in rural areas usuallydo not exist in most developing countries, and will therefore have to be created.

Thus, this approach tries to simultaneously develop an infrastructure for the sales and after-salesservice of solar equipment as well as for financing mechanisms. Each of these requires a

1

2 In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros

systematic and substantial effort, and putting them in place simultaneously is not an easy task.Adding to the difficulty is the fact that, frequently, several companies are created specifically toservice the project-i.e., joint ventures between local companies and companies in donorcountries that divert part of their business to earn a share of the donor money available. Althoughsome of these local companies may already have been involved in solar technologies before, theyusually revert to their main business (i.e., their business before the project began) as soon as thedonor money dries up. These companies cannot be blamed for this behavior: it is rational andlogical.. It is much easier to service a donor project than it is to deal with numerous individualclients, who often live in remote areas. Whether project targets are reached or not, few projectshave reached sustainability in terms of service provision and market development.

Pure Market Development

Kenya and Zimbabwe are examples where sustainable and substantial markets have developed,mainly supplied by the private sector through commercial sales and competition. Privateindividual investments rather than donor funds triggered these markets' development. Of course,donor-financed installations or projects exist in both countries (churches, hospitals, missions,schools, etc.), and this helped to demonstrate the viability of the equipment to the public at large.What actually prompted the market development in these two countries is not exactly known, butpossible reasons are

- an existing active market for car batteries to power rural television sets together with TVreception throughout most rural areas;

* poor performance of, or no access to, the utility in rural and peri-urban areas (even inurban areas in Kenya), with little chance of obtaining a connection soon;

• a thriving private sector with very little government control; and* the existence of a cash economy in rural areas.

How can such market development be triggered elsewhere, without the costs normally associatedwith large, donor-financed projects? One of the main differences to the donor approach is thatsolar companies sell what clients demancl. In Kenya, clients were willing to pay only for verysmall photovoltaic (PV) modules (10-12 watts, built using an amorphous silicon technologyperceived as inferior by many international solar companies, solar experts, and donor agencies),and for second-hand and new car batteries (also considered unsuitable for solar systems by thesame companies and experts). People specifically do not opt for complete kits, with chargecontrollers, larger modules, and solar batteries included, but buy parts of such systems only. Inaddition, very few people buy the compact fluorescent lamps that usually come with the kitspromoted, preferring instead to use small incandescent and regular fluorescent (tube) lamps.People continuously upgrade their equipment, starting with a stand-alone battery, in installmentsthat usually do not exceed US$100 (the battery is normally the most expensive part of the solarsystem). With this upgrading approach, users make use of the modularity of PV systems.

In Kenya, a few innovative firms started servicing the unmet demand for such low-costequipment, not from the capital, but from provincial towns. After some time they were copied bythe larger and more conservative firms, and as a result an extensive distribution network now

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 3

exists throughout the country. Some informal credit systems exist now and hire-purchase systemsare developing, but one still cannot obtain a loan from a local bank to finance a PV system.

Nowadays in Kenya one finds one or more outlets for modules and other components in everytown of importance; electrical stores, car battery outlets, and haberdasheries have begun to sellequipment, and they often offer installation and/or repair services as well. This infrastructure wasnot built overnight, as many suppliers were initially reluctant to start servicing individual clients,particularly outside the capital. Now, the market is well established, and it is driven by demandrather than supply. Competition is stiff and prices have fallen considerably, and it is unthinkablethat solar equipment will no be longer sold. Moreover, the market is sustainable, and has beengrowing ever since the early to mid- 1 980s at rates of up to 25 percent per year; estimated sales in1999 amounted to over 0.5 MW, of which more than 60 percent was in the form of smallamorphous modules. Accumulated capacity is now conservatively estimated at more than 3 MW,with some 150,000 households served.

In Zimbabwe a large donor project was launched in parallel to a fairly strong private market. Theproject concentrated on large kits (exempt from import duty and taxes) with subsidized loans,while the private sector sold mainly parts and small systems (at prices including taxes andduties). Surveys show that some 60,000 households own a solar installation, 60 percent or moreof which are in the form of a small system installed over several years, as in Kenya.

It appears that Kenyan users were right after all: the small, amorphous systems (withoutcontrollers, and with ordinary car batteries) seem to perform well. During a recent survey, severalhundred households using amorphous modules were interviewed.' It was found that the majorityof these systems are still functioning within the technical specifications (the oldest found systemwas over 8 years old2 ). The average life of batteries was found to be between 1.5 and 2 years; 25percent of households reported that they bought their battery between 2 and 5 years ago.

Few countries, if any, follow the same strategy. In some countries, large, donor-supportedprograms seem to have resulted in a comparable total capacity installed, and to a certain extent asustainable market. In Morocco, for example, there was (until a large subsidized program wasrecently announced) a very active and large donor market, but individual end-user demand isstrong as well. In Mexico, a large (multi-million US$) government-subsidized program catalyzedsome private market development. In China there are also many activities in the public and theprivate sector, and about 11 MW has been installed since the early 1980s. About 40 percent areused in telecommunications, 30 percent in remote applications (mainly households), 20 percentin industries, and 10 percent in other applications.

Richard D. Duke, Shannon Graham, Mark Hankins, Arne Jacobson, Daniel M. Kammen, Bernard Osawa, Simone Pulver,and Erica Walther, "Field Performance Evaluation of Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Photovoltaic Systems in Kenya," to bepublished in 2000 by ESMAP, Washington, D.C.

It is generally acknowledged that amorphous modules are inferior to (and cheaper than) crystalline modules. Whereas somecompanies guarantee the power output of crystalline modules for 20 years, the power output of amorphous modules, whichdecreases somewhat over time, is guaranteed usually for 5-10 years. The amorphous modules' useful life is estimated to be10 years.

4 In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros

There are quite a few examples of countries where subsidized programs have installed hundredsif not thousands of solar home systems i(SHSs). The impact of subsidies on fragile markets isoften underestimated. Many of these programs failed to make a lasting impact. In fact, it is quiteeasy to sell subsidized SHSs, but to create a sustainable market is much more difficult: theinfrastructure for operation and maintenance needs to be developed, which is no trivial task.

If only one lesson is learned from the experience in Kenya or Zimbabwe, it is certainly that end-users (who should be considered clients--i.e., normal actors in a functioning market-rather thansimply beneficiaries) appreciate choice. Despite suppliers' bias towards large, high-qualityequipment and complete kits, households decided that instead they wanted small, low-costcomponents from which to assemble, over time, their electricity supply systems.

Different Approach: Innovative Use of Concessions to Promote MarketDevelopment

In Latin America, utilities or governments use concessions to provide electricity service in ruralareas. Although large numbers of rural households are already connected to electricity grids(Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), additional households located far from the grid with lowestimated consumption patterns will be electrified through solar equipment. These concessionsare large contracts awarded to firms for the installation of thousands of solar systems on behalf ofthe utility. 'The setup is quite different from what is applicable in Comoros, although in bothcases (foreign) firms are interested in becoming active in providing electrification services.

In search of alternative approaches, ESMAP launched a pilot project in an attempt to triggerprivate market development by a different use of a concession. This was done in Comoros, whereESMAP and the government provided several time-bound benefits to a private company for it tostart commercializing solar electric equipment. In order to do this, the company needed to buildan infrastructure for the installation, repair, and maintenance of solar equipment at its own risk. Itwas allowed to reap the commercial fruits, if any, of such business development effort. Thissmall (US$150,000) project, financed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and executed bythe World Bank through ESMAP, saw soime early and promising results. Even before the resultsof this pilot project were fully known, the methodology was already applied in a WorldBank/GEF-financed electrification loan for Cape Verde. In addition, ESMAP is currently testinga modified setup to develop the market for solar electricity in Swaziland. Lessons from Kenyaand Zimbabwe were incorporated in Comoros project to the extent possible by giving maximumresponsibility for market development to the private sector and by insisting on as much choice aspossible from the onset.

The ESMAP Project in Comoros

In July 1995, staff of the Comoros ministry dealing with energy,3 in conjunction with ESMAPconsultants, carried out a market and demand survey for rural electricity services. This entailed

3The actual name of this ministry has changed several times in recent years. The most recent name for the section dealingwith the project was la Direction Generale de I'Energie et des Ressources Minerales (DGERM) du Commissariat d'Etat al'Equipement et a l'Energie (CEEE).

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 5

surveys of the target population and group discussions with rural households and village elders.On the basis of these data, it was estimated that the market for solar electric equipment will bemore than 0.8 MW over the next 10 years. Tender documents were developed to invite, throughinternational competitive bidding, a firm willing to kick-off the commercial development of thismarket. For doing so, the selected firm would receive several temporary benefits (see further)from the government and from the project-at little or no cost to the project. The economic costsof these benefits were limited, or within categories that would be extended to any foreign firminstalling itself in Comoros. The project also included a provision for the Ministry staff tosupervise and liaise with the private firm, and to launch an awareness campaign, and for ESMAPstaff to supervise the project.

Before the activity was launched, not a single firm was selling solar equipment in Comoros. Theonly users were the military and the police, and only in locations where grid access was notpossible. The immediate objective of the project was to attract a private firm to startcommercializing solar equipment in the country. To do so, the project made a revolving fund ofUS$100,000 available for the exclusive use of the firm for a two-year period. This fund wasmanaged by the government (the ministry dealing with energy), which placed an order fordemonstration equipment from the selected firm for the full amount. The equipment was selectedfor its demonstration potential in different market segments, as identified in the market survey. Inthis case the markets were mainly lighting and audio services for mosques, a range of individualhousehold needs (from small lighting systems to "deluxe systems" that also include arefrigerator), and streetlighting. PV-powered audiovisual promotional equipment was included aswell. The firm was to install the equipment; any amounts recovered were to be reinvested inmore equipment through follow-up orders (to be made by the government). In this way, the firmhad strong incentives to place the equipment with clients who paid for it quickly; the faster theturnover, the more often the revolving fund would be used. Similarly, the harder it worked oncreating an infrastructure for developing the market, the higher the financial returns would be.

The government granted the firm a three-year grace period for taxes and duties: it could freelyimport equipment, and it had the right to export earnings free of taxes. The government alsopledged that it would grant the firm contracts for all public projects dealing with solar energyduring the two-year period when/if these happened to materialize. Finally, to support the activitythe government launched an awareness campaign to promote, in general, the use of solar energyin areas not served by the national electricity grid.

The selected firm, Solelec, a subsidiary of what was then Total Energie based in la Reunion, wasstrongly encouraged to use its own capital to invest in the market development-i.e., to satisfythe demand for PV systems alongside orders made by the government for demonstrationpurposes. This is exactly what happened: the firm created a joint venture (Enercom) with a localelectrical service company (ADC), and began marketing its own equipment. In fact, equipmentbrought into the country by the company within two months already exceeded the initial amountpaid by the project through the revolving fund.

Criteria imposed by the project for the use of the revolving fund included providing an extendedguarantee on equipment (five years on most parts), creating an after-sales service, and submittinga proposal for a credit mechanism to be operationalized within the two-year project period. With

6 In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros

its own money, of course, the firm concentrated on the existing cash market. It is expected thatthe fiffn will continue to provide repair and guarantee services as started during project start-up;its objective is no longer to sell as many systems but to develop the market, and this can only bedone if there is easy access to these services. With project money, the intention was to put afinancing mechanism in place so that the less well-to-do can also benefit from solar technologyto satisfy their needs for electricity.

Results

Despite the unstable political environment (ten energy ministers and two coups d'etat during thetwo-year project) and deteriorating economic circumstances (government employees are 22months behind in salary payments), the E,SMAP project was able to convince a foreign firm toinstall itself and start market development. During an evaluation at the end of the two years, thefirm admitted that normally it would never have thought of Comoros as a place to start marketdevelopment. However, now that the cornpany is in place, it finds that the potential market isattractive enough to continue what it started. It has an office on the main island of GrandeComore from which it plans operations, and it has a representative on the more denselypopulated but poorer island of Anjouan (on the smallest island of Moheli there is norepresentative).

Enercom, the joint venture between Solelec and ADC, was able to install about 16 kW ofequipment (of which 2 kW were installed as demonstration systems that were not paid for by theend-users) with an estimated value of US$250,000. See Figure 1 for the market developmentdata. About 100 systemswere installed in households, Figure 1. Installed Wattagemosques, public streetlights, 1600C0and dispensaries, and forvarious professional 1 Cipurposes. In the 5 m onths 1 2000C.......i1-_...................... ......... ... after the proj ect ended Ioc -OC ... ...... .. ... .another 1.5 kW was sold. 8

In parallel to the domestic 6000' ..systems, a good market for 4000'public streetlights seemed to -develop. Enercom usually 2installed systems on a trial 0 DJujne 97 Dec 97 Jun 98 Dec 98 Jun 99 Dec 00basis after discussions withthe community about theirwillingness to pay for the equipment. If after one month the community decided it would not payfor the equipment, Enercom de-installed it and placed it somewhere else. (It did not often have todo this: most villages decided to pay, and often gave another order). One of the obvious benefitswas that that people could easily walk about at night, a feature well appreciated because mostlights were installed in central meeting places in the village, where people gathered in the

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 7

evening. Women and children profited specially from this. It was also found that children came4

to read and study under the lights. For mosques' the situation was different, as almost all have asound system and lights powered by a genset. The initial assumption by the project team that fullsound and lighting systems should be installed was unfounded. In fact, not a single sound systemwas sold during the project. The benefits in the case of mosques were fuel savings and noisereduction. Most mosque systems were also installed on a trial basis, and communities acceptedthat they should pay for the equipment. Because the investments are much larger than forstreetlights, many communities would accept only if they could spread payments over a longerperiod.

The demonstration effect clearly worked. It was observed that more equipment was ordered afterthe solar systems were in operation for some time; several communities requested morestreetlights or more mosque systems to complement what they already had (even small villagesoften have more than one mosque). Several household systems were also purchased in thevicinity of the streetlights and the mosque systems. The decisions for communal systems weremade on a local basis. Whereas in one larger village several community groups paid for threesolar streetlights and for five mosque systems, another community group in the same villagerefused to pay for one additional solar streetlight.

Enercom agreed to repay the provided financing of US$100,000, minus some US$30,000 oflegitimate costs that could not be recovered (such as the cost of the end-of-project seminar, thecosts of supervision by the government, and the costs of non-recoverable demonstrationequipment). The total costs of the project amounted to US$80,0006. This works out to aboutUS$5 per watt installed during the project. Given the fact that the market is growing (the seminarresulted in several new commitments) and that the 16 kW represents about 2 percent of theestimated market for 10 years, one can conclude that this has been a fairly low-cost operation.

Problems Encountered

The two main problems were encountered. First, Enercom saw the activity as a specific project tobe implemented rather than as a purely commercial activity (it functioned more or less as anNGO). The procedure of a revolving fund managed by the government did not help either. Itwould have been better if the company had been given an interest-free loan for the duration of theproject. (This is what effectively happened after about one year, when it was decided that thegovernment would not place follow-up orders, and that Enercom could use the money for theremaining time as it saw fit.

Since the power company has been privatized, perception about electricity has changed. Before, people knew that if thedistribution lines would come not far from their place, they could obtain (often cheaply) a connection. Even if they wouldnot be able to do this, they would still enjoy (free) street lighting. Now the rules have tightened, and people pay the real costof connecting to the grid; street lighting is no longer free and must be paid for by the community. Many communitiesdecided not to use street lighting because of the high cost of electricity.

In this Islamic country, every village, no matter how small, has at least one mosque.

The real costs of the project thus have been US$30,000 of non-recoverable cost, plus US$20,000 for the cost of governmentsupervision and coordination and the awareness carnpaign, and US$30,000 for ESMAP supervision.

8 In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros

Second, it was impossible to use an existing financing mechanism. Enercom therefore developedits own, selling about 75 percent of the systems on credit (with terms ranging from 6 months to 3years and interest rates of 12-15 percent). Although local banks, and in particular theDevelopment Bank of Comoros (BDC), 'were very interested in developing such mechanisms,they failed to do so for lack funds.

Other problems that complicated matters were as follows:

* Comoros is far away from normal commercial supply chains. It took Enercom threemonths to obtain a shipment of equipment from France, which means that it needed toplan well ahead and have deep pockets to finance such shipments.

* The awareness campaign could have been more effective, although this may have been adirect result of its small budget (the total amount allocated for use by ministry staff formanaging, supervising, and launching the awareness campaign was US$20,000);

* As indicated previously, the political and economic situation was unstable, and peoplemay have had priorities other than investing to improve the long-term quality of life. Thecountry was not servicing its debt in early 1999 (IDA had suspended all operations, andmany bilateral donors followed suit). This had repercussions on many operations inComoros; for example, an effective microenterprise project had to cease operations.

* The privatization of EEDC, the water and electricity utility, also influenced the project, inpositive and negative ways. EEDC (or Comores Eau et Electricite [EEC], as it is nowcalled) is now run by a French company under an affermage type of contract. As a resultof the private sector managing CE,E, people rapidly realized that the rules of the gamnehave changed (one now has to pay his electricity bill or risk being being cut off-a rulethat holds for all clients, whether individual, government, or commnunity). Many villagesswitched off their public lighting systems after they began footing the bill-and requestedinformation on solar street lighting. Only about 10 percent of the Comorians have gridelectricity, and people are starting to realize that it may take many years before they willhave access. Before they thought that they could always "arrange" a connection if the gridwould come close by. The Islamic Development Bank recently announced a grant-fundedproject to complete the transmission ring around Grande Comoro. This raisedexpectations among many people that they would soon have electricity: they are likely tobe disappointed in the near future when they realize that it may take five or more years toeven complete the transmission ring. The grant includes studying the feasibility of thering and financing equipment. The study is expected to be completed within two years,after which it will take some time to implement the works. During the last 15 years,virtually all investments in the power sector (including new connections) have been donethrough donor-financed projects (grants). Grid electricity is expensive (for most

Or using an existing mechanism: it has a credit line to finance rehabilitation or construction of mosques, and it had agreed toinclude in such projects the cost of the sound and lighting system. However, subprojects failed, for two reasons: the groupsthat submitted subprojects were not deemed creditworthy, and the BDC's own line of credit had dried up.

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 9

customers it is about US$0.25 per kWh, and this does not include costs for gridexpansion), and reliability suffers from severe capacity constraints.

Many Comorians live in France or in the United Arab Emirates. It is estimated that one-third of all Comorans live in Marseilles. Most foreign workers visit their homeland once ayear (300-600 visitors arrive each day during the summer months), and they usually bringgifts intended to improve the quality of life of their families. Often the gift is a video orTV system, even though the household may not have electricity. Enercom tried to set upan information bank in Marseilles to show that people can provide electricity at thehousehold level rather easily by buying a solar system. Towards the end of the projectEnercom actually opened a bank account in Marseilles to allow people pay for theirequipment in France and have it delivered at home in Comoros. This connection was notwell developed (it well discussed, but no action was taken), and could be more effectiveif actively pursued.

Discussion

Did ESMAP create a monopoly? Not really, as any foreign firm that starts doing business in thecountry receives the same grace-period benefits from the government. It might actually have beendesirable to have a second firm test the waters for the accelerated market development of solarequipment. However, such a firm could not have used the revolving fund, nor would it havereceived any public sector orders during these initial two years. The awareness campaign wasdesigned to raise awareness of alternatives to electricity from the national grid, for anyonewilling to invest, and did not promote specific companies (the type of equipment and the name ofthe selected firm were not promoted). In fact, one other outlet started selling PV panels, albeitfrom an artisanal boutique (without any technical back-up capacity), and two foreign firms flewin to evaluate the market development one year or so after the start of the project. Discussionswith those firms confirmed that they were interested in monitoring the market development,although they did not want to become involved at that point in time.

Should CEE have been involved from the beginning, e.g., by organizing the tender? This islargely a hypothetical question, as CEE did not exist when the project was conceived. In addition,the transformation from its predecessor EEDC to CEE was difficult enough that solar electricitydid not get any attention. However, given the complementarity of grid electricity and solarelectricity, it would have been useful if a comprehensive strategy had been prepared for thecombined promotion of grid and solar electricity. Given a clear choice, households andcommunities would have able to pick the best option for their conditions.

One of the four islands of the Comoros Archipelago, Mayotte (a French Overseas Department)uses quite a lot of PV equipment installed by the French national power company, EDF. This isalso the case in La Reunion (also a French Overseas Department). The climate is roughly thesame on all these islands, and if the installation of solar equipment is economically justified inMayotte or la Reunion, it will be even more so in Comoros, where energy costs are so muchhigher. EDF has to supply electricity in France (including Overseas Departments) at a uniformtariff, for which reason it has often selected solar equipment in locations difficult to reach orplaces far from the grid.

10 In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros

Actually, Solelec's home base is la Reunion, although it operates in Madagascar, Mayotte, andMaurice. It had never seriously reflected on developing the market in Comoros: it estimated thatthere would be no solvable market potential and no money available for luxury investments.However, several reasons exist why it should be tried at least:

1. Many households have one or imore family members working overseas, injecting asubstantial amount of cash into the economy;

2. The electricity company does not perform well and, before the affermage contract started,there were more outages than periods of service;

3. Less than 10 percent of the population has access to electricity;

4. The domestic electricity tariff of USUS$0.25 per kWh does not cover the costs ofproduction and distribution;

5. Very few new clients have been connected during the past 15 years other than throughsubsidized donor assistance;

6. The foreign company that was awarded the management contract for the power companyfinds it difficult to operate effectively, and is not given any incentives to expand serviceinto rural areas; and

7. The prevailing climate facilitates the use of solar energy.

Thus, the immediate result of the project is that the solar electricity market is now beingdeveloped, which certainly would not have taken place without the project. Whether it will besustainable depends on the market itself, how quickly potential users react to messages from thepublicity and awareness campaigns, and the physical presence of equipment in the market place.Enercom is clearly making an effort tc develop the market. Ideally, more firms will startcompeting for business when the market develops further. Interest from international firms isthere: when the government took out newspaper advertisements in South Africa, Kenya, andFrance, some 25 firms worldwide purchased the bidding documents. These firms are likely tomonitor the initial reaction of the market, and will jump in as soon as they see fit.

Although it is somewhat early to conclude about the feasibility of the methodology, it certainlyappears promising. The private firm has i.nstalled about 16 kW of modules during the first twoyears of operation, despite politically difficult times associated with the separatist attempts of oneof the Comoros islands. It invested at least as much from its own resources as was put in by theproject., As a result, it now has a firm foot on the ground, with a well-equipped and educatedteam of local entrepreneurs working to develop the market for solar electricity.

Moreover, although the evaluation mission concluded that Enercom acted too much like an NGOand too little like a commercial firm, Enercom took the message seriously. It reorganizedinternally, quickly started collecting money from the demonstration units, and followed up morethoroughly with villages that have equipment installed to develop follow-up orders. In the monthafter this restructuring it was also able to secure new equipment orders.

In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 11

Replicability

Although the situation in Comoros is unique, and the real market development activity is juststarting to shape up, there are lessons to be learned. If one were to apply a similar procedureelsewhere, the following is recommended:

. The private company should have a minimum knowledge about the size andcharacteristics of the potential market, plus a profile of the main potential customers.

* The government should extend clear temporary incentives for a private firm, includingfiscal benefits and a limited concession. The revolving fund used under the ESMAPproject was too complicated; a simple interest-free loan with a fixed repayment schedulewould have been more effective. The concession should be flexible and clearlyunderstood and agreed on by the government and the firm: depending on the specificcircumstances (mainly size and market characteristics), it can be for a whole country orfor parts of a country. For Comoros, one firm is about right for the start-up phase.

* An internationally respected agency should oversee this process, maintain standards, andensure that the selected firm does not cash in on the temporary monopoly situation. It isclear that in this approach large firms have an advantage over smaller firms, althoughthere is no reason to believe that smaller firms cannot be part of the process bycollaborating in the field with the larger ones. After all, the infrastructure needs to becreated, and this cannot be done overnight.

* Eventually, a "manual" should be developed for initiating such activities elsewhere indevelopment projects. This is not necessarily restricted to small countries, or to energyprojects.

I

Joint UNDP/World BankENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP)

LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR)

Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power SystemLosses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88

Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 --Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short-

and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) 03/90 --Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvementin Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96

Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar inNairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00

Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANGPower Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91

Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BENBotswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT

Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 --Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91

Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BURTechnical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91

Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BUPetroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan(1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85

Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU

Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CVHousehold Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90

Central AfricanRepublic Energy Assessement (French) 08/92 9898-CAR

Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household EnergyThe Case of N'djamena (French) 12/93 160/94

Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COMIn Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets:The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00

Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COBPower Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90

C6te d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5250-IVCImproved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87

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Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

C6te dlvoire Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 --Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) 09/95 175/95

Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ETPower System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 --Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96

Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GAThe Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM

Solar Water Heating Retrofit P:roject (English) 02/85 030/85Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85

Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GHEnergy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92

Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUIHousehold Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94

Guinea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUBRecommended Technical Assistance Projects (English &Portuguese) 04/85 033/85

Management Options for the Electric Power and Water SupplySubsectors (English) 02/90 100/90

Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KE

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 --

Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87Peri-Urban Woodfuel Developnaent (English) 10/87 076/87Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 --Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96

Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSOLiberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR

Recormmended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87

Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAGPower System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87Environmental Impact of Woodfusels (French) 10/95 176/95

Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MALTechnical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of FuelwoodUse in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83

Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84Mali Energy Assessment (English ancl French) 11/91 8423-MLI

Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92Islamic Republicof Mauritania Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU

Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MAS

Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83

-3-

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Mauritius Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070187Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS

Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZHousehold Electricity Utilization Study (English) 03/90 113/90Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97

Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAMNiger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR

Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (Englishand French) 01/88 082/88

Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNIEnergy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNI

Rwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RWStatus Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RWCommercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization

Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 --

SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Programfor Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 --

Sao Tomeand Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STP

Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SEStatus Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94

Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEYElectric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84

Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SLSomalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SOSouth Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of NaturalRepublic of Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83

Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SUPower System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87

Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SWHousehold Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97

Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TAPeri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -

Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90

- 4 -

Region/Country Activity/Report ritle Date Number

Tanzania Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transmnission and DistributionSystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development(English) 06/98 204A/98

Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-TechnicalLosses (English) 06/98 204B/98

Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TOWood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87

Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UGStatus Report (English) 08/84 020/84Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick andTile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89

Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP TerminalReport

Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99

Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZRZambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA

Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90

Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (Enghsh) 06/82 3765-ZIMPower System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 --

Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIMEnergy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project:

Strategic Framework for a National Energy EfficiencyImprovement Program (Englis:h) 04/94 --

Capacity Building for the National Energy EfficiencyImprovement Programme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94

Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP)

Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 --

China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) 07/93 156/93Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township andVillage Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

China Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based

on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96

Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized PowerCompanies 09/99 222/999

Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJ

Indonesia Energy Assessment (English) . 11/81 3543-IND

Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84

Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86

Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile andLime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87

Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88

Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90

Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90

Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis onPalm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94

Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93

Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99

Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87

Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MA

Myanmar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BA

Papua NewGuinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNG

Status Report (English) 07/83 006/83Energy Strategy Paper (English) -- --

Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84

Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84

Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production fromAgricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93

Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 --

Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL

Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL

South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) 05/86 --

Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH

Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85

Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves andCharcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87

Northeast Region Village Forestry and WoodfuelsPreinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88

Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 --

Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 --

Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TON

Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VA

Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94

Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Reportto the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved CoalBriquetting and Commercialized Dissemnination of HigherEfficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96

Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO

- 6 -

Region/Country Activity/lReport Title Date Number

SOUTH ASIA (SAS)

Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BDPriority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84

Bangladesh Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English) 12/88 --

India Opportunities for Commercialization of NonconventionalEnergy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88

Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams andCanal Drops Vols. 1, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91

WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for

Environmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case ofHyderabad 06/99 214/99

Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEPStatus Report (English) 01/85 028/84Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93

Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 --Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, andMarkets (English) 10/89 103/89

National Household Energy Survey and Strategy FormulationStudy: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 --

Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94Lighting Efficiency Improvement ProgramPhase 1: Commnercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94

Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CEPower System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA)

Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96Central andEastern Europe Power Sector Reformn in Selected Countries 07/97 196/97Eastern Europe The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investment Study, 'Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97Kazakhstan &Kyrgyzstan Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZPoland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93

Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98Energy Sector Restructuring Program: Establishing the Energy

Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PORomania Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96Slovenia Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99

-7-

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TUEnergy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA)

Arab Republicof Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96

Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MOR

Status Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86

Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98

Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99

Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYRElectric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88

Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89

Syria Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90

Tunisia Fuel Substitution (English and French) 03/90 --

Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91Energy Management Strategy in the Residential andTertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92

Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96

Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96

Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAR

Energy Investment Priorities (English) 02/87 6376-YAR

Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)

LAC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reductionin the Caribbean (English) 07/89 -

Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America andthe Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97

Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America andthe Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97

Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America andthe Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98

Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BONational Energy Plan (English) 12/87 --

La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and DemandAssessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91

National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91

Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91

Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92

Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93

Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94

Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96

Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership forEnergy Efficiency in Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95

- 8 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Brazil Hydro and Thernal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CHColombia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 --

Power Sector Restructuring (English) 11/94 169/94Colombia Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial

and Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90

DominicanRepublic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO

Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-ECEnergy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 --

Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 --

Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-ECEnergy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC

Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GUHaiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA

Status Report (English and Fre:nch) 08/85 041/85Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91

Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HOPetroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91

Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JMPetroleum Procurement, Refining, andDistribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86

Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) 03/88 --Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) 03/88 --

Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 --

Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92

Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management forthe State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91

Energy Efficiency Managemen: Technical Assistance to theComision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96

Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 --

Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE

Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program inthe Sierra (English and Spanis:h) 02/87 064/87

Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 --Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalizationof the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93

Reformn and Privatization in the HydrocarbonSector (English and Spanish) 07/99 216/99

Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111 -SLUSt. Vincent andthe Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV

- 9 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Sub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and GasOperations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin(English and Spanish) 07/99 217/99

Trinidad andTobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR

GLOBAL

Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89 --

Women and Energy--A Resource GuideThe International Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 --

Guidelines for Utility Customer Management andMetering (English and Spanish) 07/91

Assessment of Personal Computer Models for EnergyPlanning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 --

Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93Comparative Behavior of Finns Under Public and PrivateOwnership (English) 05/93 155/93

Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 --

Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Studyof Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95

A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent PowerProjects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96

Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) 05/98 202/98A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency:

Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Ernission in theEnergy Portfolio of the World Bank: A CarbonBackcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99

Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1:Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99

Global Energy Sector Refortn in Developing Countries:A Scorecard 07/99 219/99

Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: TextMarketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for RuralElectrification Purposes 08/99 220/99

A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management AssistanceProgramme 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99

Energy, Transportation and Environmnent: Policy Options forEnvironmental Improvement 12/99 224/99

Privatization, Competition and Regulation in the British ElectricityIndustry, With Implications for Developing Countries 02/00 226/00

Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification 02/00 227/00

5/30/00

The World Bank

1818 H Street, NW

Washington, DC 20433 USA

Tel.: 1.202.458.2321 Fax.: 1.202.522.3018

Internet: www.worldbank.org/esmap

Email: esmap@worldbank.org

A oit NEP/ord an ProgrammeA joint UNDP/Wiortd Bank Programme